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Entrophospora etunicata

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Entrophospora etunicata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Glomeromycota
Class: Glomeromycetes
Order: Diversisporales
Family: Acaulosporaceae
Genus: Entrophospora
Species:
E. etunicata
Binomial name
Entrophospora etunicata
(W.N.Becker & Gerd.) Błaszk., Niezgoda, B.T.Goto & Magurno[1]
Synonyms[1]
  • Claroideoglomus etunicatum (W.N.Becker & Gerd.) C.Walker & A.Schüßler
  • Glomus etunicatum W.N.Becker & Gerd.

Entrophospora etunicata, is a species of fungus in the genus Entrophospora within the family Entrophosporaceae. It is an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that forms symbiotic relationships with the roots of various plants, facilitating nutrient exchange.[2] This species has undergone two notable order changes since its description in 1997.[3][unreliable source?] It has agricultural and ecological significance as it assists with enhancing plant growth and soil health.[4]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

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Entrophospora etunicata spores on roots

The etymology of the name derives from Greek for a "spore nourished from within" for Entrophospora and the Latin word etunicatus for "derived of its coat" referring to its "ephemeral outer wall."[5]

As an AM fungi, E. etunicata belongs to the phylum Glomeromycota, a group encompassing over 300 described fungal species.[6] The basionym for E. etunicatam is Glomus etunicatum.[7] A synonym is Claroideoglomus etunicatum, after reclassification.[8] In 2022, molecular phylogenetic analysis saw the fungus, and other related Glomus species, reclassified, leading to the creation of the Entrophosporales and the Entrophosporaceae family (formerly (Claroideoglomeraceae), containing the genera Entrophospora, Claroideoglomus, and Albahypha. Additional molecular phylogenic analysis has positioned E. etunicata with E. hanlinii and E. argentinensis sharing the closest phylogenic relationship.[5]

Morphology

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Like most species in Glomeromycota, E. etunicata reproduces asexually with its coenocytic hyphae and production of glomerospores,with no known sexual state.[9] Members of the genus Enterphospora have spores borne from within the neck of a pre-differentiated "sporiferous saccule," or a spore within a saccule. The spores regularly have 2-4 spore layers and hyaline to subhyaline or whitish funnel-shaped subtending hyphae.[10] Spores are typically 60-160 µm in diameter, with hyphae measuring 5-10.2 µm. Its colour ranges from orange to red-brown with a globose shape.[11]

Morphologically, E. etunicata is distinguished from all other Entrophospora by having only two spore layers to the spore wall, the first layer forming the surface of the spore. Neither of the layers is semi-flexible and both are even in thickness. The outer layer degrades and sloughs as spores age, so that it may be present in patches (usually detected in Melzers reagent) or appear as a granular layer.[10] This characteristic is what Becker and Gerdemann referenced with the name "etunicata." The pore of the spore subtending hypha is closed by a septum continuous with the innermost laminae (sublayers) of the laminate spore wall layer of layer 2. This is in contrast to that of E. argentinensis, where its pore is closed by the innermost laminae of the laminate spore wall layer two and a septum continuous with the additional innermost spore wall layer three. Additionally, globose E. etunicata spores may be 1.4-fold larger.[10]

Ecology

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As an AM fungus, E. etunicata forms a symbiotic relationship with the host plant and its root network. The life cycle of mycorrhizal fungi begins when a fungal spore germinates and hyphae grow toward a host root. E. etunicata forms arbuscules or coils through the cell walls of the root cortical cells. Outside of the root, E. etunicata interacts with organic soil matter and living roots of other plants resulting in the establishment of mycorrhizal networks that can then connect with other neighboring plants.[6] The external hyphae of the fungus take up water and micronutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus and then transfer them into the host cells. These micronutrients are exchanged through the arbuscles for carbon that is then stored in vesicles or new spores, allowing for E. etunicata to maintain its energy and future growth.[12]

As AM fungi form intimate associations with about 80% of land plant species,[13]E. etunicata is one of the most commonly occurring arbuscular fungi in the world with samples being found on every major continent, from the tundra of Alaska to the desert of Nigeria.[11] Samples have been found throughout multiple discrete biomes in Brazil.[14]

Overall biology and relevance for humans

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As E. etunicata was only characterized in 1977, and as its applications as an AM fungus are still being explored, it has no specific cultural relevance to humanity outside of the field of agriculture in general. Its importance to humanity lies in its potential effectiveness in the area of agriculture, both economically and ecologically. E. etunicata has been researched with various plant species and under a multitude of growing conditions to test its effectiveness with alleviating plant stress, improving the nutritional biomass of a plant, protecting against toxin injury, and improving sustainability.[15]

It has shown the ability to enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses and promote plant growth in soil contaminated by heavy metals such as cadmium, and rare earth elements like lanthanum.[15]E. etunicata has shown benefits as an alternative for improving the production of C. chinense seedlings and enhancing the anabolism of its health-promoting bioactive compounds by up to 144%.[16] In Brazil, under field conditions, inoculation of a fast-growing tropical tree Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum with AM (Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Acaulospora sp.), increased wood yield by approximately 20%.[17] It has shown benefits in alleviating combined boron toxicity and salt stress symptoms in maize plants.[18] And, it has stimulated morphophysiological and gene expression resulting in higher photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency when used as a monospecific inoculation in both drought-tolerant and sensitive Caatinga Passion Fruit.[19]

No data has been found to show arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and E. etunicata in particular, causes pathogenic illness or disease in humans or other animals. However, the use of AM fungi, has been shown to contributes to the overall improvement of soil health leading to an improvement of human health as a byproduct.[20] The use of AM fungi plant inoculation can significantly increase the contents of medicinal active ingredients by (27%), with a particularly notable enhancement observed in flavonoids (68%) and terpenoids (53%).[21]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Entrophospora etunicata (W.N.Becker & Gerd.) Błaszk., Niezgoda, B.T.Goto & Magurno". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 30 May 2025.
  2. ^ Menge, Ephraim Motaroki (2023). "Understanding the mechanisms of nutrient transfer between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Host Plants". International Journal of Science and Research Archive. 10 (2): 557–567. doi:10.30574/ijsra.2023.10.2.1013. ISSN 2582-8185.
  3. ^ "AMF species list.xlsx". Google Docs.
  4. ^ Zarei, Mehdi; Abdar, Narges; Shahriari, Amir Ghaffar; Mirmazloum, Iman; Geösel, András (10 May 2024). "Effects of Claroideoglomus etunicatum Fungus on the Growth Parameters of Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants under Boron Toxicity and Salt Stress". Agronomy. 14 (5): 1013. Bibcode:2024Agron..14.1013Z. doi:10.3390/agronomy14051013. ISSN 2073-4395.
  5. ^ a b Błaszkowski, Janusz; Sánchez-García, Marisol; Niezgoda, Piotr; Zubek, Szymon; Fernández, Félix; Vila, Ana; Al-Yahya'ei, Mohamed N.; Symanczik, Sarah; Milczarski, Paweł; Malinowski, Ryszard; Cabello, Marta; Goto, Bruno Tomio; Casieri, Leonardo; Malicka, Monika; Bierza, Wojciech; Magurno, Franco (29 November 2022). "A new order, Entrophosporales, and three new Entrophospora species in Glomeromycota". Frontiers in Microbiology. 13. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.962856. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 9835108. PMID 36643412.
  6. ^ a b Vieira, Caroline Krug; Marascalchi, Matheus Nicoletti; Rozmoš, Martin; Benada, Oldřich; Belova, Valeriia; Jansa, Jan (1 March 2025). "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal highways – What, how and why?". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 202: 109702. Bibcode:2025SBiBi.20209702V. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109702. ISSN 0038-0717.
  7. ^ Becker, W.N.; Gerdemann, J.W. (July–September 1977). "Glomus etunicatum". Mycotaxon. 6 (1): 29–32.
  8. ^ Schüßler, Arthur; Christopher, Walker (December 2010), The Glomeromycota, pp. 21–22
  9. ^ "31.7: Glomeromycota- Asexual Plant Symbionts". Biology LibreTexts. 5 December 2021.
  10. ^ a b c Silva, Gladstone Alves da; Sieverding, Ewald; Assis, Daniele Magna Azevedo de; Goto, Bruno Tomio; Corazon-Guivin, Mike Anderson; Oehl, Fritz (26 January 2025). "Revision of Entrophosporales, with Three Genera and an Identification Key for All Species Currently Attributed to This Order". Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland). 11 (2): 97. doi:10.3390/jof11020097. ISSN 2309-608X. PMC 11856536. PMID 39997391.
  11. ^ a b The International Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. "Claroideoglomus etunicatum". invam.ku.edu. The University of Kansas.
  12. ^ Denison, R. Ford; Kiers, E. Toby (27 September 2011). "Life Histories of Symbiotic Rhizobia and Mycorrhizal Fungi". Current Biology. 21 (18): R775 – R785. Bibcode:2011CBio...21.R775D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.018. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 21959168.
  13. ^ Boutasknit, Abderrahim; Baslam, Marouane; Ait-El-Mokhtar, Mohamed; Anli, Mohamed; Ben-Laouane, Raja; Ait-Rahou, Youssef; Mitsui, Toshiaki; Douira, Allal; El Modafar, Cherkaoui; Wahbi, Said; Meddich, Abdelilah (24 November 2021). "Assemblage of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and green waste compost enhance drought stress tolerance in carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) trees". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 22835. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1122835B. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02018-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8613250. PMID 34819547.
  14. ^ Jobim, Khadija; Jobim, Khadija; Vista, Xochitl Margarito; Goto, Bruno Tomio (2018). "Updates on the knowledge of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Glomeromycotina) in the Atlantic Forest biome – an example of very high species richness in the Brazilian landscape". Mycotaxon. 133 (1): 209––209. doi:10.5248/133.209.
  15. ^ a b Hao, Baihui; Zhang, Zhechao; Bao, Zhihua; Hao, Lijun; Diao, Fengwei; Li, Frank Yonghong; Guo, Wei (15 August 2022). "Claroideoglomus etunicatum affects the structural and functional genes of the rhizosphere microbial community to help maize resist Cd and La stresses". Environmental Pollution. 307: 119559. Bibcode:2022EPoll.30719559H. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119559. ISSN 0269-7491. PMID 35654253.
  16. ^ Luz, Rita de Cássia Ribeiro da; Wu, Qiang-Sheng; Albanez Bastos-Filho, Carmelo José; Alves da Silva, Francineyde; Barbosa da Silva, Fábio Sérgio (1 December 2023). "Entrophospora etunicata: A mycorrhizal biostimulant with the potential to enhance the production of bioactive health-promoting compounds in leaves of Capsicum chinense seedlings". Rhizosphere. 28: 100791. Bibcode:2023Rhizo..2800791L. doi:10.1016/j.rhisph.2023.100791. ISSN 2452-2198.
  17. ^ Domínguez-Núñez, José Alfonso; Berrocal-Lobo, Marta (2021). "Application of microorganisms in forest plant". Biofertilizers. Elsevier. pp. 265–287. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821667-5.00026-9. ISBN 978-0-12-821667-5.
  18. ^ Zarei, Mehdi; Abdar, Narges; Shahriari, Amir Ghaffar; Mirmazloum, Iman; Geösel, András (10 May 2024). "Effects of Claroideoglomus etunicatum Fungus on the Growth Parameters of[Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants under Boron Toxicity and Salt Stress". Agronomy. 14 (5): 1013. Bibcode:2024Agron..14.1013Z. doi:10.3390/agronomy14051013. ISSN 2073-4395.
  19. ^ Dantas, Luiz Victor de Almeida; Silva, Roberta Lane de Oliveira; Simões, Welson Lima; Yano-Melo, Adriana Mayumi; Melo, Natoniel Franklin de (1 March 2025). "Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Water Deficit: Morphophysiological and Gene Expression Responses in Caatinga Passion Fruit". Stresses. 5 (1): 18. doi:10.3390/stresses5010018. ISSN 2673-7140.
  20. ^ Carrara, Joseph E.; Lehotay, Steven J.; Lightfield, Alan R.; Sun, Dongxiao; Richie Jr, John P.; Smith, Andrew H.; Heller, Wade P. (2023). "Linking soil health to human health: Arbuscular mycorrhizae play a key role in plant uptake of the antioxidant ergothioneine from soils". Plants, People, Planet. 5 (3): 449–458. Bibcode:2023PlPP....5..449C. doi:10.1002/ppp3.10365. ISSN 2572-2611.
  21. ^ Carrara, Joseph E.; Lehotay, Steven J.; Lightfield, Alan R.; Sun, Dongxiao; Richie Jr, John P.; Smith, Andrew H.; Heller, Wade P. (2023). "Linking soil health to human health: Arbuscular mycorrhizae play a key role in plant uptake of the antioxidant ergothioneine from soils". Plants, People, Planet. 5 (3): 449–458. Bibcode:2023PlPP....5..449C. doi:10.1002/ppp3.10365. ISSN 2572-2611.
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