Draft:Shapur I's second Roman campaign
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Shapur I' seconde Roman campaign was the second of three victorious camapigns that the Persian king Shapur I led against the Roman Empire.[1][2]
Background
[edit]After Shapur I defeated and killed the Roman Emperor Gordian III, the new Roman Emperor, Philip the Arab, was forced to sign a "disgraceful" treaty with Shapur I and to surrender Mesopotamia and Armenia.[3][4][5]
The war
[edit]In 252, Shapur ivaded the Roman Empire again, conquering Nisibis and annihilating a 60.000 strong Roman force at Barbalissos.[6][7] The next year, the Sasanian forces laid siege to the city of Emesa and defeated the Roman forces at Antioch.[8][9] During the years 253-256, the Sasanian armies destroyed and sacked more than 35 cities, including Dura Europos.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ "ŠĀPUR I: History". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2025-06-13.
The ŠKZ inscription and rock-reliefs agree with Roman sources (collected and discussed by Fluss, Ensslin, Maricq and Honigmann, Mazzarino, Winter, Kettenhofen, Dodgeon and Lieu) that there were three campaigns. The first (242-4) came upon Hatra's capture.
- ^ Gregoratti, Leonardo (December 2017). Shapur I of Persia.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Gregoratti, Leonardo (December 2017). Shapur I of Persia.
The new Roman emperor and former praetorian prefect, PHILIP the Arab, was forced to sign a "disgraceful" treaty and to surrender control over Armenia and Mesopotamia.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert (13 September 2007). Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521849258., "They probably intended to get as far as the Sasanian capital Ktesiphon but at the beginning of the year 244, Shapur I scored a decisive victory against the Roman army at Misik. Gordian III died in battle"
- ^ "Encyclopaedia Iranica". "It is understandable that Roman national pride transferred the responsibility of the defeat, in which Gordian III became the first Roman emperor to lose his life on enemy battlefield, to Philip. On the other hand, the feeling of the Sasanian triumph was immortalized in several rock-reliefs of Šāpur I, and the victory at Misiḵē was mentioned by a boastful Šāpur as the single military event within this first campaign."
- ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica "And we annihilated a Roman force of 60,000 at Barbalissus [modern Qalʿat al-Bālis, on the left bank of the Euphrates in Syria] and we burned and ravaged the province of Syria and all its dependencies; and in that one campaign we conquered from the Roman empire the following forts and cities (some thirty-six of them are named)"
- ^ The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337, "He captured several towns and then destroyed a Roman army of 60000 men at Barbalissus (Balis) on the large bend of the Euphrates to the north."
- ^ A Companion to Late Antiquity, "In a devastating campaign in AD 253, Shapur ravaged northern Syria, took Hierapolis, managed to penetrate Roman territory as far as Antioch, and captured this third largest city of the Roman empire."
- ^ Gregoratti, Leonardo. Shapur I of Persia.
After this victory, an army invaded Armenia Minor and Cappadocia, while a second contingent marched deep into Syria, as far as the Mediterranean coast, destroying and sacking every city and evicting part of the population. A total of thirty-seven cities and their territories were conquered and sacked including ANTIOCH, the capital of the Roman province of Syria
- ^ Gregoratti, Leonardo. Shapur I of Persia.
After this victory, an army invaded Armenia Minor and Cappadocia, while a second contingent marched deep into Syria, as far as the Mediterranean coast, destroying and sacking every city and evicting part of the population. A total of thirty-seven cities and their territories were conquered and sacked including ANTIOCH, the capital of the Roman province of Syria, and DURA-EUROPOS, the military base on the middle Euphrates.