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| Beldía | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Species | Cannabis sativa |
| Cultivar | Beldia |
| Origin |  Morocco |
Beldia or beldi (بلدي ‘native’, ‘from here’) is the name given to the strain or variety of cannabis from the Rif mountains in Morocco, mainly cultivated to produce kif for international sale. Since the Ketama valley is the most well-known and traditional cultivation area, the plant is also locally referred to as ktama bladi (كتامة بلادي).
Due to restrictions on cannabis in Morocco, this variety has not been studied agronomically or botanically, making it difficult to trace its origin. On top of this, the strain has suffered from genetic pollution due to the introduction of non-native strains from Europe and America, making pure plants increasingly rare.[1][2]
The introduction in the 2000s of other strains like Critikal[3] gradually replaced and reduced the cultivation of beldia marijuana. Unlike the native strain, foreign varieties are not adapted to the dry climate and require more water, which has caused already overexploited aquifers to dry up. This, along with the severe drought that struck the country between 2019 and 2020, contributed to the Government of Morocco's decision in 2021 to legalize and regulate cannabis production.[4][2]
Etymology
[edit]Before foreign varieties were introduced, the local cannabis strain had no specific name. Riffian farmers simply called it kif (‘marijuana’), naanaa (‘mint’), or aachba (‘stem’, ‘branch’).
The name beldi or beldiya (‘native’), from the Darija word bled (‘country’, region), was later used in contrast to hybrid strains. The beldia strain is also known as maghribiya (‘the Moroccan’), aadiya (‘the normal, regular’), or even kdima dyalna (‘the old one’ or ‘ours’). Hybrids, on the other hand, are called gauriya (from *gavur*, ‘Western’) or rumiya (from *rûm*, ‘foreign’).[4]
The distinction between beldi and rum is common in Morocco to differentiate native from foreign (animal or plant) products. For example, in the Rif, zeitun beldi refers to the local variety of olive oil.[5]
Characteristics
[edit]This strain has adapted to the terroir (local geographic conditions) of the Rif mountains.[6] Despite being Morocco's rainiest region, the Rif is one of the least suitable for agriculture due to its rugged terrain and poor, eroded soils.[4]
Cultivation characteristics:
- Planting: February–March
- Flowering: June
- Harvest: Early August
Plant characteristics:
- Small size
- Cannabis hybridization: none (100% sativa, 0% indica)
- THC: 2.5% – 5%
- CBD: 0% – 2%
- CBG: 0 – 0.16%
- High resistance to mites, mildew, botrytis, and whitefly
Two phenotypes of beldi cannabis have been identified: the more common one is vertical in shape, while the second is shorter and more branched.[1]
Unlike foreign strains, beldi is heat- and drought-resistant and requires little maintenance.
See also
[edit]- Idukki Gold, marijuana strain from Kerala, India
- Cannabis in Morocco
- Cannabis strains
References
[edit]- ^ a b "المغربية Beldia Kif". Seed City (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-04-14.
- ^ a b "Traditional Moroccan cannabis genetics stubbed out by modern hybrids". Cannagenethics Foundation. 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2021-04-16.
- ^ Otazu, J. (2021-02-27). "Marruecos, principal productor mundial, legalizará ciertos usos del cannabis". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-04-14.
- ^ a b c Chouvy, P. A. (2020). "Le kif, l'avenir du Rif? Variété de pays, terroir, labellisation, atouts d'une future légalisation". Belgeo, Revue Belge de Géographie. doi:10.4000/belgeo.41353. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
- ^ Stépanoff, C.; Vigne, J. D. (2018). "Fig and olive domestication in the Rif, northern Morocco". Hybrid Communities: Biosocial Approaches to Domestication and Other Trans-species Relationships. Routledge. p. 218. ISBN 9781351717977. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
- ^ "Au Maroc, le cannabis "terroir" supplanté par les hybrides". L'Express (in French). 2019-10-10. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
Bibliography
[edit]- Merzouki, A.; Molero Mesa, J. (2002). "Concerning kif, a Cannabis sativa L. preparation smoked in the Rif mountains of northern Morocco" (PDF). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 81 (3): 403–406. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00119-8. PMID 12127244. Retrieved 2021-04-15.