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Descendants of Paul I of Russia

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Paul I of Russia and his consort Maria Feodorovna, via nine children that lived to adulthood, had 30 legitimate grandchildren.

Moreover, through their grandchildren, Paul and Maria are ancestors of many European royals, including Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Felipe VI of Spain, Charles III of the United Kingdom, and Frederik X of Denmark.

Children

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Alexander I of Russia 12 December 1777 19 November 1825 Married Princess Louise of Baden in 1793 and had issue.
Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia 27 April 1779 15 June 1831 Married Princess Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld in 1796. They had no issue and the marriage was annulled in 1820.

Married morganatically Joanna Grudzińska in 1820. No surviving issue.

Konstantin had three illegitimate children, one of whom was Konstantin Konstantinov.

Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia, Archduchess of Austria 9 August 1783 16 March 1801 Married Archduke Joseph of Austria, Palatine of Hungary in 1799. They had one daughter. Both mother and child died soon after birth.
  • Archduchess Alexandrina Paulina of Austria (born and died 8 March 1801)
 Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, Hereditary Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 13 December 1784 24 September 1803 Married Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1799 and had issue.
Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 4 February 1786 23 June 1859 Married Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1804 and had issue.
Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia, Queen of Württemberg 21 May 1788 9 January 1819 Married Duke George of Oldenburg in 1809 with issue.

Married secondly William I of Württemberg in 1816 with issue.

Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia 22 July 1792 26 January 1795 Died in infancy following complications of a tooth abscess.
Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia, Queen of the Netherlands 7 January 1795 1 March 1865 Married William II of the Netherlands in 1816 with issue.
Nicholas I of Russia 25 June 1796 18 February 1855 Married Princess Charlotte of Prussia in 1817 with issue.
Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia 8 February 1798 9 September 1849 Married Princess Charlotte of Württemberg in 1824 with issue.[1][2]

He also had an illegitimate child with his mistress Karolina Karlovna Stieglitz. She was adopted by Baron Alexander von Stieglitz

  • Nadezhda Mikhailovna Yunina (1 December 1843 – 9 July 1908), married with issue.[3]

Grandchildren

[edit]

Children of Alexander I

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia 29 May 1799 8 July 1800 Died in infancy.
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna of Russia 15 November 1806 12 May 1808 Died in infancy of an infection.

Children of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, Hereditary Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Paul Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 15 September 1800 7 March 1842 Married Princess Alexandrine of Prussia in 1822 and had issue.

Paul Frederick also had illegitimate children with his mistress Countess Catharina von Hauke.[4]

  • Catharina (1830–1834), died in childhood.
  • Paul Friedrich (1832–1903)
  • Alexander (1833–1833), died in infancy.
  • Helene Catharina (1835–1915), died unmarried.
 Duchess Marie Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg 31 March 1803 26 October 1862 Married Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg in 1825 with issue.

Children of Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Prince Paul of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 25 September 1805 10 April 1806 Died in infancy.
Princess Marie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 3 February 1808 18 January 1877 Married Prince Charles of Prussia in 1827 with issue.
Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, German Empress 30 September 1811 7 January 1890 Married Wilhelm I in 1829 with issue.
Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 24 June 1818 5 January 1901 Married his first cousin Princess Sophie of the Netherlands in 1842 with issue.

Children of Catherine Pavlovna, Duchess of Oldenburg and Queen of Württemberg

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Duke Peter Georg Paul Alexander of Oldenburg 30 August 1810 16 November 1829 Died young.
Duke Peter of Oldenburg 26 August 1812 14 May 1881 Married Princess Therese of Nassau-Weilburg in 1837 with issue.
Princess Maria Friederike Charlotte of Württemberg[5] 30 October 1816 4 January 1887 Married Count Alfred von Neipperg in 1840 without issue.[6]
Princess Sophie of Württemberg, Queen of the Netherlands 17 June 1818 3 June 1877 Married her first cousin William III of the Netherlands in 1839 with issue.

Children of Anna Pavlovna, Queen of the Netherlands

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
William III of the Netherlands 19 February 1817 23 November 1890 Married his first cousin Princess Sophie of Württemberg in 1839 with issue.

Married secondly Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont in 1879 with issue.

Prince Alexander of the Netherlands 2 August 1818[7] 20 February 1848 Died unmarried.
Prince Henry of the Netherlands 13 June 1820 13 January 1879 Married Princess Amalia of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1853 without issue.

Married Princess Marie of Prussia in 1879 without issue.

Prince Ernest Casimir of the Netherlands 21 May 1822 22 October 1822 Died in infancy.
Princess Sophie of the Netherlands, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 8 April 1824 23 March 1897 Married her first couisn Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1842 with issue.

Children of Nicholas I of Russia

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Alexander II 29 April 1818 13 March 1881 Married Princess Marie of Hesse in 1841 with issue.

Married morganatically his long time mistress Princess Catherine Dolgorukova in 1880, legitimising their issue.

Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, Duchess of Leuchtenberg 18 August 1819 21 February 1876 Married Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg in 1839 with issue.
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia, Queen of Württemberg 11 September 1822 30 October 1892 Married Charles I of Württemberg in 1846 without issue.[8]

They adopted their niece Grand Duchess Vera Konstantinovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna, Princess Frederick William of Hesse-Kassel 24 June 1825 10 August 1844 Married Prince Frederick William of Hesse-Kassel in 1844. She gave birth to a son prematurely, shortly before her death, Wilhelm. He died that same day.
Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich 21 September 1827 25 January 1892 Married Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg in 1848 with issue.
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 8 August 1831 25 April 1891 Married Duchess Alexandra of Oldenburg in 1856 with issue.

He also had several illegitimate children with his mistress Catherine Chislova.

  • Olga Nikolaevna Nikolaeva (10 June 1868 - 31 August 1950), married with issue.
  • Vladimir Nikolaevich Nikolaev (4 June 1873 - 28 January 1942), married with issue.
  • Catherine Nikolaevna Nikolaeva (1874 - 26 January 1940)
  • Nicholas Nikolaevich Nikolaev (16 April 1875 - 9 January 1902), married with issue.
  • Galina Nikolaevna Nikolaeva (28 January 1877 - 3 August 1878), died in infancy.
 Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich 25 October 1832 18 December 1909 Married Princess Cecilie of Baden in 1857 with issue.

Children of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Grand Duchess Maria Mikhailovna of Russia 9 March 1825 19 November 1846 Died young.
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna, Duchess of Nassau 26 May 1826 28 January 1845 Married Adolphe, Duke of Nassau in 1844. Elizabeth died giving birth to a daughter who did not survive.
Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna, Duchess Georg August of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 28 August 1827 12 May 1894 Married Duke Georg August of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in 1851 with issue.
Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna of Russia 28 January 1831 27 March 1832 Died in infancy.
Grand Duchess Anna Mikhailovna of Russia 27 October 1834 22 March 1836 Died in infancy.

Great Grandchildren

[edit]

Children of Paul Frederick, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 28 February 1823 15 April 1883 Married Princess Augusta Reuss of Köstritz in 1849 with issue.

Married Princess Anna of Hesse and by Rhine in 1864 with issue.

  • Duchess Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (7 April 1865 – 8 February 1882), died young.[13]

Married Princess Marie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt in 1868 with issue.[14]

Duchess Luise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Princess of Windisch-Graetz 17 May 1824 9 March 1859 Married Hugo, 2nd Prince of Windisch-Graetz in 1849 with issue.
Duke William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 5 March 1827 28 July 1879 Married Princess Alexandrine of Prussia in 1865 with issue.[19]
  • Duchess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (7 November 1868-20 December 1944), married with issue.

Children of Marie Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg 16 September 1826 7 February 1908 Married Princess Agnes of Anhalt-Dessau in 1853 with issue.[20][21]
  • Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg (2 August 1854 – 8 October 1898), married with issue.[22]
  • Prince Georg of Saxe-Altenburg (1 February 1856 – 29 February 1856), died in infancy.
Prince Albrecht Frederick August 31 October 1827 28 May 1835 Died in childhood.
Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg 24 October 1829 13 May 1907 Married Princess Augusta of Saxe-Meiningen in 1862 with issue.

Children of Princess Marie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia 20 March 1828 15 June 1885 Married Princess Maria Anna of Anhalt-Dessau in 1854 with issue.
Princess Louise of Prussia 1 March 1829 10 May 1901 Married Alexis, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld in 1854 without issue. They divorced in 1861.[29]
Princess Anna of Prussia, Landgravine of Hesse 17 May 1836 12 June 1918 Married Prince Frederick William of Hesse-Kassel (widower of Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia) in 1853 with issue.

Children of Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, German Empress

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Frederick III, German Emperor 18 October 1831 15 June 1888 Married Victoria, Princess Royal in 1858 with issue.
Princess Louise of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Baden 3 December 1838 23 April 1923 Married Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden in 1856 with issue.

Children of Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Princess Sophie of the Netherlands

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 31 July 1844 20 November 1894 Married Princess Pauline of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1873 with issue.
Princess Marie Alexandrine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 20 January 1849 6 May 1922 Married Heinrich VII, Prince Reuss of Köstritz in 1876 with issue.
Princess Anna of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 29 March 1851 26 April 1859 Died in childhood.
Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 28 February 1854 10 July 1908 Married Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg in 1886 without issue.[34]

Children of Duke Peter of Oldenburg

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Alexandra of Oldenburg, Grand Duchess of Russia 2 June 1838 25 April 1900 Married Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia in 1856 with issue.

(see below)

Nicholas of Oldenburg 9 May 1840 20 January 1886 Married morganatically Maria Ilyinichna Bulatsel in 1863 with issue.
  • Alexandra Nikolaevna von Osternburg (7 June 1864 – 23 July 1952), married with issue.
  • Pyotr Nikolaevich von Osternburg (7 May 1866 – 6 January 1868), died in infancy.
  • Olga Nikolaevna von Osternburg (13 May 1868 – 26 September 1869), died in infancy.
  • Vera Nikolaevna von Osternburg (4 June 1871 – 5 December 1888) died young.
Cecile of Oldenburg 27 February 1842 11 January 1843 Died in infancy.
Duke Alexander of Oldenburg 2 June 1844 6 September 1932 Married Princess Eugenia Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg in 1868 with issue.
Catherine of Oldenburg 21 September 1846 23 June 1866 Died young.
George of Oldenburg 17 April 1848 17 March 1871 Died young.
Duke Constantine of Oldenburg 9 May 1850 18 March 1906 Married morganatically Agrippina Japaridze in 1882 with issue.
  • Countess Alexandra von Zarnekau (10 May [O.S. 28 April] 1883 – 28 May 1957), married with issue.[35][36][37]
  • Countess Ekaterina von Zarnekau (16 September 1884 – 24 December 1963)
  • Count Nikolai von Zarnekau (7 May 1886 – 1976), marreid.
  • Count Alexei von Zarnekau (16 July 1887 – 16 September 1918)
  • Count Petr von Zarnekau (26 May 1889 – 1 November 1961)
  • Count Nina von Zarnekau (13 August 1892 – 1922)
 Duchess Therese of Oldenburg 30 March 1852 19 April 1883 Married George Maximilianovich, 6th Duke of Leuchtenberg in 1879 with issue.

Children of William III of the Netherlands and Princess Sophie of Württemberg

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
William, Prince of Orange 4 September 1840 11 June 1879 Died unmarried and without issue.
Prince Maurice of the Netherlands 15 September 1843 4 June 1850 Died in childhood.[39]
Alexander, Prince of Orange 25 August 1851 21 June 1884 Died unmarried and without issue.[40]

By his second wife, Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, he had a daughter.

Image Name Birth Death Family
Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 31 August 1880 28 November 1962 Married Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1901 with issue.[41]

Children of Alexander II

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna 30 August 1842 10 July 1849 Died in childhood.
Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia 20 September 1843 24 April 1865 Died unmarried and without issue.
Alexander III of Russia 10 March 1845 1 November 1894 Married Princess Dagmar of Denmark in 1866 with issue.
Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich 22 April 1847 17 February 1909 Married Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1874 with issue.
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich 14 January 1850 14 November 1908 Married morganatically Alexandra Zhukovskaya with issue.
Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 17 October 1853 22 October 1920 Married Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1874 with issue.
Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich 11 May 1857 17 February 1905 Married Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine in 1884 without issue.

They fostered their nephew Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich and niece Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, who's father was in exile.

Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich 3 October 1860 28 January 1919 Married Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark in 1889 with issue.

Married morganatically Princess Olga Paley in 1902 with issue.

Prince George Yuryevsky 12 May 1872 13 September 1913 Married Countess Alexandra von Zarnekau in 1900 with issue.
  • Prince Alexander Yuryevsky (21 December 1900 – 29 February 1988), married with issue.
 Princess Olga Yurievskaya 7 November 1873 10 August 1925 Married Count George-Nicholas von Merenberg in 1895 with issue.
  • Count Alexander Adolf (1896 – 1897), died in infancy.
  • Count George Michael (1897 – 1965), married with issue.
  • Countess Olga Ekaterina Adda (1898 – 1983), married with issue.
Prince Boris Alexandrovich Yurievsky 23 February 1876 11 April 1876 Died in infancy.
Princess Catherine Yurievskaya 9 September 1878 22 December 1959 Married Prince Alexander Baryatinsky in 1901 with issue.
  • Prince Andrei Baryatinsky (2 August 1902 – 1931)
  • Prince Alexander Baryatinsky (24 March 1905 – 1992)

Married Prince Sergei Obolensky in 1916 without issue.

Children of Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia, Duchess of Leuchtenberg

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Princess Alexandra of Leuchtenberg 9 April 1840 12 August 1843 Died in childhood.
Princess Maria of Leuchtenberg, Princess Wilhelm of Baden 16 October 1841 16 February 1914 Married Prince William of Baden in 1863 with issue.
Nicholas, 4th Duke of Leuchtenberg 4 August 1843 6 January 1891 Married morganatically Nadezhda Annenkova in secret in 1868.[44] They married officially in 1878, legitimising their issue.
  • Nicholas Nikolaevich (17 October 1868 - 1928), married with issue.
  • Georgy Nikolaevich (10 December 1872-1929), married with issue.
 Princess Eugenia of Leuchtenberg, Duchess of Oldenburg 1 April 1845 4 May 1925 Married Duke Alexander of Oldenburg in 1868 with issue (see above).
Eugen, 5th Duke of Leuchtenberg 8 February 1847 31 August 1901 Married Daria Konstantinova Opochinina, Countess of Beauharnais in 1869 with issue.
  • Daria, Countess de Beauharnais (19 March 1870 - 4 November 1937), married with issue.
  • Prince Eugéne Kotchoubey de Beauharnais (24 July 1894 - 6 November 1951)

Married Zinaida Dmitrievna Skobeleva in 1878 without issue. She was a cousin of his first wife.

Prince Sergei of Leuchtenberg 20 December 1849 24 October 1877 Died unmarried and without issue.
George, 6th Duke of Leuchtenberg 29 February 1852 16 May 1912 Married Duchess Therese Petrovna of Oldenburg in 1879 with issue (see above).

Married Princess Anastasia of Montenegro in 1889 with issue.

With her second husband;

Image Name Birth Death Family
Grigori Grigorievich, Count Stroganov 9 May 1857 26 February 1859 Died in childhood.
Countess Elena Grigorievna Stroganova 11 February 1861 12 February 1908 Married Vladimir Alexeievich Sheremetev.

Married Grigori Nikitich Milashevich.

Children of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich 14 February 1850 26 January 1918 Married Nadezhda Alexandrovna Dreyer in 1882 with issue.
  • Artemy Nikolayevich Prince Iskander (1883 – 1919), died unmarried and without issue.
  • Alexander Nikolayevich Prince Iskander (15 November 1887 – 26 January 1957), married with issue.
 Olga Constantinovna, Queen of Greece 3 September 1851 18 June 1926 Married George I of Greece in 1867 with issue.
Grand Duchess Vera Konstantinovna of Russia, Duchess of Württemberg 16 February 1854 11 April 1912 Married Duke Eugen of Württemberg in 1874 with issue.
Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich 22 August 1858 15 June 1915 Married Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg (see above) in 1884 with issue.
Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich 13 June 1860 28 January 1919 Died unmarried and without issue.
Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich 13 July 1862 27 February 1879 Died young.

Children of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich and Duchess Alexandra of Oldenburg

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 18 November 1856 5 January 1929 Married Princess Anastasia of Montenegro (sister of his brother's wife) in 1907 without issue.
Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich 22 January 1864 17 June 1931 Married Princess Milica of Montenegro in 1889 with issue.

Children of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich 26 April

1859

28 January

1919

Died unmarried without issue.
Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna 28 July

1860

11 March

1922

Married Frederick Francis III in 1879 with issue.

She also had an illegitimate child with Vladimir Alexandrovich Paltov.

  • Alexis Louis de Wenden (23 December 1902 – 7 July 1976), married with issue.
 Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich 16 October

1861

26 April

1929

Married Countess Sophie of Merenberg in 1891 with issue.
Grand Duke George Mikhailovich 23 August

1863

28 January

1919

Married Princess Maria of Greece and Denmark (see above) in 1900 with issue.
Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich 13 April

1866

26 February

1933

Married Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia (see above) in 1894 with issue.
Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich 7 October

1869

18 July

1918

Died unmarried and without issue.
Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich 28 December

1875

2 March

1895

Died unmarried and without issue.

Children of Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna, Duchess Georg August of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

[edit]
Image Name Birth Death Family
Duke Nikolaus of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 11 July 1854 11 July 1854 Died soon after birth.
Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Princess of Saxe-Altenburg 16 January 1857 28 August 1936 Married Prince Albert of Saxe-Altenburg in 1891 without issue.
Duke Georg Alexander of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 6 June 1859 5 December 1909 Married morganatically Natalia Feodorovna Vanljarskya with issue.
  • Countess Catherine von Carlow (25 July 1891 - 9 October 1940[45]), married with issue.[46]
  • Countess Maria von Carlow (31 October 1893 - 5 September 1979), married.
  • Countess Natalia von Carlow ( 20 November 1894 - 4 December 1913), died young.
  • George, Duke of Mecklenburg (5 Oct 1899 - 6 Jul 1963), married with issue.
Duchess Maria-Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3 June 1861[47] 16 December 1861[47] Died in infancy.
Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg 17 June 1863 6 December 1934 Died unmarried without issue.

See also

[edit]
  1. ^ Zeepvat, Charlotte (2001). Romanov Autumn: Stories from the Last Century of Imperial Russia. Sutton. p. 20. ISBN 9780750927390.
  2. ^ "Просмотр документа - dlib.rsl.ru". 2020-04-06. Archived from the original on 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  3. ^ TsGIA SPb. f. 19. op.127. file 2194. Metric books of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Narva.
  4. ^ Bayerischer Veteranen-Kalender: für .... 1890 (in German). Reichel. 1890. p. 45. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  5. ^ Cuthell, Edith E. (1912). An Imperial Victim: Marie Louise: Archduchess of Austria, Empress of the French, Duchess of Parma. Brentano's. p. 337. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  6. ^ Martin, Frederick; Keltie, Sir John Scott; Renwick, Isaac Parker Anderson; Epstein, Mortimer; Steinberg, Sigfrid Henry; Paxton, John; Hunter (Librarian), Brian; Turner, Barry (1873). The Statesman's Year-book. Palgrave. p. 137. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  7. ^ Tekst (1995-12-31). "Nederlandsche Staatscourant 8-3-1818". Kranten.kb.nl. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
  8. ^ Sabine Thomsen. Die württembergischen Königinnen. Charlotte Mathilde, Katharina, Pauline, Olga, Charlotte – ihr Leben und Wirken [The Queens of Wuerttemberg: Charlotte Matilde, Katharina, Pauline, Olga, Charlotte – Their Lives and Legacies]. Silberburg-Verlag, 2006.
  9. ^ "European Intelligence in News and Comment". The New York Times. 8 April 1906. p. SM7.
  10. ^ Huberty, Michel; Alain Giraud; F. B. Magdelaine (1945). L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome VI : Bade-Mecklembourg. A. Giraud. pp. 239, 240. ISBN 978-2-901138-06-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  11. ^ Grewolls, Grete (2011): Wer war wer in Mecklenburg und Vorpommern. Das Personenlexikon. Rostock: Hinstorff Verlag. p. 2460. ISBN 9783356013016
  12. ^ Huberty, Michel; Alain Giraud; F. B. Magdelaine (1945). L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome VI : Bade-Mecklembourg. A. Giraud. pp. 239, 240. ISBN 978-2-901138-06-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  13. ^ C. Arnold McNaughton, The Book of Kings, volume 1, page 417.
  14. ^ Arnold McNaughton, The Book of Kings, volume 1, page 417.
  15. ^ zu), Wilhelm Karl Isenburg (Prinz (1956). Without special title (in German). J. A. Stargardt. p. 25. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  16. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie: für das Jahr .... 1888 (in German). Hof- u. Staatsdr. 1888. p. 55. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  17. ^ "Windisch Graetz, Hugo Vinzens Alexander Maria zu (1887-1959 ; Fürst)". catalogue.bnf.fr. Retrieved 7 March 2025.
  18. ^ "European Intelligence in News and Comment". The New York Times. 8 April 1906. p. SM7.
  19. ^ "The Duchess of Mecklenburg", The Irish Times, 26 March 1906
  20. ^ Marek, Miroslav. "Wettin 7 - The House of Wettin". GENEALOGY.EU. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2010.[self-published source]
  21. ^ "Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg Dead". The New York Times. 24 October 1897.
  22. ^ "Princess Maria of Prussia Dies", The New York Times, 9 October 1898
  23. ^ "Kaiser Rewards Prince", The New York Times, 21 April 1907
  24. ^ Scott-Keltie, J. (2016). The Statesman's Year-Book. Springer. p. 682. ISBN 9780230270299.
  25. ^ "Royal Marriage Bells" (PDF), The New York Times, London, 13 March 1879, archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2021
  26. ^ Todd, Herbert George (2016). Armory and Lineages of Canada. The Armorial Register Limited. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-9568157-9-8.
  27. ^ Panton, James (2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8108-7497-8.
  28. ^ "Berlin's Royal Wedding", The New York Times, 7 July 1889
  29. ^ Preußisches Jahrbuch (in German). Berlin. 1863. p. 191.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. ^ "DEATH OF THE LANDGRAVE OF HESSE AT SEA.MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCE". The Yorkshire Herald and the York Herald. 17 November 1888. p. 16. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  31. ^ Huldén, Anders: Kuningasseikkailu Suomessa 1918. Helsinki: Kirjayhtymä, 1988. ISBN 951-26-2980-1.
  32. ^ Burke, John M. (1 October 2012). Buffalo Bill from Prairie to Palace. University of Nebraska Press. p. 336. ISBN 978-0-8032-4456-6.
  33. ^ a b Gossman, Lionel (2009). Brownshirt Princess: A Study of the "Nazi Conscience". Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers. p. 65. adelheid.
  34. ^ Grewolls, Grete (2011): Wer war wer in Mecklenburg und Vorpommern. Das Personenlexikon. Rostock: Hinstorff Verlag. p. 2460. ISBN 9783356013016
  35. ^ "News and Gossip of Other Lands". The Washington Post. 22 February 1901.
  36. ^ "Foreign News and Comments". The Washington Post. 21 March 1900.
  37. ^ "Almanac Tells Of Royal Deaths; Czar's Son Divorced". The Washington Post. 3 January 1909.
  38. ^ "Prince Alexander Georgievich Romanovsky". Website of Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  39. ^ van der Meulen, Dik. Koning Willem III, 1817-1890 (in Dutch). pp. 293–294.
  40. ^ (in Dutch) Prins Alexander (1851 -1884) Archived 2008-09-18 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-07-28.
  41. ^ "H.R.H. Princess Juliana". www.rnw.nl. Archived from the original on 2006-01-14. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
  42. ^ Igor Viktorovich Zimin. Doctors of the Court of His Imperial Majesty, or How the Royal Family Was Treated. – Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2016. – S. 247–248. — 895 p. — ISBN 978-5-227-07530-7 .
  43. ^ Almanach de Gotha. Haus Baden (Maison de Bade). Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1944, p. 18, (French).
  44. ^ Beli︠a︡kova, Z. I. (2010). Honour and Fidelity, the Russian Dukes of Leuchtenberg. Logos. ISBN 978-5-87288-391-3.
  45. ^ Maxwell, Gordon S. (19 Oct 1940). "Obituary". The County of Middlesex Chronicle. p. 2. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  46. ^ "Countess Catherine of Carlow – House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz". mecklenburg-strelitz.org. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  47. ^ a b "Вел. княгиня Екатерина Михайловна (1827–1894)". Хранители Каменноостровского дворца!. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
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