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Cyanoramphus

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Cyanoramphus
Red-crowned parakeet
(Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittaculidae
Tribe: Platycercini
Genus: Cyanoramphus
Bonaparte, 1854
Species

Cyanoramphus auriceps
Cyanoramphus malherbi
Cyanoramphus hochstetteri
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae
Cyanoramphus saisetti
†Cyanoramphus ulietanus
Cyanoramphus unicolor
†Cyanoramphus zealandicus
Cyanoramphus cooki
†Cyanoramphus subflavescnes
Cyanoramphus forbesi

Cyanoramphus is a genus of parakeets native to New Zealand and islands of the southern Pacific Ocean. The New Zealand species are locally called kākāriki. They are small to medium-sized parakeets with long tails and predominantly green plumage. Most species are forest dwellers, although several of the subantarctic species live in open grassland. The genus formerly had a widely disjunct distribution; while most of the genus ranged from New Caledonia to Macquarie Island, two species were found in the Society Islands, 4,100 km (2,500 mi) away from the rest.[1]

Like many other species of birds, the Cyanoramphus parakeets have suffered from changes brought about by humans. The two species from the Society Islands, the black-fronted parakeet and the Society parakeet, are now extinct, as are the taxa from Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island, and an undescribed Campbell Island form. One species, Malherbe's parakeet (C. malherbi), is critically endangered, while most other species are endangered or vulnerable. Habitat loss and introduced species are considered responsible for the declines and extinctions.[2]

The genus Cyanoramphus was introduced in 1854 by French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte.[3] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek kuanos meaning "dark-blue" and rhamphos meaning "bill".[4] The type species was designated by English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1855 as what is now the extinct black-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus zealandicus).[5][6]

Species

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Of the 11 recognised species, three are extinct:[7]

Genus Cyanoramphus – Bonaparte, 1854 – eleven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
New Caledonian parakeet

Cyanoramphus saisseti
Verreaux & Des Murs, 1860 		New Caledonia Size: 26 cm (10.2 in)[8]

Habitat: Montane forests[8]

Diet: Casuarina and Carica papaya fruits and seeds, and other plants[8] 		 NE 


Unknown Population declining[8]

Chatham Islands parakeet

Cyanoramphus forbesi
Rothschild, 1893 		Restricted to Mangere Island and Little Mangere Island in the Chatham Islands group, New Zealand[9][10][11] Size: 23–26 cm (9.1–10.2 in)[9][12]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland, especially dense and unbroken.[13] Prefers Nothofagus-Podocarpus forest[12]

Diet: Varies seasonally: in spring (Oct–Nov), predominantly invertebrates, flowers, and seeds; in autumn (Mar–May), includes more leaves and seeds[9] 		 VU 


250–999[13]

Norfolk parakeet

Cyanoramphus cookii
Gray, 1859 		Norfolk Island, Australia Size: 30 cm (12 in)[14]

Habitat: Forest[14]

Diet: Mostly seeds and blossoms, with fruits and leaf shoots[15] 		 EN 


<100 Population declining[14]

Antipodes parakeet

Cyanoramphus unicolor
(Lear, 1831) 		Antipodes Islands, New Zealand Size: 30 cm (11.8 in)[16]

Habitat: Tall and dense Poa litorosa grasslands, especially on slopes and near water. Also around Carex sedge, prickly fern, and Coprosma antipoda scrub[17]

Diet: Leaves of Poa and Carex, seeds, berries, flowers, carrion of penguins and small petrels, seabird eggs[16][17] 		 VU 


2,000–3,000[18]


Yellow-crowned parakeet

Cyanoramphus auriceps
(Kuhl, 1820) 		New Zealand and its offshore islands, and Auckland Island[19] Size: 23 cm (9.1 in)[19]

Habitat: Lush Nothofagus-Podocarpus mountain forest at up to 1250 m (4100 ft)[19]

Diet: Seeds, berries, buds, shoots, roots, and invertebrates including Ultracoelostoma assimile scale insects and Heliostibes vibratrix caterpillars[19][20] 		 NT 


10,000–30,000 Population declining[21]

Malherbe's parakeet or orange-fronted parakeet

Cyanoramphus malherbi
Souancé, 1857 		Restricted to three valleys on New Zealand's South Island and offshore island sanctuaries[10][11][22][23] Size: 20 cm (7.9 in)[22]

Habitat: Beech forest necessarily providing mature trees with natural cavities[24]

Diet: Seeds, berries, flowers, buds, leaves, and invertebrates, including scale insects, caterpillars, and aphids[22][23] 		 CR 


50–249[24]

Red-crowned parakeet

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae
(Sparrman, 1787)

Four subspecies
 New Zealand[note 1] Size: 25–27 cm (9.8–10.6 in)[25][26]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, varying across range and between subspecies[27]

Diet: Greatly varies seasonally: buds and blossoms in spring, fruit in summer, seeds in autumn, seeds and fruit in winter.[25] Also nectar, invertebrates, honeydew, seaweed, and small limpets.[26] 		 LC 


16,500–35,300 Population declining[27]

Reischek's parakeet

Cyanoramphus hochstetteri
(Reischek, 1889) 		Antipodes Islands, New Zealand[11][28] Size: 28 cm (11 in)[29]

Habitat: Low vegetation in more open areas around range[29]

Diet: Leaves, flowers, berries, seeds, and invertebrates. Occasionally scavenges from dead seabirds[29] 		 NE 


4,000–6,000[29]

† Lord Howe parakeet

Cyanoramphus subflavescens
Salvadori, 1891 		Lord Howe Island, Australia Size: 25.5 cm (10 in)[30]

Habitat: Unknown

Diet: Unknown 		 EX 


† Black-fronted parakeet

Cyanoramphus zealandicus
(Latham, 1790) 		Tahiti, French Polynesia Size: 25 cm (9.8 in)[31]

Habitat: Presumed forest, specifically subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest[31][32]

Diet: Unknown 		 EX 


† Raiatea parakeet

Cyanoramphus ulietanus
(J. F. Gmelin, 1788) 		Raiatea, French Polynesia[note 2] Size: 25 cm (9.8 in)[34]

Habitat: Presumed forest, specifically subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest[33]

Diet: Unknown 		 EX 



Also, subfossil remains have been found from a yet undescribed extinct species from Campbell Island, New Zealand.[35]

Eunymphicus

Cyanoramphus

New Caledonian parakeet (C. saisseti)

Chatham Islands parakeet (C. forbesi)

Norfolk parakeet (C. cookii)

Antipodes parakeet (C. unicolor)

Yellow-crowned parakeet (C. auriceps)

Malherbe's parakeet (C. malherbi)

Reischek's parakeet (C. hochstetteri)

Red-crowned parakeet (C. n. chathamensis)

Red-crowned parakeet (C. n. novaezelandiae)

Phylogeny of Cyanoramphus

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Nominate subspecies (C. n. novaezelandiae) is thought to be extinct on mainland New Zealand.[25]
  2. ^ Known only from two specimens.[33]

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyanoramphus.
  1. ^ Steadman, D. (2006). Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77142-7.
  2. ^ Taylor, R. (1979). "How the Macquarie Island Parakeet became extinct" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 2: 42–45.
  3. ^ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1854). "Tableau des perroquets". Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée. 2nd series. 6: 145–158 [153].
  4. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  5. ^ Gray, George Robert (1855). Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum. London: British Museum. p. 86.
  6. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1937). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 269.
  7. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d "New Caledonian Parakeet". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  9. ^ a b c Collar, Nigel; Sharpe, Christopher J.; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2020). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Chatham Islands Parakeet (Cyanoramphus forbesi)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.chipar1.01.
  10. ^ a b Triggs, S.J.; Daugherty, C.H. (1996). "Conservation and genetics of New Zealand parakeets". Conservation International. 6: 89–101. doi:10.1017/S0959270900001337.
  11. ^ a b c Boon, W.M.; Kearvell, J.; Daugherty, C.H.; Chambers, G.K. (2001). "Molecular systematics and conservation of kakariki (Cyanoramphus spp.)" (PDF). Science for Conservation. 176.
  12. ^ a b "Chatham Parakeet". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  13. ^ a b BirdLife International (2022). "Cyanoramphus forbesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22724553A213712534.en.
  14. ^ a b c "Tasman Parakeet". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  15. ^ Collar, Nigel; Christie, David A.; Boesman, Peter F. D.; Sharpe, Christopher J. (2023). Keeney, B. K.; Billerman, S. M. (eds.). "Norfolk Island Parakeet (Cyanoramphus cookii)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.noipar1.01.1.
  16. ^ a b Collar, Nigel; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2020). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Antipodes Parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.antpar1.01.
  17. ^ a b "Antipodes Green Parakeet". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  18. ^ BirdLife International. "Cyanoramphus unicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22685162A213655486. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22685162A213655486.en.
  19. ^ a b c d "Yellow-fronted Parakeet". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  20. ^ Collar, Nigel; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2020). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Yellow-crowned Parakeet (Cyanoramphus auriceps)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.yefpar3.01.
  21. ^ BirdLife International (2022). "Cyanoramphus auriceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22685175A213764778. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22685175A213764778.en.
  22. ^ a b c "Orange-fronted Parakeet". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  23. ^ a b Collar, Nigel; Sharpe, Christopher J.; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2020). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Malherbe's Parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.malpar2.01.
  24. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Cyanoramphus malherbi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22724562A130890144. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724562A130890144.en.
  25. ^ a b c Keeney, Brooke K.; Billerman, Shawn M. (2024). Keeney, Brooke K.; Billerman, Shawn M. (eds.). "Red-crowned Parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.refpar4.01.2.
  26. ^ a b "Red-fronted Parakeet". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  27. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22727981A132031270. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22727981A132031270.en.
  28. ^ Christidis, L.; Boles, W.E. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Collingwood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-064309602-8.
  29. ^ a b c d "Reischek's Parakeet". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  30. ^ "Cyanoramphus subflavescens (Lord Howe Island Parakeet)". Avibase. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  31. ^ a b "Black-fronted Parakeet". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  32. ^ BirdLife International (2023). "Cyanoramphus zealandicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T22685182A238867701. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22685182A238867701.en.
  33. ^ a b BirdLife International (2023). "Cyanoramphus ulietanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T22728673A238086539. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22728673A238086539.en.
  34. ^ "Raiatea Parakeet". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  35. ^ Holdaway, R.N.; Thorneycroft, J.M.; McClelland, P.; Bunce, M. (2010). "Former presence of a parakeet (Cyanoramphus sp.) on Campbell Island, New Zealand subantarctic, with notes on the island's fossil sites and fossil record" (PDF). Notornis. 57: 8–18.
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