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Draft:Approaches to Autism and Cure

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Raun K. Kaufman, an American whose parents publicly claimed in 1976 that they had "cured him of autism", and whose nature as an autistic person is controversial.[1]

A medical cure for autism is considered highly unlikely based on current understanding of the condition and its underlying factors. Autism is not classified as a disease for which curative treatment would eliminate both causes and manifestations. Therapeutic approaches primarily focus on reducing the disabling situations encountered by autistic individuals. Although some individuals and their families have reported being “cured,” there is no scientific evidence supporting the existence of a cure for autism. Various claims of cures—advanced by certain therapists, psychoanalysts, and figures such as Luc Montagnier—have not been substantiated and are widely regarded as lacking scientific credibility.

Between 3% and 25% of individuals diagnosed with autism in childhood no longer meet the diagnostic criteria in adulthood, particularly among those without co-occurring intellectual disabilities. This outcome may reflect a variety of developmental trajectories and does not necessarily indicate that these individuals are “cured.”

The emphasis on a potential future cure for autism influences funding allocations and healthcare policy, while also raising ethical considerations. These debates involve autistic adults, family members, and health professionals. Many autistic adults oppose efforts aimed at preventing or curing autism, advocating instead for the recognition of autistic identity and the preservation of autistic culture [fr]. In contrast, many parents of autistic children support the pursuit of curative treatments, citing respect for individual choice and efforts to improve quality of life.

Definition

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The World Health Organization includes autism spectrum disorder in its International Classification of Diseases.

The concepts of "cure" and "treatment" for autism are complex and subject to debate.[2][3]

Autism is defined not by a single cause, but by a set of diagnostic criteria encompassing common symptoms that may arise from diverse origins.[4][5] These include repetitive behaviors and atypical communication patterns, which vary in severity and impact across individuals.[5] Autism is classified as a neurodevelopmental condition in the ICD-10, DSM-5 (2013),[6] and ICD-11 (2018).[7] The condition is primarily of genetic origin,[8] with more than 140 genes implicated, suggesting high heritability[A 1] according to the Institut Pasteur (2019). Environmental factors may also contribute, though to a lesser extent. Extensive scientific studies have conclusively ruled out vaccines as a causal factor.[8]

While current scientific consensus defines autism as a condition that is present from birth and persists throughout life, future research may lead to a more dynamic understanding, potentially prompting renewed discussion regarding the concept of a cure.[9]

Issues with the notion of disease

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Carole Tardif and Dr. Bruno Gepner (2019),[4] the Centre Ressources Autisme Île-de-France Île-de-France Autism Resource Center [fr] (2022),[10] Autisme Info Service [fr] (2022),[11] the Quebec Autism Federation [fr] (2016),[A 2] and Professor Laurent Mottron (2004)[12] have all stated that autism is not a disease, a position also supported by many individuals on the autism spectrum.[3] Sociologist Brigitte Chamak [fr] observed in 2009 that autistic identity is increasingly formed in opposition to the characterization of autism as a disease. Despite this, autism spectrum disorder remains listed in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) published by the World Health Organization.[13] Some health professionals continue to describe autism as a disease,[3] including child psychiatrist Catherine Barthélémy [fr][14] and psychologist Uta Frith, although the latter underscores that autism is not degenerative and that many autistic individuals develop improved compensatory strategies in adulthood.[15]

Definition of a cure for autism

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In addition to the challenge of defining autism, there is ambiguity in the definition of what it means to “cure” autism.[16] The concept is often conflated with the idea of making autistic individuals appear indistinguishable from non-autistic individuals.[16] However, these are distinct notions: curing autism would imply the elimination of all defining characteristics, while indistinguishability refers to masking or the external absence of observable traits without their actual removal.[16] Brigitte Harrison and Lise St-Charles have noted that some therapy providers instruct children to suppress visible autistic behaviors and subsequently claim that the individuals have been cured, despite the persistence of underlying traits.[17]

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pasteur Institute state that there is no recognized curative treatment for autism, particularly no pharmacological cure. Medical approaches are limited to symptomatic interventions aimed at helping individuals manage associated difficulties, rather than addressing underlying causes.[8][18] Uta Frith has noted that autism does not disappear[15] and that no method tested to date (as of 2010) has resulted in a cure.[19] She also points to the abandonment of the term “infantile autism,” which previously suggested that the condition might resolve in adulthood.[20] In 2012, Catherine Barthélémy stated that autism cannot currently be cured and that individuals diagnosed with autism retain the condition for life.[14]

Loss of diagnosis

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A body of research indicates that a proportion of children diagnosed with autism—estimated at approximately 10%—no longer meet the diagnostic criteria in adulthood.[21][22] In 2004, child psychiatrist Michel Lemay [fr] suggested that there may be rare and isolated cases of recovery, though the underlying factors remain unidentified and not reproducible.[23]

In 2008, Molly Helt and colleagues reported that between 3% and 25% of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder no longer met the diagnostic criteria later in life.[24] The study identified predictive factors for this developmental outcome, including high intelligence, receptive language skills, verbal and motor imitation, and motor development, but not the overall severity of symptoms.[24] In January 2013, researchers at the University of Connecticut found that 34 individuals who had received a confirmed autism diagnosis in childhood no longer met the criteria in adolescence or adulthood.[2] Researcher Deborah Fein noted that developmental trajectories remain unpredictable, with similar interventions, such as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), producing varying outcomes.[P 1] A separate study published in May 2013 by Weill Cornell Medical College, which followed 85 individuals over 20 years, found that 9% no longer met the diagnostic criteria in adulthood, primarily among those without associated intellectual disability.[25]

Current alternative treatments and “cure”

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Early descriptions of autism by psychiatrists and psychoanalysts, particularly in France, often associated the condition with psychosis and considered it potentially curable. Autism in children was sometimes described as a reversible form of "madness."[6] Bruno Bettelheim, for example, advocated for institutional care as a means of curing autism, a view that was later discredited.[26][27] According to psychoanalysts Patrick Landman and Denys Ribas, most contemporary psychoanalysts no longer assert that psychoanalysis can cure autism.[28] French sociologist Florence Vallade has noted a shift in public discourse, particularly in French media, where the psychoanalytic approach has increasingly been portrayed as ineffective in producing a definitive cure. In contrast, the framing of autism as a permanent disability has gained prominence, emphasizing the potential for re-education rather than cure.[29]

The psychological and behavioral approach to autism is generally considered less invasive than the biomedical approach, which is often regarded as more likely to lead to a potential cure.[30] According to the Institut Pasteur (2019), certain symptoms of autism may be reduced, even in adulthood, supporting ongoing clinical trials.[18] The biomedical perspective typically frames autism as a disability or disorder that results in functional impairments and advocates for early detection, prevention strategies, improved treatments, and the potential for a cure.[31] This perspective frequently portrays autism as a challenge or problem to be resolved, sometimes employing combative language such as “fighting the disease” or describing it as having “taken children hostage.”[31] Journalist Olivia Cattan has observed that major French media outlets often use terms like “scourge” and “epidemic” when referring to autism.[3]

Florence Vallade highlights the role of the French press in reinforcing the notion that autism can be cured. Phrases such as “normal development” and “children no longer distinguishable from other children” are frequently used in media coverage, contributing to a semantic shift that supports the perception of a possible cure.[29]

Individuals and groups claiming to cure autism

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Professor Luc Montagnier, who in 2012 claimed that autism could be cured with antibiotics.[32]

According to Michel Lemay, claims that autism can be cured are either based on delusion or constitute quackery.[23] The lack of a recognized curative treatment often leads parents of newly diagnosed autistic children to seek alternative solutions [fr], which can result in the use of unproven and potentially harmful therapies.[33][34] These pseudo-treatments are frequently marketed as cures[35] and are primarily associated with the biomedical sector, commonly referred to as "biomed", according to New Scientist.[36]

According to French sociologist Lise Demailly [fr], by the late 2010s in France, two groups involved in the autism field continued to support the idea that autism could be cured in a medical sense.[37] The first group includes proponents of the psychodynamic approach [fr], such as members of the PRÉAUT (Prévention autisme) association, including Marie Allione.[37][38][39] Psychoanalyst Marie-Christine Laznik [fr], affiliated with PRÉAUT, claimed to have prevented syndromic autism in infants[40] through psychoanalytically guided interventions.[41] The second group consists of supporters of the infectious disease hypothesis, including figures such as Luc Montagnier, Corinne Skorupka, and Lorène Amet, who assert that treating an underlying infection could cure autism.[37] These claims are promoted by marginal figures within the scientific community, notably Montagnier, who founded the Chronimed association and was central to the related controversy.[T 1][P 2][35][P 3] Additionally, some hypnotherapists[42] and proponents of special diets [fr] offer purported cures for autism. On social media, unverified treatment claims are circulated in discussion groups, often targeting parents of autistic children and autistic adults.[35] These supposed cures are frequently contingent on adherence to costly protocols.[43][44]

The AutismOne association previously featured a link on its website to an article asserting that homeopath Kerri Rivera, affiliated with the Genesis II Church of Health and Healing,[P 4] had cured 38 autistic children in ten months using "miracle mineral supplement", a substance derived from bleach.[45]

In the United States, two organizations have supported efforts to develop a medical treatment for autism: Defeat Autism Now! (DAN) and Cure Autism Now (CAN), the latter of which later merged with Autism Speaks.[46] In China, some medical practitioners advocate for acupuncture as a treatment for autism,[47] though such claims are not supported by the Cochrane Collaboration.[48]

Testimonies of “cure”

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Parents or relatives of autistic individuals have occasionally claimed in the media[P 5][P 6] or published works[T 2][T 3][T 4] that their children were "cured" of autism. These testimonies sometimes promote specific methods, such as the Son-Rise[T 5] program or the 3i method.[P 7] Canadian author Nathalie Champoux reported having followed biomedical protocols found through online searches, which she credits with the perceived recovery of her children.[49] British journalist Rupert Isaacson claimed in a book and documentary (2007 and 2009) that equine therapy and shamanic practices led to his son's recovery. These accounts are anecdotal and lack scientific validation.[44]

American writer Sean Barron [fr] has described himself as having recovered from autism, a claim he discusses in his autobiography.[50] He does not attribute this outcome to any specific therapy. Anthropologist Jean-Marie Vidal considers the term "cure" appropriate to describe Barron's developmental trajectory,[50] noting that many who meet him in adulthood find it difficult to believe he once displayed clear autistic traits. Diagnosed with autism at age four and reaffirmed during his childhood and adolescence,[50] Barron later became a journalist, a profession he states requires strong interpersonal skills. He also notes that the social benefits he experiences as an adult outweigh the loss of his childhood abilities, such as an exceptional memory for numbers, dates, and names.[50]

Responses to charlatan allegations

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In March 2019, Amazon removed two English-language books—Healing the Symptoms Known as Autism and Fight Autism and Win—that claimed to offer a cure for autism through invasive pseudo-treatments. The decision followed pressure from civil society organizations.[51] In France, television presenter Marina Carrère d’Encausse, host of Le Magazine de la santé [fr], stated in 2020 that she does not publicize claims of autism cures to avoid giving them visibility.[52]

Ethical debate around “treatment” and “cure”

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A rainbow-colored infinity symbol symbolizes the autism spectrum and the neurodiversity movement.
See also: Autistic rights movement

The first documented opposition to the concept of curing autism was expressed in a 1993 manifesto by autistic adult activist Jim Sinclair:[13][53]

When parents say, ‘I wish my child didn’t have autism,’ what they’re saying is, ‘I wish the autistic child I have didn’t exist. I want a different (non-autistic) child instead.’ That’s what we hear when you mourn over our existence and pray for a cure.

— Jim Sinclair, Ne nous pleurez pas (Don’t Mourn For Us)[A 3]

This position has evolved through activism, particularly in English-speaking countries, where autistic adults have organized events emphasizing the celebration of autistic identity rather than the pursuit of a cure.[54] While rejecting a cure for a condition associated with disability may appear counterintuitive, psychologist Richard Dean interprets this stance as a response to the social exclusion and rejection experienced by many autistic individuals.[55] Efforts to cure autism, including prenatal interventions, are perceived by some as conveying that autistic individuals are not accepted as they are.[56] This reflects a broader tension rooted in differing representations of autism and debates over the desirability of a cure.[31][57] According to Alicia Broderick and Ari Ne’eman, the portrayal of autism as a disease requiring a cure primarily originates from non-autistic individuals.[58]

Disagreements among autistic individuals, parents, and health professionals regarding whether autism should be cured or treated are influenced by differing conceptualizations of autism and by the perspectives of those involved. The experiences of autistic individuals vary, encompassing both those who identify positively with their diagnosis and those who experience significant challenges, including individuals who are non-verbal.[9] The debate surrounding the notion of a cure is also closely connected to broader discussions on social inclusion and prevailing societal representations of autism.[59]

Ethical questions

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According to psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen, an ethical debate had begun to emerge by 2009 regarding the use of scientific knowledge about autism for purposes of prevention [fr] or cure.[46] Sociologist Nancy Bagatell noted in 2010 that this debate stemmed from opposition by autistic adults to the biomedical interpretation of autism, which they view as a neurological difference rather than a condition requiring treatment.[60]

The possibility of curing autism raises various bioethical issues,[61] including those related to individual freedom, personal identity, resource allocation, culture, and well-being.[62] A 2012 study by R. Eric Barnes and Helen McCabe identified plausible arguments both in favor of and against the pursuit of a cure.[63] Arguments against include the potential loss of abilities associated with autism and the risk of marginalization of individuals who do not undergo treatment or whose parents decline prenatal screening. Arguments in favor include the potential for improved quality of life and respect for individual autonomy.[63]

Individual freedom

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While individuals may ethically choose to decline treatment for autism, the question of halting all research aimed at developing a cure raises more complex ethical considerations. A comparable debate exists within the Deaf culture movement regarding the use of cochlear implants.[64][65] As summarized by Barnes and McCabe, supporters of a cure for autism argue for the availability of treatments that could significantly reduce or potentially eliminate the prevalence of autism. In contrast, opponents of such treatments argue against offering individuals the option to live without autism, emphasizing the preservation of neurodiversity and identity.[66]

Some individuals diagnosed with autism are under legal guardianship or custodianship, meaning decisions regarding medical treatment, including the possibility of a cure, may be made on their behalf by a designated guardian.[16]

Identity and diversity

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Autistic adults who oppose efforts to cure autism often emphasize that they experience autism as an integral part of their identity, rather than as a condition they possess. From this perspective, the removal of autism would alter their fundamental sense of self.[60][67][13] Some critics of curative approaches have compared the concept of curing autism to an "identity erasure."[68] Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen has noted that autistic individuals tend to make life choices that differ from those of non-autistic individuals and argues that these differences should be respected, along with their integrity.[69]

According to Dr. Deborah R. Barnbaum, as well as R. Eric Barnes and Helen McCabe, there is no evidence to suggest that a hypothetical cure for autism would result in a fundamental change to an adult's personality,[70] memories, preferences, or desires.[68] Barnes and McCabe argue that the notion of identity loss is implausible, as it would require the cure to significantly alter the individual’s brain.[68]

The argument based on genetic diversity is also discussed in the context of autism, but is considered insufficient for determining whether curing autism would be beneficial or detrimental. While genetic diversity may have advantages or disadvantages, it does not directly address the ethical implications of curing autism.[71] Similarly, debates regarding the impact of an autistic child on other family members do not resolve the core question of whether curing autism is desirable.[72]

Allocation of resources

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According to Australian sociologist Matthew Bennett and his research team, the belief that autism can be cured—a notion rooted in the medical model of disability—can have detrimental effects on the lives of autistic individuals. They argue that substantial investments in the search for hypothetical cures divert resources from areas such as education and employment support, thereby limiting opportunities for autistic individuals to reach their full potential.[73] R. Eric Barnes and Helen McCabe note that if a treatment for autism were to become widely available, the resulting decline in the autistic population could lead to a corresponding reduction in services and accommodations designed to support them.[74] While this outcome is not certain, it suggests that the introduction of a treatment could potentially worsen the living conditions of autistic individuals who remain.[75] This concern must be balanced against the possible improvements in quality of life for those who might benefit from such treatment.[76]

Autistic culture

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Montage of different elements relating to autistic culture.

The autistic community asserts the existence of an autistic culture, which some believe could be threatened by the possibility of curing autism.[77] According to Barnes and McCabe, the concept of autistic culture remains debated, particularly when compared to Deaf culture, which is closely linked to the transmission of sign language. In contrast, autistic culture is primarily based on shared life experiences rather than a distinct language or tradition.[78] The question of preserving this culture raises broader ethical considerations about the relative importance of cultural identity and individual well-being.[78]

Well-being

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A final ethical consideration concerns whether the existence of a cure—and the potential elimination of autism—would lead to an overall improvement in the lives of autistic individuals.[74] Some report that autism is associated with specific abilities, particularly in areas such as mathematics and music. According to Barnes and McCabe, approximately 10% of autistic individuals believe they could be worse off following a treatment that removed these characteristics.[74] While some autistic individuals exhibit exceptional skills, the extent to which these abilities are directly attributable to autism remains unclear.[78] If such competencies are intrinsically linked to the condition, the ethical justification for curing autism becomes more complex.[71]

Proponents of a cure for autism, typically individuals who are not autistic, argue that the potential benefits of eliminating autism outweigh the potential disadvantages.[79] They assert that autistic individuals often experience reduced empathy [fr], lower quality of life compared to non-autistic individuals, and that autism may negatively impact the quality of life of those around them.[80][81] In this context, Deborah R. Barnbaum considers prenatal screening [fr] technologies for autism to be ethically justifiable.[9]

Barnbaum also contends (2008) that a cure would require significant psychological and social adaptation for autistic adults, potentially limiting its benefits for this group.[82] In contrast, Barnes and McCabe argue that there is no conclusive evidence that such adaptation challenges would make a cure undesirable for all autistic adults. They suggest that the capacity to adapt may vary according to age and individual circumstances.[68]

The availability of a treatment for autism could lead to forms of coercion, where autistic individuals may be pressured to undergo treatment despite personal objections.[77] Such a development could intensify social rejection of those who choose not to be treated, potentially reinforcing reluctance among non-autistic individuals to accept neurodiversity. Moreover, individuals who decline treatment may be perceived as responsible for the continued financial burden on public systems.[75] This perception raises ethical concerns, as societies are generally considered to have a moral obligation to support individuals who have not chosen their condition, but may view differently those who are seen as voluntarily rejecting available remedies.[75]

Activism against the cure for autism

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Temple Grandin, seen here during a TED Talk, is a concerned figure who opposes curing autism.

The position opposing efforts to cure autism is widely held among autistic adults[31] and aligns with the principles of the neurodiversity movement,[83][84] which advocates for the recognition and acceptance of neurological differences. This stance is also connected to broader calls for the demedicalization of disability.[85] Prominent figures such as Australian artist Donna Williams and American animal science expert Temple Grandin have publicly expressed opposition to the idea that curing autism is a desirable objective.[86] During a conference in the 1990s, Grandin addressed neurologist Oliver Sacks to convey her position:

If I could snap my fingers and not be autistic, I wouldn’t. Because I wouldn’t be me. My autism is an integral part of who I am.

— Temple Grandin, Thinking in Pictures[87][86]

These activists acknowledge that individuals with severe autism-related disabilities require support, including from peers, to achieve greater autonomy.[88] French author Hugo Horiot [fr], sometimes described in the media[P 8] as having "recovered from autism", addresses such claims in his book Autisme: j’accuse! [fr],[89] where he criticizes attempts to "cure" autism.[T 6] French activists Julie Dachez and Josef Schovanec, along with British-born writer Daniel Tammet, also oppose the idea of curing autism.[T 6] However, at least one autistic adult, American Jonathan Mitchell, advocates for a cure, indicating that the anti-cure position, though widespread, is not universally held among autistic individuals.[21]

Most parents of autistic children who are not autistic themselves generally oppose stigmatizing rhetoric but support the idea of a cure.[90] The anti-cure perspective is less common among this group, though some parents express support for the neurodiversity framework.[91] For example, Olivia Cattan, in Le Livre noir de l’autisme [fr], dedicates the book to her son and states that autism is not a disease from which he should be cured.[92]

Among healthcare professionals, Laurent Mottron[93] and Simon Baron-Cohen emphasize the potential strengths associated with autism and oppose efforts aimed at curing it.[P 9] In The Lancet, Baron-Cohen notes that while certain co-occurring conditions—such as language delays, intellectual disability, epilepsy, gastrointestinal issues, and social challenges—might benefit from treatment, this does not imply that autism itself should be cured.[46]

See also

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References

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  48. ^ "Acupuncture chez les patients atteints de troubles du spectre autistique (TSA)" [Acupuncture in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)]. Cochrane (in French). Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  49. ^ Cattan 2020, p. 35
  50. ^ a b c d Vidal, Jean-Marie (2020). "Fonctionnement autistique et guérison : les témoignages de Sean Barron" [Autistic Functioning and Healing: Sean Barron's Stories]. Autismes. Une approche anthropologique [Autism. An anthropological approach]. Le fil rouge (in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  51. ^ Cattan 2020, p. 69
  52. ^ Cattan 2020, p. 2
  53. ^ Dean 2018, p. 125
  54. ^ Bagatell 2010, p. 41
  55. ^ Dean 2018, p. 118
  56. ^ Dean 2018, p. 126
  57. ^ Dean 2018, p. 115
  58. ^ Broderick, Alicia; Ari Ne’eman, Ari (2008). "Autism as metaphor: narrative and counter-narrative". International Journal of Inclusive Education. 12 (5–6): 459–476. doi:10.1080/13603110802377490. ISSN 1360-3116. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  59. ^ Dean 2018, pp. 119–121
  60. ^ a b Bagatell 2010, p. 38
  61. ^ Barnbaum 2008, p. 140
  62. ^ Barnes & McCabe 2012
  63. ^ a b Barnes & McCabe 2012, p. 268
  64. ^ Dean 2018, pp. 115–116
  65. ^ Barnes & McCabe 2012, pp. 255–256
  66. ^ Barnes & McCabe 2012, p. 256
  67. ^ Kapp, Steven; Gillespie-Lynch, Kristen; Sherman, Lauren; Hutman, Ted (2013). "Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity". Developmental Psychology. 49 (1): 59–71. doi:10.1037/a0028353. ISSN 1939-0599. PMID 22545843. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  68. ^ a b c d Barnes & McCabe 2012, p. 259
  69. ^ Baron-Cohen 2009, p. 1596
  70. ^ Barnbaum 2008, p. 206
  71. ^ a b Barnes & McCabe 2012, p. 264
  72. ^ Barnes & McCabe 2012, p. 265
  73. ^ Bennett, Matthew; Webster, Amanda; Goodall, Emma; Rowland, Susannah (2018). "Creating Inclusive Societies for Autistic Individuals: Negating the Impact of the "Autism Can Be Cured" Myth". Life on the Autism Spectrum: Translating Myths and Misconceptions into Positive Futures. Springer. pp. 81–102. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3359-0_5. ISBN 978-981-13-3359-0. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  74. ^ a b c Barnes & McCabe 2012, p. 258
  75. ^ a b c Barnes & McCabe 2012, p. 260
  76. ^ Barnes & McCabe 2012, p. 261
  77. ^ a b Barnes & McCabe 2012, p. 262
  78. ^ a b c Barnes & McCabe 2012, p. 263
  79. ^ Barnes & McCabe 2012, pp. 258, 264
  80. ^ Barnes & McCabe 2012, p. 266
  81. ^ Barnbaum 2008, p. 149
  82. ^ Barnes & McCabe 2012, p. 258
  83. ^ Dean 2018, p. 117
  84. ^ Trecourt, Fabien (2021). L'Autisme [Autism] (in French). Sciences Humaines. p. 85. ISBN 978-2-36106-659-8. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  85. ^ Dyck, Erika (2020). "Challenging Psychiatric Classification: Healthy Autistic Diversity and the Neurodiversity Movement". Healthy Minds in the Twentieth Century: In and Beyond the Asylum. Mental Health in Historical Perspective. Springer International Publishing. pp. 167–187. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27275-3_8. ISBN 978-3-030-27275-3. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  86. ^ a b Maleval, Jean-Claude (2011). "La rétention des objets pulsionnels au principe de l'autisme" [The retention of drive objects at the root of autism]. Les paradoxes de l'autisme [The paradoxes of autism] (in French). Éditions Érès. pp. 28–38. doi:10.3917/eres.causs.2011.01.0028. ISBN 978-2-7492-1441-2. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  87. ^ Grandin, Temple (1997). Penser en images : Et autres témoignages sur l'autisme [Thinking in Pictures: And Other Stories About Autism] (in French). Odile Jacob. ISBN 978-2-7381-4311-2. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  88. ^ Shore, Stephen M.; Rastelli, Linda (2015). Comprendre l'autisme pour les nuls [Understanding Autism for Dummies] (in French). Éditions First. ISBN 978-2-7540-6581-8.
  89. ^ Orchard, Vivienne (2019). "Autisme, j'accuse! Life-writing, autism and politics in the work of Hugo Horiot". French Cultural Studies. 30 (3): 256–265. doi:10.1177/0957155819861033. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  90. ^ Bagatell 2010, p. 45
  91. ^ Cascio, Ariel (2012). "Neurodiversity: Autism Pride Among Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders". Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 50 (3): 273–283. doi:10.1352/1934-9556-50.3.273. ISSN 1934-9491. PMID 22731976. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  92. ^ Cattan 2020, p. 164
  93. ^ Mottron, Laurent (2011). "The power of autism". Nature. 479 (7371): 33–35. doi:10.1038/479033a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 22051659. Retrieved August 5, 2025.

Association and foundation references

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  1. ^ "Autisme, la piste génétique" [Autism, the genetic trail]. Pasteur Institute (in French). May 20, 2019. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  2. ^ "Guérir l'autisme ?" [Cure autism?]. Fédération québécoise de l'autisme (in French). Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  3. ^ Sinclair, Jim (1993). "Don't mourn for us". Our Voice. 1 (3). Autism Network International. Retrieved August 5, 2025.

Press article references

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  1. ^ Levenson, Claire (August 5, 2014). "Le mystère des enfants qui guérissent de l'autisme" [The Mystery of Children Who Recover from Autism]. Slate.fr (in French). Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  2. ^ Dal'Secco, Emmanuelle (11 February 2022). "Décès Luc Montagnier : pratiques controversées sur l'autisme" [Death of Luc Montagnier: controversial practices on autism]. Handicap.fr (in French). Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  3. ^ Marhic, Riwan (October 1, 2020). "Antibiotique pour soigner l'autisme: essais sauvages ou pas?" [Antibiotics to treat autism: wild trials or not?]. Handicap.fr (in French). Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  4. ^ "Former Chicagoan Touts Coronavirus 'Rescue' Previously Barred in Illinois". NBC Chicago. 27 April 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  5. ^ Echkenazi, Alexandra (January 27, 2006). "J'ai guéri seule mon fils de l'autisme" [I cured my son of autism on my own]. leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  6. ^ "Témoignage : "J'ai vaincu l'autisme de mes enfants"" [Testimony: "I overcame my children's autism"]. Magicmaman.com (in French). Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  7. ^ "Catherine de La Presle : « Une centaine d'enfants guéris grâce à cette méthode »" [Catherine de La Presle: “A hundred children cured thanks to this method”]. leparisien.fr (in French). 13 October 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  8. ^ De Larminat, Astrid (April 11, 2013). "Hugo Horiot, autoportrait d'un ancien autiste" [Hugo Horiot, self-portrait of a former autistic person]. Le Figaro.fr (in French). Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  9. ^ Baron-Cohen, Simon (September 10, 2018). "Genetic studies intend to help people with autism, not wipe them out". New Scientist. Retrieved August 5, 2025.

References to personal testimonies

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  1. ^ Amet, Laurène; Skorupka, Corinne (2015). Autisme : On peut en guérir [Autism: It can be cured] (in French). Mosaïque Santé. ISBN 978-2-84939-106-8. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  2. ^ Evelyne, Claessens (2009). L'Autisme n'est pas irréversible! : Comment mon fils a été guéri [Autism Is Not Irreversible!: How My Son Was Cured] (in French). Groupeditions. ISBN 978-2-923656-14-4. OCLC 670447041.
  3. ^ Champoux, Nathalie (2016). Être et ne plus être autiste [Being and no longer being autistic] (in French). Vergèze: Éditions Thierry Souccar. ISBN 978-2-36549-197-6. OCLC 1041265023. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  4. ^ Buscailhon, Christine (2020). Quand j'avais l'autisme : le témoignage enrichissant de la famille de Léo [When I Had Autism: The Enriching Story of Léo's Family] (in French). Le souffle d'Or. ISBN 978-2-84058-684-5. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  5. ^ Kaufman, Raun (2016). Dépasser l'autisme avec la méthode Son-Rise [Overcoming Autism with the Son-Rise Method] (in French). Hachette Pratique. ISBN 978-2-01-464899-7. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
  6. ^ a b Horiot, Hugo (2018). Autisme : j'accuse ! : Un regard révolutionnaire sur l'intelligence en autisme [Autism: I Accuse!: A Revolutionary Look at Intelligence in Autism] (in French). Éditions de l'Iconoclaste. ISBN 979-10-95438-97-7.

Bibliography

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