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Draft:Patriotic Movement Party

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Patriotic Movement Party
Xisbiga Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniyada
حزب الحركة الوطنية
FounderAbdullahi yusuf mohamed[1][2]
Founded1 July 2020 (2020-07-01)
HeadquartersMogadishu, Somalia
Hargeysa (proposed)
IdeologyPan-Somalism
Somali nationalism
Colours    Red, White, Blue
Party flag

The Patriotic Movement Party (SYL, Somali: Xisbiga Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniyada 𐒄𐒘𐒈𐒁𐒘𐒌𐒖 𐒊𐒖𐒎𐒊𐒖𐒎𐒖𐒖𐒎𐒖 𐒓𐒖𐒆𐒖𐒒𐒘𐒕𐒖𐒆𐒖, Arabic: رابطة الشباب الصومالي, Italian: Lega dei Giovani Somali or Lega Somala della Gioventù), initially known as the Somali Youth Club (SYC), was the first political party in Somalia.

It played a key role in the nation's road to independence during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s.

History

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Xisbiga Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniyada

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During the Second World War, Britain occupied Somaliland and militarily administered the territory from 1941 to 1950. Under British rule in Somalia The first modern Somali political party, the Somali Youth Club (SYC), was subsequently established in Harar in 1943.

Samaynta Xisbiga Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga

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Aasaaskiisii ​​​​2020, xisbigu wuxuu lahaa laba xubnood oo aasaasay.[4][1] Kadib waxay xafiis ka furtay Muqdisho.[2] PMP waxay taageertay Soomaaliweyn iyadoo Muqdisho ay caasimad tahay, waxaana wakiilo ka socda waqooyi-koonfur loo wakiishay inay soo jeedintan u soo bandhigaan xafiiska Q.M ee Muqdisho.[3] Xubnaha Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed waxa si weyn u saameeyay jabhaddii hore ee diimaha ee qarnigii hore ee culimadii kala duwanayd sida Uways al-Baraawi, Sheikh Hassan Barsane iyo Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.[citation needed]

To empower the new party, the better educated police and civil servants were permitted to join it. By 1948, following an official visit to the territory by the Four Power Commission, the SYC was a well-structured political unit,[3] Abdullahi Issa was elected as its secretary general and renamed itself as the Somali Youth League (SYL) and began to open offices not only in Italian and British Somaliland, but also in the Ogaden and in the Northern Frontier District (NFD). The SYL's stated objectives were to unify all Somali territories, including the NFD and the Ogaden; to create opportunities for universal modern education; to develop the Somali language by a standard national orthography; to safeguard Somali interests; and to oppose the restoration of Italian rule. SYL policy banned clannishness so that the thirteen founding members, although representing four of Somalia's five major clans, refused to disclose their clan affiliations. Although the SYL enjoyed considerable popular support from northerners, the principal parties in British Somaliland were the Somali National League (SNL) and National United Front (NUF), mainly associated with the Isaaq clan, and the United Somali Party (USP), which had the support of the Dir (Gadabuursi) and Darod (Dulbahante and Warsangali) clans.[4]

Trust Territory of Somaliland

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Main article: Trust Territory of Somaliland

In 1945, the Potsdam conference was held, where it was decided not to return Italian Somaliland to the control of Italy.[4] The Somali Youth League was firmly against Italian return to Somalia in any form, and campaigned against the return of Italian rule with the slogan, "No matter what the color, a wolf is always a wolf."[5] In the wake of this, the Somali Youth League had proposed a UN Trusteeship to aid Somalia's to independence, under the two preconditions that it was not under Italian administration and that the Trusteeship managed all the Somali inhabited territories. In a memo to the UN the SYL stated:

"We do not pretend we can stand on our own feet for the moment, but ask the United Nations Trusteeship council to decide questions relating to the formation, boundaries, and administration of a Somali Trust Territory known as Somalia, this territory to consist of all areas present predominantly populated by Somalis."[6]

In November 1949 the United Nations decided to grant Italy trusteeship of the former Italian Somaliland.[7] Before the Italians returned to Somalia, the SYL held a major summit in order to formulate a common policy and unified attitude toward the Trusteeship government. It was initially decided to launch an armed resistance, but after serious deliberation the league came to the conclusion that a more 'temperate course' would be better for Somali citizens. Following the summits conclusion the SYL delivered a paper to the chief Italian administrator explaining its position. The League informed the administration that it would continue to agitate for independence and expressed hope that the new government would not resist SYL efforts. It was made clear that the organization was willing to cooperate with the UN if they reciprocated. The SYL demanded that Arabic be made the official language of the Trusteeship instead of Italian and further requested that Italian government not bring back officials from the fascist era.[8]

The first half of AFIS's decade long rule would be marked by animosity and conflict between the Italian authorities and the Somali Youth League. Numerous SYL officials who had gained positions of prominence during the era of British Military Administration were either demoted, removed from their positions or imprisoned by Italians officials. These attempts to marginalize the league would lead to demonstrations across the country which were strongly repressed by the government, who had at the time come to decision not cooperate or concede to the SYL's plans.[9][10]

Independence and formation Somali Republic

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Main article: Somali Republic

British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until June 26, 1960, when it became independent. The former Italian Somaliland followed suit five days later.[11] On July 1, 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain.[12][13][14] A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal with Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as the first President of the Somali Republic,[15][16] and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister, later to become President (from 1967–1969). On July 20, 1961 and through a popular referendum, the Somali people ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960.[17]

In the first national elections after independence, held on 30 March 1964, the SYL won an absolute majority of 69 of the 123 parliamentary seats. The remaining seats were divided among 11 parties. Five years from then, in general elections held in March 1969, the ruling SYL led by Mohammed Ibrahim Egal returned to power. However, in the same year, then President of Somalia Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke was assassinated.[18][19][20][21]

1969 Coup d'etat and dissolution

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Main article: 1969 Somali coup d'état

In 1969 military coup ensued, with Siad Barre now assuming leadership. Barre's Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic,[18][19] arrested members of the former government, banned political parties,[20] dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.[21]

Political leaders

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Founders and leaders

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The following is a list of the SYL's 13 original members[clarification needed]

Notable members

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The following is a list of other notable public officials that emerged from the SYL's ranks:

Presidents
Prime Ministers

References

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  1. ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Presa. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8108-6604-1.
  2. ^ Gilbert, Paul (1967). Beginning Somali History. NTEC Press. p. 99.
  3. ^ I. M. Lewis, A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.304.
  4. ^ a b Federal Research Division, Somalia: A Country Study, (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2004), p.38
  5. ^ Hussein 2017, p. 58.
  6. ^ Drysdale 2000, p. 63-64.
  7. ^ Henry Louis Gates, Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, (Oxford University Press: 1999), p.1749
  8. ^ Hussein 2017, p. 79.
  9. ^ Petrucci 1993, p. 92.
  10. ^ Lewis 2002, p. 140.
  11. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835
  12. ^ "Somalia". www.worldsat.ca. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008.
  13. ^ The dawn of the Somali nation-state in 1960[usurped]
  14. ^ "Winning: Somalia and Ethiopia". www.strategypage.com.
  15. ^ "Mudulood PageA". Archived from the original on 21 February 2004.
  16. ^ "Mudulood Page". www.mudulood.com.
  17. ^ Greystone Press Staff, The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East, (Greystone Press: 1967), p.338
  18. ^ a b J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, The Cambridge history of Africa, Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p.478.
  19. ^ a b The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac, Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p.214.
  20. ^ a b Metz, Helen C., ed. (1992), "Coup d'Etat", Somalia: A Country Study, Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, retrieved October 21, 2009.
  21. ^ a b Peter John de la Fosse Wiles, The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy, (Taylor & Francis: 1982), p.279.
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