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Classification of European Inland Waterways

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Structures such as the Niederfinow Boat Lift limit the dimensions of vessels.

The Classification of European Inland Waterways is a set of standards for interoperability of large navigable waterways forming part of the Trans-European Inland Waterway network within Continental Europe and Russia. It was created by the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT; French: Conférence européenne des ministres des Transports, CEMT) in 1992.[1]

This inland waterway classes agreed on by the commission are referred to as CEMT Class I–VII. These classes refer to the dimensions of ships that should be able to use a canal. For their height, the clasification determines the minimum air draft of bridges on the waterway.[2] The dimensions of structures like bridges, locks and boat lifts relate very directly to the size of vessels. However, for the canals themselves, this relation depends on local circumstances.

Early standardization

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Narrowboats and a Widebeam in the UK
Péniches in Saint-Mammès

The need to standardize the size of inland waterways is related to the later stages of industrialization. The development of the British canal system started in the mid-18th century. It led to canals and locks of many different sizes. This became a problem when businessmen wanted to use the canals for long distance transport.[3] On the other hand, there was some kind of standardization. The usual beam of boats fit for canals and rivers was 14 feet (4.27 metres). On most canals, it was 7 feet (2.13 metres).[4] Just before World War I, a government commission advised to upgrade and standardize the four principal waterways known as 'the cross'. It probably thought of 100 ton barges.[5]

In France, the Freycinet program was approved in 1879. It provided for:

  • the nationalization of most inland waterways;
  • their improvement and standardization; and
  • new canals of about 800 miles (1300 km) length.

It led to a big increase in inland navigation.[6] The 1879 law that established the Freycinet gauge, which shows similarities with how the CEMT worked in the 1950s. The law established that there were 30 main waterways (lignes principales) in France. These had to be 2 m deep. Locks had to be 38.50 m long and 5.20 m wide. Air draft below bridges had to be at least 3.70 m. The law would be executed as means became available.[7]

In Germany several types of barges developed based on the main waterways. The older types were based on the rivers. Near the Rhine there were e.g. the Mainschiff and Moselschiff. In the east, there were types like the Finow-Masskahn and the Breslauer Masskahn. Newer types could be found on the canals in the west of Germany. Here, the 'French' Peniche and the 'Belgian' Kempenaar appeared. The most important types the 600-770t type based on the Dortmund–Ems Canal and the 1350t type based on the Rhine–Herne Canal. Together, these canals connected north and central Germany to the Rhine.[8]

In the Netherlands the Zuid-Willemsvaart was the first very long canal. It was completed in 1826 and was 18 m wide and 2.10 m deep, allowing a draft of 1.88 m. The locks were at least 50 m long and 7 m wide.[9] After becoming independent, Belgium built the Campine Canal which connected to the Zuid-Willemsvaart and formed the connection between the Scheldt and the Meuse. This canal and most of its branches also got locks with 7 m wide gates and a useful length of between 50 and 56 m. The canal itself was also 2.10 m deep.[10] The Campine Barge (Kempenaar) was based on the dimnensions of these canals. The Albert Canal that opened in 1939 was much bigger.

Classification

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Standardization of major cross-border inland navigation

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In 1953, the Council of ministers drew up a list of twelve inland waterway projects that were of European interest. These projects should be studied and be stnadardized. In October 1954, the council then called for standardization of these canals based on the 1,350t Rhine–Herne Canal barge.[11]

It was of course important to agree on what this international standardization on a type of vessel meant. This is probably why in 1957, the council of ministers issued a table of five classes of European towed barges and four types of German self-propelled barges. These classes actually have an almost one on one relation with the later 1992 classification of inland waterways.[12]

Principal measurements of European types of towed barges and German self-propelled barges in 1957[12]
Types of European towed barges Types of German self-propelled barges
class Type Length Beam Draught Height Tonnage Type Length Beam Draught Height Tonnage
I Péniche 38.5 m 5.00 m 2.20 m 3.55 m 300t Theodor Bayer 38.5 m 5.05 m 2.30 m 3.50 m 274t
II Kempenaar 50.0 m 6.60 m 2.50 m 4.20 m 600t Oskar Teubert 53.0 m 6.29 m 2.50 m 3.90 m 562t
Karl Vortisch 57.0 m 7.04 m 2.30 m 3.95 m 605t
III Dortmund–Ems Canal barge 67.0 m 8.20 m 2.50 m 3.95 m 1,000t Gustav Koenigs 67.0 m 8.20 m 2.50 m 3.90 m 930t
IV Rhine–Herne Canal barge 80.0 m 9.50 m 2.80 m 4.40 m 1,350t Johann Welker 80.0 m 9.50 m 2.50 m 4.40 m 1,289t
V Big Rhine Boat 95.0 m 11.50 m 2.70 m 6.70 m 2,000t N/a

The 1992 classification

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The official CEMT classification was issued in 1992.[1] Class I corresponds to the historical Freycinet gauge. The larger river classification sizes are focused on the carriage of intermodal containers in convoys of barges propelled by a push-tug. Most of the canals of the United Kingdom have smaller locks and would fall below the dimensions in the European classification system.

In 2004, the standards were extended with four smaller sizes RA–RD covering recreational craft, which had originally been developed and proposed via PIANC.[13] The proposal to add the recreational sizes was adopted by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe resolution 52.[14]

In 2015 the European Court of Auditors published a rather critical report about the progress of the improvement of the European system of inland waterways. It concluded that the member states were not doing enough to facilitate the modal shift from road to waterway transport. Part of this was due to a failure to focus on eliminating the bottlenecks in the inland navigation network.[15]

Type of inland
waterways 		Classes of
navigable
waterways 		Motor vessels and barges Pushed convoys[clarification needed] Minimum height
under bridges
(m)
Designation Length (m) Breadth (m) Draught (m) Tonnage (t) Length (m) Breadth (m) Draught (m) Tonnage (t)
For recreational
navigation 		RA Open boat 5.5 2.00 0.50 2.00
RB Cabin cruiser 9.5 3.00 1.00 3.25
RC Motor yacht 15.0 4.00 1.50 4.00
RD Sailing boat 15.0 4.00 2.10 30.00
Of regional
importance to
east of Elbe 		I Gross Finow 41 4.7 1.40 180 3.0
II BM–500 57 7.5–9.0 1.60 500–630
III 67–70 8.2–9.0 1.60–2.00 470–700 118–132 8.2–9.0 1.6–2.0 1,000–1,200 4.0
Of regional
importance to
west of Elbe 		I Barge 38.5 5.05 1.80–2.20 250–400
II Kampine-Barge 50.0–55.0 6.6 2.50 400–650 4.0–5.0
III Gustav Koenigs [de] 67.0–80.0 8.2 2.50 650–1,000
Of international
importance 		IV Johann Welker [de] 80.0–85.0 9.5 2.50 1,000–1,500 85 9.5 2.5–2.8 1,250–1,450 5.25 or 7.00
Va Large Rhine class [de] 95–110 11.4 2.5–4.5 1,600–3,000 5.25 or 7.00 or 9.10
Vb 1×2 convoy 172–185 3,200–6,000
VIa 2×1 convoy 95–110 22.8 7.00 or 9.10
VIb 2×2 convoy 140.0 15.0 3.90 185–195 6,400–12,000
VIc 2×3 convoy 270–280 2.5–4.0 9,600–18,000 9.10
3×2 convoy 195–200 33.0–34.2 2.5–4.5
VII 3×3 convoy 285 14,500–27,000

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b European Conference of Ministers of Transport 1992, p. 1.
  2. ^ European Conference of Ministers of Transport 1992, p. 3.
  3. ^ Webster 1885, p. XXVII.
  4. ^ Jamieson 1837.
  5. ^ Merchant 1912, p. 484.
  6. ^ Merchant 1912, p. 480.
  7. ^ République Française 1879, p. 121.
  8. ^ Dehnert 1950, p. 28.
  9. ^ Anonymous 1859, p. 9.
  10. ^ Smeesters 1902, p. 115.
  11. ^ European Conference of Ministers of Transport 1955, p. 37.
  12. ^ a b European Conference of Ministers of Transport 1957, p. 76.
  13. ^ RecCom Working Group eigth 2000.
  14. ^ Working Party on Inland Water Transport 2004.
  15. ^ European Court of Auditors 2015.

References

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Publications including the full classification table

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