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Draft:Dojo (on-chain framework)

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  • Comment: As discussed on #wikipedia-en-help, not yet demonstrating WP:GNG. qcne (talk) 18:59, 3 July 2025 (UTC)
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This page is about the on-chain software framework. For the JavaScript library, see Dojo Toolkit.

Dojo (on-chain framework) is an open-source development framework and toolchain for creating fully on-chain games (FOCG) and applications in StarkWare's Cairo programming language.[1][2] Dojo allows for the creation of games and applications whose correct execution can be computationally proven via zero-knowledge proofs.[3] Dojo was open-sourced under the Apache 2.0 license and is maintained by the Cartridge Gaming Company, with contributions from Realms (formerly Bibliotheca) DAO.[4]

In October 2024, the Dojo-based game FlippyFlop was used to set a world TPS record for Ethereum L2s.[5][6][7]

History

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In 2019, pseudonymous developer Gubsheep developed Dark Forest, a fully on-chain game which used zero-knowledge proofs to enable gameplay based on hidden information.[1] Following the success of Dark Forest, a group of developers formed Lattice and created MUD, an EVM-based on-chain games framework.[1][8]

In late 2021, a group of developers began working on Roll Your Own, an on-chain version of the 1984 game Drug Wars, for Starknet.[8][9][10][11] Inspired by MUD, they created Dojo as a Cairo-based alternative.[8][10] Development continued through 2022-2024, with Dojo version 1.0 being released in August 2024.[2][12][13]

In October 2024, the Dojo-based FlippyFlop was used to set the world record of 857 transactions-per-second for Ethereum L2s.[5][6][7] In December 2024, Realms: Eternum, a 4X strategy game created by Dojo contributor Realms DAO, launched its Season 0, drawing “100s of players” during the campaign and, according to the Ethereum Foundation, using up 50% of Starknet's blockspace.[14][15][16]

Architecture and technology

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ECS Framework

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See also: Entity component system

Dojo provides an Entity-Component-System framework for developing on-chain games and applications.

Entities (players, objects) are represented by sets of keys, which are hashed to create canonical identifiers. State is stored in on-chain models (components) holding specific types of data (attributes, stats, positions). Logic is implemented via contracts (systems) that mutate state in response to user actions.[8][13][17][18]

Models and systems are registered in a central World contract, which routes function calls and enforces access controls.[13][17] Dojo extends the Cairo compiler to automatically generate queryable events after state changes, facilitating indexing and front-end updates.[8][13][17]

Development Toolchain

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Dojo provides a set of Rust-based tools for developing and deploying on-chain applications.

  • Katana - a Starknet sequencer, which can be run locally or used in production as a dedicated game-chain.[8][17][18][19]
  • Torii - an indexing service that ingests on-chain events, making game state queryable for user-facing clients via GraphQL or gRPC.[8][17][18]
  • Sozo - a development CLI which compiles code, deploys smart contracts, runs tests, and orchestrates schema migrations.[17][18]

Client SDKs

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See also: Software Development Kit

Dojo provides SDKs to facilitate integration with front-end JavaScript clients, game engines such as Unity, Unreal, and Godot, and communication platforms like Telegram and Discord.[17][20]

Projects using Dojo

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Several games have been built using Dojo, including:

  • Roll Your Own - an on-chain arbitrage game inspired by Drug Wars and the Dope Wars NFT collection.[9][10][18]
  • Realms: Eternum - a massively multiplayer 4X game based on the Loot and Realms NFT projects, using AI agents to drive gameplay.[9][14][16][18]
  • Blob Arena - a Pokémon-inspired battler that attracted 1,475 players during its launch event at an Armored MMA tournament in Canton, Ohio.[21][22]

Multiple Dojo projects have been included in Starknet's Propulsion program, including Jokers of Neon, Loot Survivor, Pistols at Dawn, and zKube.[23]

Reception and impact

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Starknet has described Dojo as “the world's first provable game engine” and appointed several Dojo core contributors to its Gaming Committee.[3][24] Analysts at Messari noted Dojo's “ability to support complex mechanics, such as player-owned economies, resource management, and dynamic interactions, leveraging Starknet's low-cost execution environment.”[9]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Blockchain games and the rise of on-chain frameworks". Cointelegraph Magazine. 2023-09-14. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  2. ^ a b "Cartridge raises $7.5M to build on-chain game tools". GamesBeat. 2024-08-02. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  3. ^ a b "Dojo: Starknet's first provable game engine". Starknet.io. 2023-07-14. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  4. ^ "Dojo main repository". GitHub. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  5. ^ a b "Starknet claims record 857 TPS in layer-2 stress test". CoinDesk. 2024-10-30. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  6. ^ a b "Starknet stress test sets new TPS benchmark". Cointelegraph. 2024-10-30. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  7. ^ a b "Starknet's rising star: Dojo and FlippyFlop". Bankless. 2024-09-18. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g "Dungeons & Dojos: Exploring on-chain game dev". BITKRAFT Insights. 2024-06-14. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  9. ^ a b c d "Starknet Ecosystem Analysis Q4 2024". Messari Research. 2024-11-08. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  10. ^ a b c "Building fully on-chain games on Starknet". Blockchaingamer.biz. 2024-09-12. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  11. ^ "Roll Your Own (public archive)". GitHub. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  12. ^ "Protocol Village: Cartridge, Dojo v1.0". CoinDesk. 2024-08-01. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  13. ^ a b c d "Security Review: Dojo 1.0". OpenZeppelin Blog. 2024-11-15. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  14. ^ a b "Play Eternum: Starknet's fully on-chain MMO". Bankless. 2024-12-10. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  15. ^ @ethereum (February 21, 2025). "Eternum Season 0 used ~50% of Starknet blockspace" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  16. ^ a b "Eternum Season 1 launches on Starknet". Bankless. 2025-04-07. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "Dojo Documentation". Dojoengine.org. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  18. ^ a b c d e f "Introducing Dojo". VeradiVerdict. 2023-10-05. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  19. ^ "Starknet gets its first gaming app-chain". CoinDesk. 2025-02-24. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  20. ^ "Dojo project repositories". GitHub. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  21. ^ "Blob Arena levels up". Bankless. 2025-06-04. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  22. ^ "Fully on-chain game Blob Arena now live". GAM3S.GG. 2025-06-03. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
  23. ^ @StarknetFndn (June 18, 2024). "Propulsion program game list" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  24. ^ "Gaming Committee launch". Starknet.io. 2024-03-26. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
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Category:Blockchain software Category:Free software Category:Video game development Category:Starknet

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