Cossack raid on North Anatolia
| Cossack raid on North Anatolia (1616) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Cossack raids and Cossack naval campaigns | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Zaporozhian Cossacks |
 Ottoman Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny |
Ahmed I Chikala Pasha Ibrahim Pasha † | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown |
5,000–6,000 killed Many captured (Istanbul, per Ottomans)[1] | ||||||||
The Cossack raid on Northern Anatolia[a] was a large-scale attack led by Cossack leader Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny against major Ottoman cities on the shores of north Anatolia, which took place in the autumn of 1616.[3]
Prelude
[edit]In 1615, the Zaporozhian Cossacks of Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny led a raid on Istanbul. This raid was so efficient that Sultan Ahmed I could see the smoke outside his residence. In 1616, Cossacks begun to conducted such raids on an larger scale.[4] On 22 July 1616, Cossacks of Sahaidachny successfully plundered Kaffa. In the autumn of 1616, Sahaidachny now intended to lead his Cossacks in a campaign to plunder Trebizond, Sinop, and Istanbul on the northern shore of Anatolia.[1]
Raid
[edit]Polish King Sigismund III and Sultan Ahmed I made a truce. Cossacks were officially Polish-Lithuanian subjects, but they refused to obey by the treaty, beginning their raid with Trebizond as their first target.[5] Cossacks crossed the Black Sea to reach northern Anatolia.[3] Before reaching Anatolian shore, Cossacks fought a battle with Ottoman fleet in the Dnieper, which they won and captured 15 galleys.[2] As the sea raid of the Zaporozhian Cossacks begun, Sahaidachny first burnt 26 Ottoman galleys near Minera.[1] Then, Cossacks landed on the shore of northern Anatolia, where they attacked, captured and plundered Trebizond, taking the Ottoman forces by surprise.[1][5]
As the presence of Cossacks became known, Sultan ordered Chikala Pasha's Ottoman fleet to intercept Cossacks.[1] Pasha reached the Cossacks at Sinop and blocked their path, where a battle took place, resulting in Cossack victory.[1][3] Chikala Pasha lost three large ships and several small ones in this battle.[1] As this battle, Cossacks attacked Istanbul.[1] Cossacks plundered several areas in Bosporus.[3]
After this successful raid, Cossacks headed back to the Sich. However, Sultan sent Ottoman fleet of Ibrahim Pasha to pursue them in Ochakov, in attempt to block their path to the Dnieper. Sahaidachny ordered Cossacks to go through Azov Sea, switching to a smaller boats in order to reach Sich.[3] Ibrahim Pasha crossed the Dnieper all the way to the Sich, where a small Cossack garrison was stationed, which had escaped.[6] Already near the Sich, Ibrahim Pasha's fleet and Cossack boats met, which resulted in battle, in which Cossacks came out victorious.[1][2][7] Ibrahim Pasha fell in this battle.[7]
Aftermath
[edit]According to Ottoman chronicles, Cossacks killed 5,000–6,000 in Istanbul and took many captives, also burning half of the city.[1] Cossack naval campaigns in the 1614–1617 were carried out on a large-scale. These sea raids detreated Ottoman relations with the Commonwealth, nearly leading to a war during this period. The war was avoided due to King's restrictions placed on Cossack raiding, as promised to Sultan. However, these restrictions were only temporary and had to be lifted in 1618 due to needed Cossack support for Polish campaigns during war against Russia.[6]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k ""Воєнно-історична робота у Військово-Морських Силах Збройних Сил України. Проблемні питання та шляхи їх вирішення"" (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Одеса: Інститут Військово-Морських Сил Національного університету "Одеська морська академія". 2018. p. 11.
- ^ a b c A. B. Şirokorad (2009). Osmanli - Rus Savaslari (in Turkish). Selenge. p. 53. ISBN 9789758839636.
- ^ a b c d e Doroshenko 1939, p. 189.
- ^ Doroshenko 1939, p. 187.
- ^ a b Kochubey, Yuri (2012). "Trabzon and Ukraine". Dergipark Akademik. p. 189.
- ^ a b Doroshenko 1939, p. 190.
- ^ a b Олександр Палій (2015). 25 перемог України (in Ukrainian). ТОВ "К.І.С.". p. 42. ISBN 6176840848.
Bibliography
[edit]- Doroshenko, Dmytro (1939). History of the Ukraine. A. Vansovich.