Draft:Bottom friction
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Bottom friction refers to the resistance force exerted by a surface, such as the seabed, riverbed, or any solid boundary, on a fluid (like water or air) flowing over it. This frictional force opposes the motion of the fluid, slowing it down near the boundary. It’s a key concept in fluid dynamics, particularly in oceanography, hydrology, and meteorology, where it influences flow patterns, sediment transport, and energy dissipation.
Bottom friction is the scientific term that refers to the drag exerted by the bottom of a body of water, in response to driving forces such as wind, tides or ocean currents.[1] Bottom friction tends to reduce the flow, but also limits wave height in shallow water.[2] [3]The tide and the tidal currents will be modified by the friction to which the waters are subjected when moving over the bottom.[4]
This bottom friction influences the currents to a considerable distance from the boundary surface, owing to the turbulent character of the flow.[5]
It is a form of friction that can be calculated by relating the stress at the lower boundary to the wind or current at a standard height above the bottom.[6]
Studies havefound the energy dissipation of wind-generated surface-gravity waves by bottom friction depends on the seabed roughness magnitude.[7]
The bottom topography of the oceans have an impact on the tides, which are essentially waves with extremely long wavelengths extending halfway across the Earth,[8] they behave as shallow water waves, and they are influenced and refracted by the bottom contours.
References
[edit]- ^ "Chapter 4 Midlatitude dynamics and quasi-geostrophic models". International Geophysics Series. 66: 291. 2000. Bibcode:2000InGeo..66..291.. doi:10.1016/S0074-6142(00)80009-1.
- ^ Madsen, Ole Secher; Poon, Ying-Keung; Graber, Hans C. (29 January 1988). "Spectral Wave Attenuation by Bottom Friction: Theory". Coastal Engineering Proceedings (21): 34. doi:10.9753/icce.v21.34 (inactive 2 May 2025).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2025 (link) - ^ Gon, Casey J.; MacMahan, Jamie H.; Thornton, Edward B.; Denny, Mark (2020). "Wave Dissipation by Bottom Friction on the Inner Shelf of a Rocky Shore". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 125 (10). Bibcode:2020JGRC..12515963G. doi:10.1029/2019JC015963.
- ^ Dyakonova, Tatyana; Khoperskov, Alexander (2018). "Bottom friction models for shallow water equations: Manning's roughness coefficient and small-scale bottom heterogeneity". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 973 (1): 012032. arXiv:1804.06618. Bibcode:2018JPhCS.973a2032D. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/973/1/012032.
- ^ "The Oceans Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology".
- ^ "Bottom Friction - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics".
- ^ "Energy balance of wind waves as a function of the bottom friction formulation".
- ^ "Chapter 11.2 Dynamic Theory of Tides, Introduction to Oceanography".