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| Dhumorna | |
|---|---|
Consort of Yama (Hindu god of death) | |
| Other names | Urmila, Syamala |
| Abode | Naraka (Yamaloka) |
| Texts | Mahabharata, Vishnu Purana, Vishnudharmottara Purana |
| Consort | Yama |
Dhumorna (Sanskrit: धूमोर्णा) is mentioned in various Hindu scriptures as a consort of Yama, the deity associated with death and justice. References to her appear in texts such as the Mahabharata, the Vishnu Purana, and the Vishnudharmottara Purana. In iconographic descriptions, she is commonly depicted seated beside Yama, signifying her role within his divine retinue.[1]
Name and scriptural references
[edit]The name Dhumorna is derived from Sanskrit, meaning “smoke-like” or “covered in smoke.” In certain traditions, she is regarded as the consort of the Hindu deity Yama, the god of death. The Mahabharata (Udyoga Parva, Chapter 117) refers to Yama’s wife as Urmila, a name that some sources interpret as an alternative or aspect of Dhumorna. The Vishnu Purana (Book I, Chapter VIII) explicitly names Dhumorna as Yama’s consort. Additionally, the Vishnudharmottara Purana outlines iconographic details for her representation, describing her as seated on Yama’s left thigh with a complexion resembling a dark blue lotus.[2][3][4][5]
Iconography
[edit]The Vishnudharmottara Purana provides a description of Dhumorna’s iconography in the context of her association with Yama. She is depicted seated on the left thigh of Yama, with a complexion likened to that of a dark blue lotus. In her left hand, she holds a matulunga fruit, while her right hand is placed on Yama’s back. This representation reflects her presence alongside Yama in traditional iconographic depictions.[6]
Other consorts
[edit]Various Hindu texts refer to multiple consorts of Yama. The Garuda Purana mentions a figure named Syamala as Yama’s wife. The Brahma Purana and the Bhavishya Purana refer to other names such as Hemamala, Sushila, and Vijaya in similar roles. In some traditions where Yama is identified with Dharmadeva, he is described as having married several daughters of Daksha. These variations reflect the diversity of regional and sectarian traditions within Hindu mythology.[7] [8]
Children
[edit]According to certain Puranic accounts, Dhumorna—identified in some texts with Urmila—is said to have borne a daughter named Sunita, who later became the mother of King Vena. Some sources also mention another daughter, Shobhavati, who is described in regional traditions as the consort of Chitragupta. However, these associations vary across different scriptural interpretations and are not uniformly attested in all Hindu texts.[9][10]
Role and significance
[edit]Dhumorna is not the focus of independent worship in mainstream Hindu traditions but is mentioned in connection with Yama in certain Puranic texts and iconographic descriptions. Her association with Yama is interpreted by some traditions as a symbolic representation of complementary feminine aspects within the framework of cosmic order (dharma). Her role is primarily contextual, appearing alongside Yama rather than as a central deity in her own right.[11][12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ "What is the name of YamRaj's wife ? Why Yamraj is considered to be a demi god or Yaksha?". Hinduism Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2025-07-28.
- ^ Edu, World History (2024-12-16). "Yama: The Hindu God of Death and Justice". World History Edu. Retrieved 2025-07-28.
- ^ Bogadi, Aparna. "Mythology 7 – Yama (God of death in Hindu mythology)". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2025-07-28.
- ^ "Yama: वंशावळ". ancestry.transliteral.org. Retrieved 2025-07-28.
- ^ Department of Archaeology, Nepal (1986). "Ancient Nepal, Number 100" (PDF). Ancient Nepal. Kathmandu: Department of Archaeology. pp. 1–18. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
- ^ H. H. Wilson, ed. (1840). "VIII". The Vishnu Purana, Vol. I. Sacred Texts. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
- ^ Sreenivasa Rao (September 2012). "Yama iconography in Vishnudharmottara Purāṇa". sreenivasaraos.com. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
- ^ "Yama, the Dharma Raja". sreenivasarao's blogs. 2012-09-30. Retrieved 2025-07-28.
- ^ "Yamraj's wife | Shani". India Forums. Retrieved 2025-07-28.
- ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2016-04-10). "Dhumorna, Dhuma-urna, Dhūmorṇā, Dhumrna, Dhūmrṇā: 9 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2025-07-28.
- ^ Nair, Nitten (2024-07-12). "Yama : God of Death". Mythlok. Retrieved 2025-07-28.