Draft:Desulfobotulus sapovorans
 | Review waiting, please be patient.
This may take 3 months or more, since drafts are reviewed in no specific order. There are 3,200 pending submissions waiting for review.
Where to get help
How to improve a draft
You can also browse Wikipedia:Featured articles and Wikipedia:Good articles to find examples of Wikipedia's best writing on topics similar to your proposed article. Improving your odds of a speedy review To improve your odds of a faster review, tag your draft with relevant WikiProject tags using the button below. This will let reviewers know a new draft has been submitted in their area of interest. For instance, if you wrote about a female astronomer, you would want to add the Biography, Astronomy, and Women scientists tags. Editor resources
Reviewer tools
|
Comment: Maybe merge? Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 13:52, 18 May 2025 (UTC)
| Desulfobotulus sapovorans | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | D. sapovorans
|
| Binomial name | |
| Desulfobotulus sapovorans (Widdel 1981) Kuever et al. 2009
| |
Desulfobotus sapovorans is a Gram-negative bacterium that lives best at moderate temperatures, similar to room temperature or body temperature, which means it is mesophilic.[1] D. sapovorans thrives in environments without oxygen (anaerobic) and gets its energy through breaking down organic materials.[1] Instead of using oxygen for this process, it uses sulfate, making it a sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB).[1] Sulfate-reducing bacteria play an important role in recycling nutrients in the environments where they live, including aquatic, freshwater, and mud environments where oxygen is limited.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]Desulfobotus sapovorans is a mesophilic, sulfate-reducing bacterium belonging to the Desulfobacteraceae family within the Desulfobacterales order.[2][3] The full taxonomic classification of Desulfobotulus sapovorans is structured as follows: Bacteria, Pseudomonadota, Thermodesulfobacteriota, Desulfobacteria, Desulfobacterales, Desulfobacteraceae, Desulfobotulus, Desulfobotulus sapovorans.[2][3] Desulfobacteraceae contains 21 other genera, such as Desulfobacter, Desulfobacula, Desulfococcus, and Desulfofaba, with their taxonomic classification mainly based on 16S ribosomal RNA, genes used to build microbial phylogenies.[2][3][4] Desulfobotus sapovorans is a strain that has been previously classified as "Desulfovibrio sapovorans".[4][5]
Neighboring strains and phylogenetic relationships
[edit]Within the Desulfobotulus genus, D. sapovorans is phylogenetically linked to Desulfobotulus alkaliphilus, Desulfobotulus pelophilus, and Desulfobotulus mexicanus.[6][7] This means that it is genetically related to these other species in terms of evolutionary biology. This discovery was made by sequencing the 16s ribosomal RNA gene which scientists use to compare and identify different species of bacteria. The sequencing revealed the strain D. alkaliphilus is the nearest neighbor of D. sapovorans with a 85.29% similarity.[1][8]
All of these strains share the sulfate-reducing capabilities of the Desulfobacteraceae family organisms, however, they thrive in different environments to which they are adapted to:
D. aklaliphilus is a sulfate-reducing bacterium discovered and isolated from sediments, material gathered at the bottom of water, of soda lakes in Kulunda Steppe, Russia.[6] This strain (ASO4-4) is an alkaliphilic species that thrives in high pH environments and is involved in sulfur cycling under extreme conditions.[6][9]
D. pelophilus is a sulfate-reducing bacterium that was first discovered and obtained from the Taman Peninsula, Russia in a land-based mud volcano. This strain (H1) is closely related to D. mexicanus according to analysis of the 16s rRNA gene sequence (98.3 percent similarity).[10] The H1 strain of Desulfobotulus is anaerobic, lives in alkaline environments, or one with a pH of around 8.5 to 11(alkaliphilic), and is a Gram-negative strain.[10]
D. mexicanus is a sulfate-reducing bacterium that was discovered and isolated from an alkaline crater lake in Guanajuato, Mexico.[7] This strain (PAR22N) shares many similarities with D. sapovorans such as being anaerobic, Gram-negative, and non-spore forming, meaning it does not produce protective structures that some bacteria form to survive tough conditions.[1][6] Unlike its relative strain, D. sapovorans, D. mexicanus is adapted to oceanic environments with high salt concentration and high pH.[7][9] This strain grows with elemental sulfur, an insoluble form of sulfur that needs to be oxidized in order to be used. In contrast to both D. sapovorans and D. alkaliphilus that use sulfate, D.mexicanus uses elemental sulfur as the terminal electron acceptor.[7]
Discovery
[edit]Desulfobotulus sapovorans bacteria is derived from Desulfobotulus, first discovered and isolated in freshwater mud in West Germany, by Friedhelm Widdel in 1981. In research conducted on sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs), this bacterium was isolated from the marine sediments using anaerobic enrichment culture techniques.[11] Samples rich in organic material like sulfate are often collected in coastal mud.[12] By using an anaerobic enrichment culture technique, where samples are placed in oxygen-free media containing sulfate as an electron acceptor, the growth of SRB's are promoted. This particular strain was determined to be different from other Desulfobotulus by using different types of biochemical analyses that were often used for bacterial classification at the time. Microscopic observations of this bacteria had rod-shaped structures, and that unlike other SRBs they were motile which added to their distinguishing characteristics.[4] It was found to completely oxidize fatty acids to carbon dioxide, while some other SRBs could only partially oxidize them.[13] It was also confirmed to be an SRB since it used sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor, producing hydrogen sulfide, H2S.[14]
Metabolism
[edit]D. sapovorans, similar to its family of Desulfobacteraceae, has a strict anaerobic respiratory metabolism.[4] It is a sulfate-reducing bacterium which uses sulfate as its terminal electron acceptor, which results in hydrogen sulfide as a metabolic product.[14] It completely oxidizes fatty acids to carbon dioxide, CO2, maintaining anaerobic carbon flow by degrading these fatty acids in the absence of carbon.[13]
Genomics
[edit]The genome of D. sapovorans, strain DSM 2055, has been sequenced by the DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI) using Whole Genome Sequencing.[1] This sequencing was done as part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Type Strains, Phase I: the one thousand microbial genomes (KMG) project, with Nikos Kyrpides as the principal investigator.[1] The species has 3509 total genes, 3423 of which are protein-coding genes, and 86 are RNA genes.[1] The 16S rRNA sequence of the strain DSM 2055 has a sequence length of 1,553 base pairs.[3] The genomic DNA guanine+cytosine number of bases is 53.52% of the total number of bases.[3]
Ecology
[edit]D. sapovorans, an anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), plays an important role in both the carbon cycle and the sulfur cycle in marine ecosystems. The species within the Desulfobacteraceae family exhibit a strictly anaerobic lifestyle and are found within freshwater mud, marine sediments, and soda lakes.[4][5] Its natural habitat is areas with little to no oxygen in marine sediments, rich in sulfate and other organic materials.[12] Converting sulfate from the mud ecosystems into hydrogen sulfide increases the sulfide richness in sediments, which contributes to microbial interactions.[14] Degradation of fatty acids in the absence of oxygen helps break down other organic material in the environment.[13]
Biological significance
[edit]The discovery of this organism is significant for several different reasons in the fields of microbiology and environmental science. This bacterium plays a role in breaking down fatty acids in areas that have been depleted of dissolved oxygen (anoxic environments), like freshwater muds, which is a key part in the recycling of carbon in marine sediments.[11][13] Also, since it is confirmed to be an sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), it is known for its key role in the global sulfur cycle, which has to do with chemistry of the ocean and composition of sediments in these environments.[12][14] It converts sulfate into hydrogen sulfide, which contributes to an increased acidity and causes potential corrosion in certain environments.[14] SRBs like this one are now being studied for their potential in cleaning up oil spills and other pollutants, since they have the capability to break down hydrocarbons in anaerobic conditions.[15] By finding a bacterium that is capable of converting these toxic metals into insoluble forms, heavy metal contamination could be reduced by preventing further spread into the environment.[16] This discovery also contributes to the known taxonomic tree of Desulfobotulus, and increases our knowledge of the microbial diversity in these environments. Connections are also able to be made between other SRBs and their interactions within microbial communities.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i Joint Genome Institute. "Desulfobotulus sapovorans DSM 2055". Integrated Microbial Genomes (2015). Retrieved 2025-03-09.
- ^ a b c Schoch, C. L. "NCBI Taxonomy: Taxonomy browser (Desulfobotulus sapovorans)". Database (Oxford) (2020). Retrieved 2025-04-10.
- ^ a b c d e Reimer, L.C.; Sarda Carbasse, J.; Schober, I.; Koblitz, J.; Podstawka, A.; Overmann, J. (2024-12-12), "Strain-linked information about bacterial and archaeal biodiversity", Desulfobotulus sapovorans (Widdel 1981) Kuever et al. 2009, DSMZ, doi:10.13145/BACDIVE3999.20241212.9.2, retrieved 2025-04-16
- ^ a b c d e Kuever, Jan (2014), Rosenberg, Eugene; DeLong, Edward F.; Lory, Stephen; Stackebrandt, Erko (eds.), "The Family Desulfobacteraceae", The Prokaryotes: Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 45–73, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39044-9_266, ISBN 978-3-642-39044-9, retrieved 2025-04-16
- ^ a b Wöhlbrand, Lars; Dörries, Marvin; Siani, Roberto; Medrano-Soto, Arturo; Schnaars, Vanessa; Schumacher, Julian; Hilbers, Christina; Thies, Daniela; Kube, Michael; Reinhardt, Richard; Schloter, Michael; Saier, Milton H.; Winklhofer, Michael; Rabus, Ralf (2025-03-07). "Key role of Desulfobacteraceae in C/S cycles of marine sediments is based on congeneric catabolic-regulatory networks". Science Advances. 11 (10): eads5631. Bibcode:2025SciA...11S5631W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.ads5631. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 11887813. PMID 40053579.
- ^ a b c d Reimer, L.C.; Sarda Carbasse, J.; Schober, I.; Koblitz, J.; Podstawka, A.; Overmann, J. (2024-12-12), "Strain-linked information about bacterial and archaeal biodiversity", Desulfobotulus alkaliphilus Sorokin et al. 2010, DSMZ, doi:10.13145/BACDIVE4000.20241212.9.2, retrieved 2025-04-16
- ^ a b c d Pérez-Bernal, Maria Fernanda; Brito, Elcia M. S.; Bartoli, Manon; Aubé, Johanne; Ollivier, Bernard; Guyoneaud, Rémy; Hirschler-Réa, Agnès (2020-05-01). "Desulfobotulus mexicanus sp. nov., a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from the sediment of an alkaline crater lake in Mexico". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (5): 3219–3225. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004159. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 32271141.
- ^ Universidad de Guanajuato. "Genome assembly ASM617599v1". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information (2019). Retrieved 2025-04-16.
- ^ a b U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). "Genome - Desulfobotulus". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2025-04-16.
- ^ a b Frolova, A. A.; Merkel, A. Yu.; Kuchierskaya, A. A.; Slobodkin, A. I. (2023-08-01). "Desulfobotulus pelophilus sp. nov., an Alkaliphilic Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium from a Terrestrial Mud Volcano". Microbiology. 92 (4): 493–499. doi:10.1134/S0026261723600878. ISSN 1608-3237.
- ^ a b Widdel, Friedrich; Kohring, Gert-Wieland; Mayer, Frank (1983-07-01). "Studies on dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria that decompose fatty acids". Archives of Microbiology. 134 (4): 286–294. doi:10.1007/BF00407804. ISSN 1432-072X.
- ^ a b c Beck, Jay V. (1971-01-01), "[8] Enrichment culture and isolation techniques particularly for anaerobic bacteria", Methods in Enzymology, Enzyme purification and related techniques, vol. 22, Academic Press, pp. 57–64, doi:10.1016/0076-6879(71)22010-3, ISBN 978-0-12-181885-2, retrieved 2025-04-16
- ^ a b c d So, Chi Ming; Young, L. Y. (1999-07-01). "Isolation and Characterization of a Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium That Anaerobically Degrades Alkanes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65 (7): 2969–2976. Bibcode:1999ApEnM..65.2969S. doi:10.1128/AEM.65.7.2969-2976.1999. PMC 91444. PMID 10388691.
- ^ a b c d e Sorokin, D. Y.; Detkova, E. N.; Muyzer, G. (2010-01-01). "Propionate and butyrate dependent bacterial sulfate reduction at extremely haloalkaline conditions and description of Desulfobotulus alkaliphilus sp. nov". Extremophiles. 14 (1): 71–77. doi:10.1007/s00792-009-0288-5. ISSN 1433-4909. PMC 2797415. PMID 19888546.
- ^ Brooijmans, Rob J. W.; Pastink, Margreet I.; Siezen, Roland J. (2009). "Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria: the oil-spill clean-up crew". Microbial Biotechnology. 2 (6): 587–594. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7915.2009.00151.x. ISSN 1751-7915. PMC 3815313. PMID 21255292.
- ^ Hu, Cheng; Yang, Zhendong; Chen, Yijing; Tang, Jiayi; Zeng, Li; peng, Cong; Chen, Liudong; Wang, Jing (2024-09-06). "Unlocking soil revival: the role of sulfate-reducing bacteria in mitigating heavy metal contamination". Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 46 (10): 417. Bibcode:2024EnvGH..46..417H. doi:10.1007/s10653-024-02190-1. ISSN 1573-2983. PMID 39240407.
- ^ Demin, Konstantin A.; Prazdnova, Evgeniya V.; Minkina, Tatiana M.; Gorovtsov, Andrey V. (2024-03-29). "Sulfate-reducing bacteria unearthed: ecological functions of the diverse prokaryotic group in terrestrial environments". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 90 (4): e01390–23. Bibcode:2024ApEnM..90E1390D. doi:10.1128/aem.01390-23. PMC 11022543. PMID 38551370.