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Cálice

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"Cálice"
Song by Chico Buarque and Milton Nascimento
from the album Chico Buarque
LanguagePortuguese
Written1973
ReleasedNovember 1978
GenreMPB
Length4:01
LabelPolyGram
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)Sérgio de Carvalho

"Cálice" (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈkalisi]) is a song composed in 1973 by Chico Buarque and Gilberto Gil, and officially released in 1978. Originally written during Brazil's military dictatorship, the song uses metaphor, and word play—most notably a pun on cálice (chalice) and cale-se (shut up)—to critique state censorship and political repression while disguised under a religious theme. Its lyrics address themes of silence, resistance, and suffering, while the music combines elements of MPB and rock with liturgical undertones.

The song was banned by government censors upon completion, and an attempted live performance in 1973 was abruptly silenced onstage. "Cálice" eventually gained widespread recognition following its official recorded release on Buarque's self-titled 1978 album, featuring Milton Nascimento.

Background

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"Cálice" was written in 1973 by Brazilian musicians Chico Buarque and Gilberto Gil during a period of heightened political repression in Brazil under the military dictatorship. The song was conceived during the presidency of Emílio Garrastazu Médici,[1] a time marked by extensive censorship, state violence, and the implementation of the Institutional Act Number Five (AI-5), which curtailed civil liberties and increased authoritarian control.[2][3]

Many artists, including Gil and Caetano Veloso, were arrested or forced into exile.[2][4] Buarque became a frequent target of censorship, with only one out of every three of his submitted songs typically approved.[4][5] In response, he occasionally used pseudonyms such as Julinho da Adelaide and Leonel Paiva to evade prior rejections,[4][5] as works by previously censored composers were often rejected based solely on the artist's name.[6] Songs with ambiguous or veiled criticisms of the regime, such as "Apesar de Você", drew increased scrutiny from censors, who in some cases resorted to destroying printed records and intensifying surveillance of artists.[4][7]

Composition and analysis

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"Cálice"
A sample of "Cálice", illustrating the word play between cálice ("chalice") and cale-se ("shut up").
Problems playing this file? See media help.

"Cálice" is an MPB song[8] with elements of rock music.[9] It symbolizes the outcry for liberation from oppression.[10] Produced by Sérgio de Carvalho,[11] the arrangement was handled by Magro of MPB4, who also played piano. The recording on Buarque's self-titled 1978 album features vocals by Milton Nascimento as a special guest, with Miltinho (also of MPB4) on acoustic guitar. Luiz Cláudio Ramos contributed on guitar, while Bebeto played electric bass. Mário Negrão performed on drums, and MPB4 provided backing vocals.[12]

The song's title carries a double entendre, functioning both as a reference to the biblical chalice (cálice) and a homophone of the imperative verb cale-se (shut up),[1][13] a word with a clear connection to censorship imposing silence and victimization.[14] The song originated from an idea brought by Gil, who had written the refrain and an initial verse shortly after Good Friday,[1][13] drawing on imagery from the Passion of Jesus.[3] He was inspired particularly by the biblical plea "Father, take this cup from me", which parallels the suffering experienced under authoritarian rule.[13] Upon receiving Gil's draft, Buarque immediately recognized the layered word play and incorporated the political metaphor of imposed silence.[1] The songwriting process involved two meetings between the artists,[15] during which Gil wrote the first and third stanzas, while Buarque composed the other two.[16]

Writing and structure

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The refrain "Pai, afasta de mim esse cálice" ('Father, take that chalice away from me') repeats throughout the piece and is taken from the Gospels (Mark 14:36, Matthew 26:39, Luke 22:42), evoking themes of sacrifice, suppression, and anguish.[13][17] Buarque takes advantage of the homophony between the two Portuguese words to protest government censorship, disguised under a religious theme by referencing Jesus' Gethsemane prayer to be spared the cup of suffering.[18] Scholar Fernanda P. Rezende interprets the song's underlying message as an appeal against authoritarian control, suggesting that an undisguised and translated version of the refrain would read: "Father, take away this censorship and this repression from me".[19] The line "De vinho tinto de sangue" ('Of red wine of blood') further reinforces themes of violence and pain, representing the blood of citizens assassinated by the regime.[20] The songwriters strategically employed the imagery of "wine" and "blood" to veil their political critique within a religious framework, referencing the crucifixion of Jesus, in which wine symbolizes his blood in the Christian rite of the Eucharist.[19]

The lyrics of "Cálice" employ metaphor, word play, and ambiguity as mechanisms to circumvent censorship while articulating political dissent.[21] The verse "Como beber dessa bebida amarga?" ('How to drink this bitter beverage?') serves as a metaphor for Brazil's repressive conditions under the military regime. The beverage, sacred in Christian liturgy, is symbolically replaced by the blood of innocent victims.[13] The contrast between the "filho da santa" ('child of the saint') and "filho da outra" ('child of the other woman') suggests a rejection of patriarchal and authoritarian structures, possibly implying stronger language through euphemism.[22] Expressions like "realidade menos morta" ('less dead reality') and "tanta força bruta" ('so much brute force') allude to the regime's authoritarianism.[22]

Lines such as "De muito gorda a porca já não anda / De muito usada a faca já não corta" ('The pig is too fat to walk / The knife is too used to cut') offer a veiled critique of institutional stagnation and inefficiency.[13] The phrase "essa palavra presa na garganta" ("this word stuck in the throat") alludes to the suppression of free speech,[23] while the persistence of thought and resistance is evoked by references to the cuca (colloquial for "mind"), implying that intellectual opposition survives despite physical repression.[1]

The verses "Quero cheirar fumaça de óleo diesel / Me embriagar até que alguém me esqueça" ('I want to inhale diesel smoke / Get drunk until someone forgets me') have been interpreted as an allusion to the torture and death of Stuart Angel Jones, a leftist militant and member of the resistance against Brazil's military dictatorship. According to testimonies, in June 1971, Jones was killed at age 25 after being tied to the back of a military jeep and dragged through the courtyard of the Galeão Air Force Base, with his mouth positioned near the exhaust pipe until he died from asphyxiation and injuries.[24]

Musical characteristics

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The 1978 recording opens with a chant-like introduction by the vocal group MPB4, resembling liturgical music, and is devoid of rhythm or percussion, establishing a solemn tone.[25][26] This Gregorian-style passage progresses from monody to polyphony, a development interpreted by some scholars as a metaphor for class struggle and cultural resistance.[27] The arrangement of "Cálice" introduced greater rhythmic definition, utilizing a 4
4 time signature.[28] As the piece develops, Buarque and Nascimento deliver the verses with elongated vowels and rising melodies that reflect pleading and anguish.[29] The refrain's ascending progression (G-sharp, A, B), combined with octave jumps, underscores the urgency of the plea Pai, afasta de mim esse cálice.[30]

The song gradually shifts from a lamenting tone to one of growing defiance. The rhythmic pattern solidifies midway through, and the vocal delivery becomes more assertive. From the third stanza onward, MPB4 joins with emphatic interjections of Pai and Cálice, creating a counterpoint that dramatizes the conflict between silenced and defiant voices.[31][32] The final four lines are performed a cappella, with the instrumental backing dropping out entirely,[31] leaving an abrupt and isolated conclusion that sonically mimics the experience of censorship.[33]

The instrumentation features sparse percussion and dark-toned guitar lines, particularly in an interlude before the third stanza.[32] This section shifts the mood from sacred to disorienting, introducing an almost militaristic texture that evokes warlike tension.[34] The stanzas are composed in decasyllables,[35] alternating between Gil and Buarque[2] with the vocal delivery respecting natural accentuation, adding to the lyric's rhythmic intensity.[36]

Release

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Lyrics of the song "Cálice", with vetado stamps

After the song's completion, the label Phonogram submitted the song to the federal censorship bureau, which denied approval.[37][38] The censorship of "Cálice" is documented in a surviving typescript dated 10 May 1973, signed by a government official. The document, marked by wear and aging, contains multiple indicators of prohibition: four rubber-stamped vetado (vetoed) notations and an additional handwritten instance. Distinct from other banned compositions of the era, the typescript lacks any formal explanation for its rejection. Instead, the censor's handwritten annotations suggest an awareness of its underlying word play, particularly the homophony between cálice and cale-se; the latter was written beside the lyrics three times, indicating recognition of the song's veiled political message.[39]

Despite this, the duo attempted a performance at the Phono 73 [pt] music festival organized by Phonogram on 11 May 1973,[1] employing grammelots and fragmented lyrics to bypass censorship.[40][2] As Buarque and Gil attempted to perform it, federal police intervened by entering the stage mid-performance[41] and the sound from the five microphones on stage was cut off one by one, until Buarque was forced to abandon the performance. Visibly outraged, he continued with the songs "Cotidiano" and "Baioque", shouting at the end of the latter, off-microphone: "Fucking censorship!"[42]

Although it was banned from official release, "Cálice" circulated informally. Gil performed it privately at venues such as the University of São Paulo, where it was met with repeated requests.[43][44] Footage of the censored 1973 performance was later broadcast on Brazilian television Rede Bandeirantes on Christmas in 1978, shortly after the ban was lifted during a period of political liberalization and redemocratization.[45]

The song was officially released on November 1978 on Buarque's self-titled album through PolyGram,[46] with Milton Nascimento performing Gil's original stanzas.[47] At the time, Gil was transitioning from PolyGram to the competing label WEA, making it contractually unfeasible for him to participate in the recording.[8]

Reception and legacy

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Upon its release, "Cálice" quickly rose in popularity, receiving frequent airplay on Brazilian radio and even at international airports.[48][49] Between December 1978 and February 1979, the song received over 1,500 broadcasts on AM radio and television, solidifying its status as a top-ten hit.[45] An El Miami Herald article emphasized that some liberal priests supported the song’s performance in churches, while members of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, such as Archbishop Gaudêncio Ramos of Belém, denounced it as "deeply anti-Christian" and prohibited it in their dioceses.[49] "Cálice" is widely recognized for its artistic quality and for its symbolic role as a protest song during Brazil's military dictatorship.[8][9][50] J.D Considine from The Baltimore Sun called the song as "hauntingly lovely".[51] In 1983, Italian critic Paolo Scarnecchia described "Cálice" as "one of the most beautiful compositions by the carioca, if not the absolutely most beautiful".[26]

Retrospectively, the song was received favorably in gshow, whose reviewer regarded it as an "anthem of resistance against the military dictatorship".[1] Philip Jandovský of AllMusic identified "Cálice" as the most prominent track on the album, describing it as "very beautiful".[9] In 1978, Maria Bethânia also recorded a version of the song for her album Álibi.[2] Lívia Nolla, a singer and music researcher, highlighted the song's enduring relevance and cathartic impact, describing how contemporary audiences continue to react with deep emotion during performances, often chanting slogans like "Sem Anistia!" ('No Amnesty!') in response to its themes of repression and censorship.[2] Its critical reception and subsequent legacy have established it as one of the most significant works in MPB.[8] In 2010, rapper Criolo released a reinterpretation of the song on YouTube that incorporated lyrics addressing modern issues such as drug trafficking and violence in Brazil's favelas.[52] Buarque acknowledged the homage by performing "Rap de Cálice" during his 2011 tour, remarking that he and Gil had been "welcomed to the club" by the hip-hop community.[53]

Personnel

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According to Maria Luiza Kfouri and album's liner notes.[12]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Anon. 2025.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Nolla 2025.
  3. ^ a b Sobreira 2016, p. 91.
  4. ^ a b c d Anon. 2024.
  5. ^ a b Sobreira 2016, p. 53.
  6. ^ Sobreira 2016, p. 59.
  7. ^ Silva 2017, pp. 340.
  8. ^ a b c d Perrone 2022, p. 92.
  9. ^ a b c Jandovský n.d.
  10. ^ Machado & Salvalagio 2025, p. 188.
  11. ^ Perrone 2022, p. 25.
  12. ^ a b Kfouri n.d.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Silva & Giesel 2020, p. 486.
  14. ^ Perrone 2022, p. 94.
  15. ^ Perrone 2022, p. 99.
  16. ^ Homem 2009, pp. 119–120.
  17. ^ Santos 2012, pp. 71–72.
  18. ^ Perrone 2022, p. 93.
  19. ^ a b Rezende 2008, p. 21.
  20. ^ Fonseca 2013, p. 35.
  21. ^ Silva & Giesel 2020, p. 476.
  22. ^ a b Silva & Giesel 2020, p. 487.
  23. ^ Fonseca 2013, pp. 31–41.
  24. ^ Bernardo 2021.
  25. ^ Garcia 2014, p. 130.
  26. ^ a b Perrone 2022, p. 95.
  27. ^ Sobreira 2016, p. 92.
  28. ^ Sobreira 2016, p. 86.
  29. ^ Sobreira 2016, p. 99.
  30. ^ Sobreira 2016, pp. 109–110.
  31. ^ a b Perrone 2022, p. 98.
  32. ^ a b Sobreira 2016, p. 89.
  33. ^ Sobreira 2016, p. 105.
  34. ^ Garcia 2014, pp. 131–135.
  35. ^ Garcia 2014, p. 132.
  36. ^ Garcia 2014, p. 136.
  37. ^ Garcia 2014, p. 118.
  38. ^ Perrone 2022, pp. 99–100.
  39. ^ Leal 2005, p. A4.
  40. ^ Garcia 2014, p. 119.
  41. ^ Perrone 2002, p. 72.
  42. ^ Vianna 2005.
  43. ^ Perrone 2022, p. 102.
  44. ^ Garcia 2014, p. 129.
  45. ^ a b Perrone 2022, p. 101.
  46. ^ Perrone 2022, p. 14.
  47. ^ de Campos 2008, p. 137.
  48. ^ Dias 2000, p. 82.
  49. ^ a b Anon. 1979.
  50. ^ Machado & Salvalagio 2025, p. 187.
  51. ^ Considine 1989.
  52. ^ Garcia 2014, p. 139.
  53. ^ Perrone 2022, p. 103.

Sources

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cálice&oldid=1298474208"