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Danaïdes

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For the butterfly genus, see Danaus (genus).
The Danaides (1904), a Pre-Raphaelite interpretation by John William Waterhouse

In Greek mythology, the Danaïdes (/dəˈneɪ.ɪdiːz/; Greek: Δαναΐδες), also Danaides or Danaids, were the fifty daughters of Danaus, king of Libya. In the most common version of the myth, the daughters were forced to marry the sons of Danaus' brother Aegyptus. In retaliation, Danaus commanded them to kill their husbands on their wedding night, and all but one, Hypermnestra, obeyed. The Danaids were then condemned to spend eternity carrying water in a sieve or perforated jug.[1]

The myth of the Danaids is found in numerous written accounts from antiquity, such as in the writings of Apollodorus, Pindar, and Pausanius.[2] The names of the Danaids are inscribed in lists from Apollodorus and Hyginus, though they differ greatly.[1]

Sources from Antiquity

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The most complete version of the Danaid myth is found in Apollodorus's Bibliotheca.[3] The story was also documented by several other authors in ancient Greece and Rome, such as in Pindar's Pythian Odes, Pausanius' Description of Greece, and Hyginus's Fabulae. Aeschylus also devoted a dramatic trilogy to the subject, containing The Suppliants, The Egyptians, and The Danaids, or perhaps a tetralogy including Amymone.[4] The Danaids are also the subject of an epic poem which has been lost, called the Danais.[5]

In the Metamorphoses by Roman poet Ovid, the Danaids are referenced briefly as the “daughters of Belus,” or the Beliedes in some translations, after their grandfather Belus. They appear to Orpheus when he enters Hades, appearing alongside other mythical figures such as Sisyphus.[6]

They also are referenced in Stabo’s Geography, where he describes how the Danaids discovered water underneath the region of Lerna, bringing wells to the previously waterless region surrounding Argos.[7]

Family

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The Danaids were all daughters of Danaus, king of Libya. In most versions of the myth Danaus is said to be a son of Belus and Achiroe, however, in Euripides' version of the myth he is the son of Io.[8] The Danaids grandfather, Belus, was a son of Posiedon, and ruled over a large territory in the middle east and Northern Africa, including Assyria, Egypt, Libya, and Arabia. Belus and Achiroe had three sons: Cepheus and twin brothers Danaus and Aegyptus.[2]

Despite having the same father, the Danaids may have all been born of different women, though the names and number of women differ between authors. Apollodorus claims that six of the daughters were born to the naiad Polyxo; six to Pieria; two to Elephantis; four to Queen Europa; ten to the hamadryad nymphs Atlanteia and Phoebe; seven to an Aethiopian woman; three to Memphis; two to Herse, and lastly four to Crino.[9] According to Hippostratus, all of the daughters were begotten by Europa, the daughter of the river god Nilus.[10] In other accounts, Melia, daughter of King Agenor, was the mother of all the Danaids.[11]

Mythology

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Danaus and Aegyptus

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Danaus and his twin brother Aegyptus were given territories by their father to rule over. Danaus was chosen to be king of Libya, while Aegyptus was sent to rule the Kingdom of Arabia, which he later called Egypt, after himself.[12] Both men fathered 50 children, with Danaus having 50 daughters (the Danaids) and Aegyptus having 50 sons.[9] When their father died, Aegyptus and Danaus fought over his inheritance. Disguising it as a form of truce, Aegyptus proposed marriages between all their children. However Danaus suspected his brother had a plan to overthrow him and his kingdom, and therefore refused the marriage proposal.[13] Under the advice of Athena, he built a boat and fled Egypt with his daughters, sailing out of Chemmis.[1]

Danaus and the Danaids sailed to Rhodes, where there they set up a monument to honor Athena Lindia. In some versions, the Daniads were the ones to build the temple at the site. After being in Rhodes, they sailed to the coast of Apobathmi, a location not far from Lerna and Argos.[1]

Arrival in Argos

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After arriving in Argos, Danaus declared that he was divinely chosen by Athena to rule Argos. The current king of Argos, King Pelasgus, did not believe him. Even so, Pelasgus got together an assembly to discuss Danaus' claim to the throne. Unsure how to decide, they agreed to reconvene in the morning. However, after seeing a wolf killing a bull the next morning, Pelasgus feared this was an omen that Danaus would take over Argos with violence, and therefore vacated the throne peacefully.[2]

During Danaus' rule, a drought ravaged Argos. Previously, Poseidon had dried up all the springs around Argos due to Inachus, the first king of Argos, making a sacrifice to Hera and claiming the lands belonged to her instead of Poseidon, whose cult preceded hers in the region.[14][15][16]

The Danaïdes kill their husbands, miniature by Robinet Testard.

One day, one of the Danaids, Amymone, was sent out to fetch water. While out, she fell asleep and was attacked by a satyr. Seeing this, Poseidon intervened and scared the satyr away by throwing his trident; it became lodged in a rock. Poseidon questioned why she was there, and after she told him she was fetching water, he had Amymone remove his trident from the rock, where a spring then gushed forth.[17][18] This fountain, river, or spring created by and named after Amymone is mentioned by multiple ancient authors including Pliny,[19] Ovid,[20] and Apollodorus.[21] They claim the spring is near to the lake of Lerna where the hydra lived.

Marriages of the Danaids

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Meanwhile, Aegyptus was enraged by his brother's betrayal. He organized an army led by all his sons, and sent them to Argos with the command that they should not return until either Danaus was dead or he had consented to let the brothers marry the Danaids.[9] Danaus, facing a probable loss and wanting to protect the Argives, agreed to let the brothers marry his daughters in a large wedding feast where every couple was married on the same night.[9] However, Danuas gave all the Danaids daggers, and instructed them to cut off their husbands after they had fallen asleep on their wedding night and bring their heads to him as proof of their deaths.[22] The Danaids all followed their father's command except one: Hypermnestra, who spared her husband Lynceus because he respected her desire to remain a virgin.[23] After sparing her husband, Hypermnestra helped Lynceus flee back to safety[24] either with his father in Egypt[25] or to Lynceia, a city in the Argolid.[26][27] Occasionally, Amymone[28] and/or Bryce (Bebryce)[29] are instead named as the Danaids who defied Danaus.

Danaus was enraged that his daughter refused to do as he ordered, so he imprisoned her and tried her in the Argive courts.[23] In Euripides' version of the myth, Lynceus killed Danaus and his daughters as revenge for the death of his brothers.[3] However, Apollodorus instead has Danaus uniting Hypermnestra and Lynceus, and later passing the kingdom to his son-in-law.[9]

Apollodorus claims the heads of the murdered husbands were buried at Lerna, where the Danaids carried out funeral rites in front of the city. In this version, Athena and Hermes then purified the ground at the command of Zeus.[9] However, Pausanias claims the heads were instead buried at Larisa, and the headless bodies were buried in Lerna.[22]

After the Murders

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Hydria jar by the "Danaid Painter" from Campagnia, Italy around 340-320 BC. Depicts some of the Danaids filling their water jugs. Currently located in the British Museum, London.

Afterwards, the Danaids were said to be remarried through athletic contests, specifically footraces.[9] Pindar claimed that Danaus would place one of his daughters at the end of a racecourse, and arrange for the suitors to race towards her. The first man to touch her robes could then marry her.[30] Pausanias instead wrote that Danaus had great difficulty in marrying off his daughters due to their crime, so he sent out a notice that he would give away his daughters without bride-gifts, and that each suitor could choose whichever daughter pleased him most. He then held a footrace where participants were able to choose their wives according to the order in which they finished. Races were carried out until every daughter was chosen.[31]

Some accounts tell that their punishment in Tartarus was being forced to carry a jug to fill a pithos without a bottom (or with a leak) to wash their sins off. Because the water constantly leaked, they would forever try to fill the pithos without succeeding.[12]

Scholarship and interpretation

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Throughout generations of scholarship and to present day, there have been numerous interpretations of the meaning and purpose behind the myth of the Danaids. In the Renaissance, humanist Boccaccio interpreted the myth to be a cautionary tale against the vanity of women, using the punishment of the Daniads in the underworld as evidence.[32]

Scholars have interpreted the myth to be an origin for natural phenomena in the Lerna region, in particular attributing it to the springs. In 1894 Ludwig Preller published Griechische Mythologie in which he interpreted the Danaids as nymphs and their husbands as the springs.[33] Preller described how the Danaids murdered the springs each year, explaining this as the Greek mythological reasoning for the drying up of the springs during the summer. Scholars further found evidence of the myth serving this purpose with the inclusion of Amymone as one of the Danaids. However, this interpretation is not as readily agreed upon today.[34]

Other scholars, such as Richard Buxton, have interpreted the myth of the Danaids as a tale that represents a woman’s role in relation to her father and her husband. The Danaids must choose who to protect, their father or their newly betrothed, and all but Hypermnestra chose their father.[35]

The Danaïds and their husbands

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Apollodorus

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The list in the Bibliotheca[36] preserves not only the names of brides and grooms but also those of their mothers. A lot was cast among the sons of Aegyptus to decide which of the Danaids each should marry, except for those daughters born to Memphis who were joined by their namesakes, the sons of Tyria. According to Hippostratus, Danaus had all these progenies begotten by a single woman, Europa, the daughter of Nilus.[10]

Apollodorus' List of Danaids
No. Danaids Mother Aegyptus' Sons Mother No. Danaids Mother Aegyptus' Sons Mother
1 Hypermnestra Elephantis Lynceus Argyphia 26 Chrysippe Memphis Chrysippus Tyria
2 Gorgophone Proteus 27 Autonoe Polyxo, a naiad Eurylochus Caliadne, a naiad
3 Automate Europe Busiris 28 Theano Phantes
4 Amymone Enceladus 29 Electra Peristhenes
5 Agave Lycus 30 Cleopatra (different one) Hermus
6 Scaea Daiphron 31 Eurydice Dryas
7 Hippodamia Atlanteia or of Phoebe,

the Hamadryads

Istrus Arabian woman 32 Glaucippe Potamon
8 Rhodia Chalcodon 33 Antheleia Cisseus
9 Cleopatra Agenor 34 Cleodore Lixus
10 Asteria Chaetus 35 Evippe (different one) Imbrus
11 Hippodamia (different one) Diocorystes 36 Erato Bromius
12 Glauce Alces 37 Stygne Polyctor
13 Hippomedusa Alcmenor 38 Bryce Chthonius
14 Gorge Hippothous 39 Actaea Pieria Periphas Gorgo
15 Iphimedusa Euchenor 40 Podarce Oeneus
16 Rhode Hippolytus 41 Dioxippe Aegyptus
17 Pirene Ethiopian woman Agaptolemus Phoenician woman 42 Adite Menalces
18 Dorion Cercetes 43 Ocypete Lampus
19 Phartis Eurydamas 44 Pylarge Idmon
20 Mnestra Aegius 45 Hippodice Herse Idas Hephaestine
21 Evippe Argius 46 Adiante Daiphron (different one)
22 Anaxibia Archelaus 47 Callidice Crino Pandion
23 Nelo Menemachus 48 Oeme Arbelus
24 Clite Memphis Clitus Tyria 49 Celaeno Hyperbius
25 Sthenele Sthenelus 50 Hyperippe Hippocorystes

Hyginus

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Hyginus' list[37] is partially corrupt, and some of the names are nearly illegible. Nevertheless, this catalog has almost nothing in common with that of Pseudo-Apollodorus. Names with the (†) symbol mean corrupted entries but annotations from various editors were provided to rationalize their possible names.

Hyginus' List of Danaids
No. Danaïdes Aegyptus' Sons No. Danaïdes Aegyptus' Sons
1 Idea †[38] Antimachus 26 Autodice Clytus
2 Philomela Panthius[39] 27 Polyxena Aegyptus
3 Scylla Proteus 28 Hecabe Dryas
4 Phicomone †[40] Plexippus 29 Acamantis or Achamantis † Echomius †
5 Evippe ? 30 Arsalte † Ephialtes
6 ? ? 31 Monuste † Eurysthenes †
7 ? Agenor[41] 32 Amymone Midamus †
8 Demoditas[42] ? 33 Helice Evideas †
9 ?[43] Chrysippus 34 Amoeme or Oeme Polydector
10 Hyale † Perius[44] 35 Polybe Itonomus †
11 Trite[45] Enceladus 36 Helicta † Cassus
12 Damone †[46] Amyntor 37 Electra Hyperantus †
13 Hippothoe[47] (possibly Hypothoe[48]) Obrimus (possibly Bromius)[49] 38 Eubule Demarchus
14 Myrmidone[50] Mineus †[51] (possibly Oeneus) 39 Daplidice † Pugnon †
15 Eurydice Canthus 40 Hero Andromachus
16 Cleo[52] Asterius[53] 41 Europome † Atlites or Athletes †
17 Arcania †[54] Xanthus 42 Pyrantis † Plexippus
18 Cleopatra Metalces 43 Critomedia Antipaphus
19 Philea †[55] Philinas[56] 44 Pirene Dolichus
20 Hyparete Protheon 45 Eupheme or Eupheno † Hyperbius
21 Chrysothemis Asterides † 46 Themistagora Podasimus
22 Pyrante Athamas 47 Celaeno Aristonoos †
23 Armo † asbus † 48 Itea † Antiochus
24 Glaucippe Niavius † 49 Erato † Eudaemon
25 Demophile Pamphilus 50 Hypermnestra Lynceus

Ellis

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A third list was provided by the English antiquarian, Henry Ellis, which was derived from Hyginus. The names of the Danaïdes were complete but with new entries and some alterations in the spellings.[57] It can be observed that the names Armoaste and Danaes (Danais) were an addition to complete the list, while Scea (Scaea) and Autonomes (Automate), which were borrowed from Apollodorus' accounts were also added.

Comparison of Hyginus' and Ellis' List of Danaids
Hyginus Ellis Hyginus Ellis Hyginus Ellis Hyginus Ellis Hyginus Ellis
1 Midea or Idea Idea 11 Trite Trite 21 Chrysothemis Chrysothemis 31 Monuste Monuste 41 Europome Europomene
2 Philomela Philomela 12 Damone Damone 22 Pyrante Heranta 32 Amymone Amimone 42 Pyrantis Chrysanta
3 Scylla Scillo 13 Hippothoe Hippothoe 23 ? Armoaste 33 Helice Helice 43 Critomedia Critomedia
4 (Am)Phicomone Phicomene 14 Myrmidone Mirmidone 24 Glaucippe Glaucippe 34 Oeme Amaome 44 Pirene Pyrene
5 Evippe Euippe 15 Eurydice Euridice 25 Demophile Demophile 35 Polybe Polybe 45 Eupheme Eupheno
6 ? Danaes 16 Cleo Chleo 26 Autodice Autodice 36 Helicta Helicte 46 Themistagora Themistagora
7 ? Scea 17 Arcadia or Arcania Vrania 27 Polyxena Polyxena 37 Electra Electra 47 Celaeno Paleno
8 Demoditas Demoditas 18 Cleopatra Cleopatra 28 Hecabe Hecate 38 Eubule Eubule 48 Itea Itea
9 ? Autonomes 19 Phila or Philae Phylea 29 Acamantis Achamantis 39 Daplidice Daphildice 49 Erato Erato
10 Hyale Hyale 20 Hipparete Hypareta 30 Arsalte Arsalte 40 Hero Hero 50 Hypermnestra Hypermnestra

Other Danaïdes

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Part of a series on the
Greek underworld
Residents
Geography
Prisoners
Visitors

Several minor female characters mentioned in various accounts unrelated to the central myth of Danaus and the Danaïdes are also referred to as daughters of Danaus. These include:

Modern literature

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The Daughters of Danaus is also the title of an 1894 novel by Mona Caird, also dealing with imposed marriage although, in this case, it is a single marriage instead of 50, and in 19th-century Great Britain.

In 1910,[71] the Hungarian poet Mihály Babits published his poem The Danaids, translated into English by Peter Zollman[72] and István Tótfalusi.[73]

Magda Szabó's 1964 novel, A Danaida (The Danaid), is about a woman who lives selfishly for two-thirds of her life without realizing that even she can change the course of history.

Le Châtiment des Danaïdes is an essay by the French-Canadian author Henri-Paul Jacques applying the Freudian concept of psychoanalysis to studying the punishment imposed on the Danaïdes after they committed their crimes.[74]

In Monday Begins on Saturday, it is mentioned that the Danaïdes had their case reviewed in modern times, and, due to mitigating circumstances (the marriage being forced), had their punishment changed to laying and then immediately demolishing asphalt.

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danaides.

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d Bell, Robert E. (1991). Women of Classical Mythology : A Biographical Dictionary. Santa Barabara, CA.: ABC-CLIO.
  2. ^ a b c Graves, Robert (1955). The Greek Myths. Vol. 1. New York: Penguin Books Inc. pp. 200–203.
  3. ^ a b Bonner, Campbell (1900). "The Danaid-Myth". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 31: 27–36. doi:10.2307/282636. JSTOR 282636.
  4. ^ Diamantopoulos, A. (1957). "The Danaid Tetralogy of Aeschylus". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 77: 220–229. doi:10.2307/629361. JSTOR 629361.
  5. ^ Brown, Andrew (2015). "Danaus and the Danaids". Oxford Classical Dictionary. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2019. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
  6. ^ Ovid. Metamorphoses. Book 10, lines 10-63.
  7. ^ Strabo, Geography. 8.6.8
  8. ^ Bonner “A Study of the Danaid Myth.”, Campbell (1902). "A Study of the Danaid Myth". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 13: 129–73. doi:10.2307/310344. JSTOR 310344 – via JSTOR.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Apollodorus, 2.1.5
  10. ^ a b Tzetzes, Chiliades 7.37 p. 370-371
  11. ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Notes on Book 3.1689
  12. ^ a b March, Jenny (2008). The Penguin Book of Classical Myths. London, England: The Penguin Group. pp. 161–165. ISBN 978-0-141-02077-8.
  13. ^ Grant, Michael; Hazel, John (1973). Who's Who in Classical Mythology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 0-19-521030-1.
  14. ^ Stephans, Susan (2015). Callimachus: Aetia. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College Commentaries. ISBN 978-1-947822-07-8. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  15. ^ Pausanias, 2.15.4
  16. ^ Smith, William. "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology: Amymo'ne". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2025-04-01.
  17. ^ Smith, William. "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology: Amymo'ne". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2025-04-01.
  18. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 169
  19. ^ Pliny, The Natural History 4.9
  20. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.240
  21. ^ Apollodorus, 2.5.2
  22. ^ a b Pausanias. 2.24.2
  23. ^ a b Pausanias. 2.19.6
  24. ^ Ovid, Heroides. 14
  25. ^ "Commentary on the Heroides of Ovid: Hypermnestra". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2025-03-28.
  26. ^ William Smith, Mahmoud Saba (1857). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (volume II). Original from the University of Michigan: Walton and Maberly. p. 231.
  27. ^ Holinshed, Raphael. "The Historie Of England, From The Time That It Was First Inhabited, Vntill The Time That It Was Last Conquered". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2025-04-05.
  28. ^ Scholia on Pindar, Pythian Ode 9.200
  29. ^ Eustathius on Dionysius Periegetes, 805
  30. ^ Pindarus, P.9.
  31. ^ Pausanias. 3.12.2
  32. ^ Buxton, Richard (1994). Imaginary Greece. Great Britain: University of Cambridge Press. p. 73. ISBN 0-521-33865-4.
  33. ^ Preller, Ludwig (1894). Griechische Mythologie (in German). Berlin Weidmann.
  34. ^ Bonner, Campbell (1900). "The Danaid-Myth". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 31: 27–36. doi:10.2307/282636. JSTOR 282636.
  35. ^ Buxton, Richard (1994). Imaginary Greece. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-521-33865-4.
  36. ^ Apollodorus, 2.1.5
  37. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 170
  38. ^ Schmidt emended this as Idaea or Midea
  39. ^ Schmidt emended this as Panthous; Bunte suggested this as Pandion, see Apollodorus, 2.1.5
  40. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 170 (Latin ed. Schmidt): possibly can be read as Iphigomene, or as Iphinoe and Theonoe
  41. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 170 (Latin ed. Schmidt): possibly Euchenor compared to Agenor
  42. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 170 (Latin ed. Schmidt): possibly can be read as Demodice
  43. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 170 (Latin ed. Schmidt): possibly Chrysippe as cited in Apollodorus, 2.1.5 p. 85 Heyne
  44. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 170 (Latin ed. Bunte): possibly can read as Pierus
  45. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 170 (annotation by Robert Unger): possibly Trete as cited in Statius' Thebaid p. 195
  46. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 170 (Latin ed. Bunte): possibly can read as Damno
  47. ^ compare with Hippothous in Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.1.5
  48. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 170 with annotations by Mauricius Schmidt
  49. ^ compare with Bromius in Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.1.5 as cited in Hyginus, Fabulae 170 with annotations by Mauricius Schmidt
  50. ^ can be read as Myrmydone as cited in Hyginus, Fabulae 170 with annotations by Mauricius Schmidt
  51. ^ corrected as Oeneus by Bernhardus Bunte in Hyginus, Fabulae 170 and compare to Oeneus in Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.1.5
  52. ^ can be read possibly as Cleodora (Mauricius Schmidt) or simply Clio (Bernhardus Bunte) in their annotations of Hyginus, Fabulae 170
  53. ^ compare with Asteria in Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.1.5 as cited in Hyginus, Fabulae 170 with annotations by Mauricius Schmidt
  54. ^ the name was corrupted according to Mauricius Schmidt in his annotations in Hyginus, Fabulae 170 [1]
  55. ^ can be read possibly as Philinna according to Mauricius Schmidt in his annotations of Hyginus, Fabulae 170
  56. ^ can be read possibly as Phileas (Phileam) according to Mauricius Schmidt in his annotations of Hyginus, Fabulae 170
  57. ^ Raphaell Holinshed, William Harrison, Richard Stanyhurst, John Hooker, Francis Thynne, Abraham Fleming, John Stow. Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Chapter 3. Henry Ellis' Edition. J. Johnson. London. 1807.
  58. ^ "The Parian Marble". Ashmolean. March 7, 2001. Entry 9. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  59. ^ Herodotus, Histories 2.182
  60. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Olenos
  61. ^ Scholia on Homer, Iliad, 2. 499
  62. ^ a b Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.752
  63. ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron, Alexandra 157
  64. ^ a b Callimachus, Hymn 5 to Athena, 47–48
  65. ^ a b Clement of Alexandria, Recognitions 10.21
  66. ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.230
  67. ^ Pherecydes, fr. 37a
  68. ^ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 4.30.2
  69. ^ Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses, 32
  70. ^ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 3.22.11
  71. ^ Issue 5, vol. 1910 of the semimonthly literary journal Nyugat
  72. ^ The Danaids in Hungarian and in English, translated by Peter Zollman
  73. ^ The Danaids in Hungarian and in English, translated by István Tótfalusi
  74. ^ Vian Francis (1969). "Henri-Paul Jacques, Mythologie et psychanalyse « Le Châtiment des Danaïdes »". Revue des Études Anciennes (in French). 71 (3–4): 464–465.

References

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