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Japan Pavilion by Nikken Sekkei with Oki Sato[1][2]
Shinning Hat Expo Hall amphitheatre by Toyo Ito and Associates[3][4]

Expo 2025 (Japanese: 2025年日本国際博覧会, Hepburn: Nisennijugonen-nihon-kokusai-hakurankai) is a World Expo that is hosted in Osaka, Japan, from 13 April 2025 to 13 October 2025.[5] The pavilions in the expo were or being built in four types, A, X, B, C. In the type A, the participating countries planned and built the pavilion entirely on their own. For the type X, the expo association built the pavilion instead. For the type B and C, the expo association makes a building which countries use to set up booths or use a room. Out of 158 participating nations and regions, 47 used type A, 5 used type X. Number of pavilions entirely built by participating countries decreased by 11 from the previous Expo 2020.[6] There are a total of 188 pavilions, out of which 152 are representatives of participating countries, 13 are hosted by private sectors, 8 "signature" pavilions, and 15 are hosted by organizations and the Japanese government. By 11 April, two days before the start of expo, 39 out of 42 pavilions using type A were completed, while the pavilions of Spain, Nepal, Romania were not ready to open at the time.[a] By the opening date of Expo 2025, the pavilions of Nepal, India, Vietnam, Brunei were not ready to open, while the pavilions of Poland, Kuwait and Turkmenistan were closed for public viewing on 13 April.

Overview

Participation

The pavilions in the expo were or being built in four types, A, X, B, C. In the type A, the participating countries planned and built the pavilion entirely on their own. For the type X, the expo association built the pavilion instead. For the type B and C, the expo association makes a building which countries use to set up booths or use a room.

Some countries have withdrew their participation, such as Greece, Mexico, Estonia, Argentina, Niue, Russia, Afghanistan, Niger.[7] These withdrawals were caused by factors such as financial issues, political instability, and negative relations with Japan, especially with Russia after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[8] Countries like Iran have withdrawn from the expo after the structures of the building was complete. By the start of the expo, around 158 nations and regions participated in the expo.[9]

Out of the participating nations and regions,[10] 47 used type A, 5 used type X. Number of pavilions entirely built by participating countries decreased by 11 from the previous Expo 2020. There are a total of 188 pavilions, out of which 161 are representatives of participating countries and 15 are hosted by organizations and the Japanese government.[11][12][13]

Entrance systems

As the expo introduced digital tickets and reservations under the motto "The expo without waiting lines", some pavilions requires reservations to visit.[14] Some pavilions, such as type C pavilions, several type A pavilions such as the Nordic pavilion, and some of the domestic pavilions have not introduced this reservation system.[15] Due to people not making it to the pavilions they reserved on time, the gates began to open five to ten minutes early from May 25.[16]

Delays in construction and opening

An overview of the Nepali pavilion. Note the incomplete insides.

Concerns of difficulty in the constructions were already raised around June 2023. Yumeshima, the site of the expo lacked electricity and water for most duration of the construction works.[17] Although the constructions of international pavilions were scheduled to finish by the middle of October 2024, construction of many pavilions were delayed. Malta's pavilion did not began construction until December 2024. Only three pavilions finished construction by December 27.[18] By March 2025, five additional pavilions finished construction.[19] By 11 April, two days before the start of expo, 39 put of 42 pavilions using type A were completed, while the pavilions of Spain, Nepal and Romania were not ready to open at the time.[20][a] By the opening date of Expo 2025, the pavilions of Nepal, India, Vietnam, Brunei and Chile were not ready to open, while the pavilions of Poland, Kuwait and Turkmenistan were closed for public viewing on 13 April.[21] The pavilions of Brazil, which opening was delayed due to fire,[22] and Chile opened on 16 April.[23] Some pavilions have opened before it was ready. Angola's pavilion was temporarily opened for the first day of the expo, but the pavilion has been closed since that day.[24] Vietnam's pavilion opened on 30 April, and India and Brunei's pavilion opened on 1 May. As of May, only Nepal's pavilion has not finished construction or opened yet.[25]

On April 22, it was found that the construction of Nepal's pavilion was halted due to lack of payments for the pavilion cost.[26] Although Nepal authorities paid the costs for the start of the construction, they did not make any payments after that, forcing the construction to halt around January 2025.[27] The Expo Association disclosed on 20 May, that there had been three reports of unpaid construction by April.[28] It was also noticed that, the construction companies who constructed the Angola pavilion did not have construction permits, and had no prior experience in construction.[29]

Criticisms of exhibitions

Some exhibitions and other features of a few pavilions have received criticism for the lack of content, or inaccuracies. The exhibitions inside the pavilion for Thailand received criticisms among their citizens on social media, as they shared their disappointment with the quality of the exhibition itself, and the lack of Ya mong in its souvenir stores, despite them being popular among foreign tourists.[30] The British pavilion was met with negative feedbacks due to it serving afternoon tea with paper cups and stands sold at IKEA, with rumors of the cake being the generic cut cakes sold for business uses.[31] The British embassy in Japan has quickly apologized for the incident and improved the service at the pavilion, ending the criticisms against the afternoon tea product, with the quick response praised online.[32]

Repurposing of pavilions post-expo

Several pavilions have been confirmed to be planned for repurposing, or have their material re-used for other structures. The woman's pavilion will have their material re-used in the green expo that will be held in Yokohama in 2027.[33] The Gas pavilion used parts generally used for large-scale constructions, that will be given back to the owning company after the expo.[34] The Netherlands pavilion will be moved to the Awaji Island post-expo.[35]

Type A or X pavilions

As of July 2024, forty-seven countries had decided to build their own pavilions.[36] Italy was the first nation to begin constructing its respective pavilion and was the only participant that began constructing its building in 2023.[37]

Name Image Zone[38][39] Description/Notes
 Angola Saving Lives
 Australia Connecting Lives A structure inspired by a eucalyptus gum nut, designed by Buchan.[40]
 Austria Empowering Lives A spiral musical staff-inspired structure designed by BWM Architects. This pavilion contains three exhibition areas and is made mostly of wood.[40]
 Azerbaijan Connecting Lives A structure designed by ELEVEN and Bellprat Partner.[41] Seven arches are connected to the main building of the pavilion, each of the arches representing a cultural aspect;[42] this is a reference to the pavilion's theme, "Seven Bridges to Sustainability".[43][44] The main building's exterior is designed to resemble interwoven threads.[44]
 Bahrain Empowering Lives Designed by Lina Ghotmeh, the pavilion is inspired by freshwater springs and the sea around Bahrain.[40][45][2]
Baltic Pavilion Saving Lives
 Belgium Saving Lives A three-story pavilion designed by Carré 7 and themed to the three stages of water.[40][46] The roof includes a restaurant.[46]
 Bulgaria Saving Lives [47]
 Canada Empowering Lives Designed by Rayside Labossière and Guillaume Pelletier,[40] the pavilion is inspired by a frozen river melting during the beginning of spring.[48]
 China Empowering Lives A structure designed by China Architecture Design Group.[40] The exterior is based on bamboo slips, displaying Confucius's Analects and Chinese poetry;[49][50] the interior has circular monitors that display Chinese landscapes.[49] This is one of Expo 2025's largest Type A pavilions, spanning 3,500 square feet (330 m2).[40][50]
 Colombia Empowering Lives
 Czech Republic Empowering Lives A spiraling structure designed by Apropos Architects, made of timber with a glass facade;[40][45] the interior has a mural measuring 250 metres (820 ft) wide.[51]
 France Empowering Lives A cubic structure designed by Coldefy & Associés and Carlo Ratti Associati, with a winding ramp leading to a roof garden.[45][52][2]
 Germany Connecting Lives A set of seven round wooden structures designed by Laboratory for Visionary Architecture.[53] Officially named "WA! Doitsu", in reference to the Japanese words for "circle", "harmony", and "wow".[40]
 Holy See (part of Italian Pavilion) Saving Lives
 Hungary Saving Lives A structure designed by Gábor Zoboki, with a timber-and-paper exterior and wooden dome, modeled after a rural Hungarian landscape.[54][55] The three-story structure is made of steel and semi-reinforced concrete.[55]
 India Connecting Lives A structure with an exterior resembling a lotus flower and 70,000 LEDs on the roof.[56] The entrance contains a Buddhist icon, a chakra monument, and a motif depicting hands in prayer.[57]
 Indonesia Connecting Lives
 Ireland Empowering Lives A two-story structure designed by CT Brand and TSP Taiyo, made of three cylindrical structures.[58] The exterior is made of Irish wood, while the interior is laid out like a triskele with three distinct zones.[58][59]
 Italy Saving Lives Designed by Mario Cucinella [it] with a facade resembling a portico, in addition to an interior with Renaissance-inspired color scheme. Consists of three sections: the Theatre, the Ideal City, and the Italian Garden.[37][45]
 Japan East Gate A ring-shaped structure designed by Oki Sato and Nikken Sekkei and made of cross-laminated timber.[45][60] The pavilion is separated into three different areas, factory, plant, and farm.[61] The timbers making up the pavilion is planned to be reused in buildings all over Japan after the end of the expo.[62]
 Kuwait Empowering Lives Designed by Laboratory for Visionary Architecture with a roof inspired by outstretched wings.[45][63]
 Luxembourg Connecting Lives Designed by STEINMETZDEMEYER and Jangled Nerves,[64] the pavilion is a set of 13 steel-framed boxy structures (each representing a different Luxembourgish town) covered by a shared membrane roof.[65]
 Malaysia Empowering Lives A structure designed by Kengo Kuma to resemble a bamboo forest.[58][66] The three-story building has a steel frame and uses 5,000 bamboo stalks on the facade and 500 more bamboo stalks inside.[66]
 Malta Empowering Lives
 Monaco Connecting Lives
 Netherlands Saving Lives Designed by RAU Architects to resemble a "rising sun", with a facade resembling rippling water.[45][67][68][2]
Nordic Council Nordic Circle[69] Empowering Lives This pavilion, a 17-metre (56 ft) tall structure designed by Michele De Lucchi to represent a Nordic barn,[70][71] is a modular building shared by five Nordic countries.[40] In addition to the exhibition areas, there are a business center and a rooftop garden and restaurant.[71]
 Oman Saving Lives
 Philippines Empowering Lives
 Poland Saving Lives
 Portugal Empowering Lives A structure designed by Kengo Kuma with a floating facade that incorporates recycled materials from the maritime industry, such as ropes and fishing nets.[41][72]
 Qatar Empowering Lives A structure designed by Kengo Kuma with a white fabric facade and timber frame, a reference to Qatari dhows and Japanese wooden joinery.[41][73][2]
 Romania Saving Lives
 Saudi Arabia Connecting Lives An angular building designed by Foster + Partners inspired by the architecture of Saudi villages, along with a planted forecourt.[74][75][2]
 Serbia Connecting Lives A structure designed by Aleatek Studio.[76]
 Singapore Saving Lives A windowless spherical structure designed by DP Architects and known as the "Dream Sphere".[45] It has a 17-metre-tall (56 ft) facade composed of over 17,000 discs.[77]
 South Korea Connecting Lives Designed by UIA Design Office and Nikkei Design, the pavilion is a three-story reinforced concrete structure.[78] This pavilion has a large display on its facade measuring 27 metres (89 ft) wide.[78][49]
 Spain Connecting Lives Designed by Néstor Montenegro, Enorme Studio, and Smart and Green Design. The structure of the pavilion references the Kuroshio Current.[79]
  Switzerland Empowering Lives A set of spherical structures designed by Manuel Herz, with plastic cladding, a modular steel frame, and plants surrounding it.[45][80][2]
 Thailand Connecting Lives
 Turkey Connecting Lives
 Turkmenistan Empowering Lives
 United Arab Emirates Empowering Lives
 United Kingdom Saving Lives A structure designed by Woo Architects with a perforated aluminium-panel facade resembling punched cards.[81][82]
 United States Empowering Lives A structure designed by Trahan Architects with two triangular wings and a raised translucent cube flanking a central plaza.[83][84]
 Uzbekistan Connecting Lives A modular wooden structure designed by Atelier Brückner.[40][85][2] The two-story triangular structure, inspired by the architecture of Khiva, measures 8 metres (26 ft) tall, with a brick-and-clay foundation[85] and 300 pieces of wood.[49] There is also a "garden of knowledge".[44]

Type C pavilions

These pavilions are located inside one of the Commons buildings, with each commons buildings assigned the letters A to F. However, due to changes in participating countries and regions, the commons E building is currently unused with no clear plans to use them.[86][87]

Commons A

The commons A building houses pavilions for the following 29 nations.[88]

Commons B

The commons B building houses pavilions for the following 26 nations.[88]

Commons C

The commons C building houses pavilions for the following 11 nations.[88]

Commons D

The commons D building houses pavilions for the following 25 nations.[88]

Commons F

The commons F building

The commons F building houses pavilions for the following 3 nations:[88]

International organizations' pavilions

With the exception of the EU pavilion, all pavilions hosted by international pavilions are located inside a single large building in the "Empowering Lives" zone.[89]

Name Image Zone[38][39] Description/Notes
ASEAN Empowering Lives
European Union Saving Lives
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Empowering Lives
International Science and Technology Center Empowering Lives
International Solar Alliance Empowering Lives
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Empowering Lives
United Nations Empowering Lives Represents over 30 U.N. organizations.[90]

Themed "signature" pavilions

"Signature" pavilions are located at the center of the Grand Ring surrounding the expo. The construction and planning of the pavilions were led by eight producers.[91][92]

Code Name Image Descriptions/Notes
X01 Better Co-Being Developed by Hiroaki Miyata [ja].[91] Pavilion lacks any roof or walls, and is instead covered by a canopy. Pavilion designed by SANAA.[93][2]
X02 FUTURE OF LIFE Developed by Hiroshi Ishiguro.[94][95] Pavilion structure based on water and shore.[96] The facade consists of a membrane that is designed to resemble the shimmering water.[95]
X03 Playground of Life : Jellyfish Pavilion Developed by Sachiko Nakajima [ja].[91] The pavilion's theme is "Invigorating Lives!", and the structure has three layers, one of which is located underground. Most of the exhibitions inside the pavilion are based off jellyfish.[97]
X04 null²
Main article: Null²

Developed by Yoichi Ochiai.[91][98] The pavilion's theme is "Forging Lives".[99] The structure is based on a cubic grid of voxels measuring 2 to 8 metres (6 ft 7 in to 26 ft 3 in) wide.[100][101] The facade is covered with a membrane that resembles a mirror.[98][100]

X05 DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM OF LIFE Developed by Shinichi Fukuoka.[91] The pavilion's theme is "Quest of Life", and the structure is based off and named after Embryo.[102]
X06 LIVE EARTH JOURNEY Developed by Shōji Kawamori.[91] The pavilion is made of cubic structures named "cells".[103]
X07 EARTH MART Developed by Kundō Koyama.[91] The pavilion itself is intended to resemble a supermarket,[92] and the roof of the pavilion is made of Imperata cylindrica's roots, which is planned to be upcycled after the expo.[104]
X08 Dialogue Theater Developed by Naomi Kawase.[105] The pavilion is based off wooden buildings of two separate closed schools in Nara Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture.[106]

Private sector pavilions

Name Image Zone[38][39] Descriptions/Notes
Electric Power Pavilion East Gate A structure sponsored by the Federation of Electric Power Companies, with interactive energy-related exhibits.[107][108]
Gas Pavilion Obake Wonderland West Gate Sponsored by the Japan Gas Association, it is located on the northern side of the fairground's central ring and contains various games and interactive displays.[109]
Gundam Next Future Pavilion West Gate A structure based on the Mobile Suit Gundam franchise, with an immersive exhibit inside,[110][111] including a floor with haptic technology and a screen measuring 18 by 8 metres (59 by 26 ft).[112] There is a 16.7-metre-tall (55 ft), 49.1-tonne (48.3-long-ton; 54.1-short-ton) Gundam statue outside the pavilion.[111]
Iida Group and Osaka Metropolitan University Joint Pavilion West Gate A shared exhibition space with a large Nishijin-ori textile facade and a diorama of a futuristic city and a smart house inside it.[113][114]
Mitsubishi Pavilion East Gate A structure designed by Mitsubishi Jisho Design Studio, with a facade made of reusable polycarbonate sheets and a wood frame; the building is designed to give the impression of floating above the ground.[115][116] Inside is a screen measuring 9 by 11 metres (30 by 36 ft), which displays a short film about the origin of life.[117]
NTT Pavilion East Gate A structure sponsored by the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, with three exhibition areas.[112][118] The facade is covered with fabric pieces and carbon wires that produce sound.[112]
ORA Gaishoku Pavilion West Gate A two-story structure sponsored by the Osaka Restaurant Association, with a mural on its facade.[119] Inside, there is a food market and a mural of the Dōtonbori on the first floor, as well as a food-education center on the second floor.[119][120]
Panasonic Group Pavilion East Gate Designed by Yuko Nagayama, the arch-shaped pavilion has overlapping ring motifs and a fabric membrane on its facade. Inside is an interactive exhibit space.[112][121]
Pasona Natureverse West Gate A pavilion designed by Design Labo and Maeda Corporation and composed of two spiral structures. One of the buildings is two stories and 17 metres (56 ft) tall, with a light-pink membrane facade, while the other is shaped like a conch shell.[122]
Sumitomo Pavilion East Gate A structure designed by Dentsu Live and Nikken Sekkei.[123] The exterior is inspired by Shikoku's mountains and is made of several 50-year-old cedar trees, as well as 1,000 cypress trees, all from Sumitomo's grove in Niihama.[123][124] Inside is a theater with a 20-by-7.5-metre (66 by 25 ft) screen.[124]
Tamayama Digital Tech World West Gate
Main article: Tech World pavilion

A pavilion for Taiwan operated by the Tamayama Digital Tech Company (the nation does not have a country-specific pavilion because it is not part of the Bureau International des Expositions).[125] The facade has metal panels, while the interior is decorated with images of Taiwanese landscapes and landmarks, in addition to three theaters.[126]

Yoshimoto Pavilion West Gate An orange "smiling sphere" measuring 20 metres (66 ft) tall, with a stage outside and four exhibits inside.[127]
Zeri Japan Blue Ocean Dome West Gate A set of three domes designed by Shigeru Ban, made of paper tube, laminated bamboo, and carbon fiber reinforced plastic.[128][129][2]

Other pavilions

Name Image Zone[38][39] Descriptions/Notes
Architecture That Becomes a Forest Saving Lives A group of temporary 3D printed structures constructed by Takenaka Corporation.[130][131] There are two structures, measuring 4.65 metres (15.3 ft) across and 2.95 metres (9 ft 8 in) tall; both are made of a biodegradable plant-based resin.[131][132]
Grand Ring Several
Main article: Grand Ring

A structure designed by Sou Fujimoto, made of Japanese cedar and cypress, with a circumference of about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi).[133][134] This structure surrounds the foreign pavilions. As of 2025, it holds a Guinness World Record for the largest wooden architectural structure.[135]

Kansai Pavilion East Gate A domestic pavilion sponsored by nine prefectures in the Kansai region (Shiga, Kyoto, Hyogo, Nara, Wakayama, Tottori, Tokushima, Fukui, and Mie).[136][137][138]
Women's Pavilion in collaboration with Cartier East Gate Designed by Yuko Nagayama and developed by Cartier and the Government of Japan, it has a latticework facade. If one looks closely, it looks like the Japanese pavilion itself from Expo 2020.[139][140] The facade consists of steel rods connected at ball joints, which are covered by translucent membranes; the pavilion also has plantings such as trees.[140] It is the fair's only women-themed pavilion.[139][141]
World Expo Museum Empowering Lives

Notes

  1. ^ a b The Nordic nations are hosting a single pavilion together.

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  113. ^ "【万博60秒解説】この民間パビリオンがすごい③～自然と調和したサステナブルな未来を考える～" [(Expo 60-Second Commentary) This Private Pavilion is Amazing ~ Thinking about a Sustainable Future in Harmony with Nature ~]. 経済産業省 METI Journal ONLINE (in Japanese). 19 February 2025. Retrieved 13 April 2025.
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  123. ^ a b Okuyama, Kohei (9 August 2024). "ヒノキとスギで覆う万博パビリオン「住友館」、グループの母なる別子銅山イメージ" [The Expo Pavilion "Sumitomo Pavilion" covered with cypress and cedar represents the group's motherland, the Besshi Copper Mine]. 日経クロステック（xTECH） (in Japanese). Retrieved 17 April 2025.
  124. ^ a b "森のぬくもり、木の曲線美...大阪・関西万博「住友館」完成、1000本のヒノキ、50年物のスギ使用（ラジトピ　ラジオ関西トピックス）" [The warmth of the forest, the beauty of the curves of the trees...Sumitomo Pavilion at the Osaka Kansai Expo completed, made with 1,000 cypress trees and 50-year-old cedar trees]. Yahoo!ニュース (in Japanese). 30 January 2025. Retrieved 17 April 2025.
  125. ^ Hayata, Takefumi (16 April 2025). "大阪・関西万博に台湾が「一民間企業」として参加せざるをえない理由、中国大陸との関係に左右されてきた歴史" [Why Taiwan has no choice but to participate in the Osaka-Kansai Expo as a "private company"; its history has been influenced by its relationship with mainland China]. 東洋経済オンライン (in Japanese). Retrieved 17 April 2025.
  126. ^ Affairs, Ministry of Foreign; (Taiwan), Republic of China (7 March 2025). "Taiwan's pavilion for World Expo 2025 unveiled in Taipei". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 17 April 2025.
  127. ^ "【万博見どころ】よしもと館、巨大球体の"中身"解禁...異空間　重鎮そろい踏みで開幕、着々と笑いを稼ぐ（オリコン）" [(Expo Highlights) Yoshimoto Hall unveils the "inside" of the giant sphere... Another-worldly space opens with a line-up of big names, steadily drawing laughs]. Yahoo!ニュース (in Japanese). 15 April 2025. Retrieved 17 April 2025.
  128. ^ Carlson, Cajsa (31 May 2023). "Shigeru Ban unveils triple-domed Expo 2025 Osaka pavilion". Dezeen. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  129. ^ Kawamata, Hideki (2 April 2025). "万博に世界初のCFRP構造ドーム建築、坂茂氏が設計した「BLUE OCEAN DOME」" [The world's first CFRP dome building at the World Expo, "BLUE OCEAN DOME" designed by Shigeru Ban]. 日経クロステック（xTECH） (in Japanese). Retrieved 17 April 2025.
  130. ^ Katsikopoulou, Myrto (7 October 2024). "Temporary 3D Printed Structures Transform Into a Forest After Use at Expo 2025 Osaka". designboom. Retrieved 17 April 2025.
  131. ^ a b Okuyama, Kohei (4 October 2024). "竹中工務店が万博に「森になる建築」、植物由来の樹脂で3Dプリント" [Takenaka Corporation to create "forest architecture" for Expo 2020 using 3D printing technology]. 日経クロステック（xTECH） (in Japanese). Retrieved 17 April 2025.
  132. ^ "建築が種になり、使い終われば森になる 竹中工務店の「森になる建築」が大阪万博で公開" [Architecture becomes seeds, which become a forest when no longer in use: Takenaka Corporation's "Architecture that becomes a forest" unveiled at Osaka Expo]. AXIS Web (in Japanese). 18 October 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2025.
  133. ^ Crook, Lizzie (20 December 2024). "Sou Fujimoto reveals construction progress at Expo 2025 Osaka site". Dezeen. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
  134. ^ Holland, Oscar; Montgomery, Hanako (11 April 2025). "Architect Sou Fujimoto: Expo 2025 is 'a precious opportunity to come together'". CNN. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
  135. ^ "「大屋根リング」が世界最大の木造建築物としてギネス世界記録™に認定｜お知らせ｜大阪・関⻄万博 大林組の取り組み｜大林組". www.obayashi.co.jp. Retrieved 13 April 2025.
  136. ^ "KANSAI PAVILION". Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai, Japan Official Website. 24 January 2025. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
  137. ^ "テクノロジーとデザインで伝統工芸に新しい風を吹き込む革新者、吉本英樹". Premium Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved 15 May 2025.
  138. ^ "Hideki Yoshimoto, an innovator who is breathing new life into traditional crafts with technology and design". Premium Japan. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
  139. ^ a b Lankarani, Nazanin (12 March 2025). "Cartier to Stage Second Women's Pavilion at Osaka Expo 2025". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
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  141. ^ Waller, Thomas (5 March 2025). "EXCLUSIVE: Cartier Returns to Curate the Women's Pavilion at Expo 2025 in Japan". WWD. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
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