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Bauhinia

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(Redirected from Bauhinia richardiana)
For other uses, see Bauhinia (disambiguation).

Bauhinia
Temporal range: Late Paleocene to recent[1]
Bauhinia divaricata flowers
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Cercidoideae
Tribe: Bauhinieae
Genus: Bauhinia
L. (1753)[2]
Type species
Bauhinia divaricata
Plum. ex L. (1753)
Species

192 (in 2023); see text[3]

Synonyms[2][3][4]
  • Alvesia Welw. (1859)
  • Amaria Mutis ex Caldas< (1810)
  • Ariaria Cuervo (1893)
  • Bracteolanthus de Wit (1956)
  • Cansenia Raf. (1838)
  • Caspareopsis Britton & Rose (1930)
  • Casparia Kunth (1824)
  • Mandarus Raf. (1838)
  • Monoteles Raf. (1838)
  • Pauletia Cav. (1799)
  • Perlebia Mart. (1828)

Bauhinia (/boʊˈhɪniə/)[5] is a large genus of flowering plants in the subfamily Cercidoideae[6] and tribe Bauhinieae,[7] in the large flowering plant family Fabaceae, with a pantropical distribution. The genus was named after the Bauhin brothers Gaspard and Johann, Swiss-French botanists.

Many species are widely planted in the tropics as orchid trees, particularly in India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Nepal and south-eastern China. Other common names include mountain ebony and kachnar. Before the family was reorganised,[6] a number of genera including the lianas of genus Phanera were placed here (see related genera). In the United States, the trees grow in Hawaii, coastal California, Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, and Florida. There are native species, like Bauhinia lunarioides native to Texas and widely planted in the Southwest as a landscape plant.[8]

Parts of some species of bauhinia like B. purpurea and B. malabarica are used in Filipino cuisine (known collectively as alinbánban or alinbángbang,[9] "butterfly").[10]

Bauhinia × blakeana is the floral emblem of Hong Kong—a stylized orchid tree flower appears on the flag of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Airlines (formerly CR Airways) uses 'Bauhinia' as its radio callsign in air traffic communication.

Evolution

[edit]

The oldest known species is B. tibetensis, known from fossil leaves from the Late Paleocene of the Tibetan Plateau, where it inhabited the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc, an island arc that existed in the region at the time. It has been suggested that the Asian clade of Bauhinia originated as early as the Early Paleocene, when it dispersed from the genus's region of origin in Africa.[1]

Description

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Bauhinia trees typically reach a height of 6–12 m and their branches spread 3–6 m outwards. The lobed leaves usually are 10–15 cm across.

The five-petaled flowers are 7.5–12.5 cm diameter, generally in shades of red, pink, purple, orange, or yellow, and are often fragrant. The tree begins flowering in late winter and often continues to flower into early summer. Depending on the species, Bauhinia flowers are usually in magenta, mauve, pink or white hues with crimson highlights.

Cultivation

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Propagation of Bauhinia species is from seeds or cuttings. They thrive in alkaline soils and do not tolerate salty conditions. Full sun exposure is preferred but they can be grown under partial sun. Generous watering is needed during summer; moderate moisture required in winter.

Species

[edit]
Bauhinia acuminata
Bauhinia corifolia fruit
Bauhinia monandra
Bauhinia natalensis
Bauhinia phoenicea
Bauhinia purpurea
Bauhinia racemosa
Bauhinia tomentosa
Flower of Bauhinia x blakeana
Bauhinia variegata is almost leafless during flowering. Bauhinia purpurea and Bauhinia blakeana, which are often confused with B. variegata, are leafy during flowering.

Accepted species

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Plants of the World Online currently (March 2023) includes the following species:[3][11][12]

Hybrids

[edit]

One hybrid is known:[12]

Fossils

[edit]

Several fossils of Bauhinia species have been discovered:

  • †Bauhinia cheniae Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen & Z. Y. Li[13]
  • †Bauhinia cretacea Newberry[14]
  • †Bauhinia fotana F.M.B. Jacques et al.[15]
  • †Bauhinia gigantea Newberry[16]
  • †Bauhinia gracilis J.R. Tao[17]
  • †Bauhinia larsenii D.X. Zhang & Y. F. Chen[18]
  • †Bauhinia ningmingensis Qi Wang, Z. Q. Song, Y. F. Chen, S. Shen & Z. Y. Li[13]
  • †Bauhinia potosiana Berry[19]
  • †Bauhinia tibetensis Y. Gao et T. Su[1]
  • †Bauhinia thonningii Schum.[20]
  • †Bauhinia ungulatoides Y.X.Lin, W.O.Wong, G.L.Shi, S.Shen & Z.Y.Li[21]
  • †Bauhinia wenshanensis H.H. Meng & Z.K. Zhou[22]
  • †Bauhinia wyomingiana Brown[23][24]

Segregated genera

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Species in the genera Barklya, Gigasiphon, Lysiphyllum, Phanera (including Lasiobema), Piliostigma, Schnella, and Tylosema are sometimes included in Bauhinia sensu lato or considered as tribe Bauhinieae.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Yi Gao; Ai Song; Wei-Yu-Dong Deng; Lin-Lin Chen; Jia Liu; Wei-Cheng Li; Gaurav Srivastava; Robert A. Spicer; Zhe-Kun Zhou; Tao Su (2023). "The Oldest Fossil Record of Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae) from the Tibetan Plateau sheds light on its Evolutionary and Biogeographic Implications". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 21 (1). Bibcode:2023JSPal..2144495G. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2244495.
  2. ^ a b "Genus: Bauhinia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-03-29. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  3. ^ a b c "Plants of the World Online entry for Bauhinia". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  4. ^ Wunderlin RP (2010). "Reorganization of the Cercideae (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 48: 1–5.
  5. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607; OED: "Bauhinia"
  6. ^ a b The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). (2017). "A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny". Taxon. 66 (1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3. hdl:10568/90658.
  7. ^ Sinou C, Forest F, Lewis GP, Bruneau A (2009). "The genus Bauhinia s.l. (Leguminosae): a phylogeny based on the plastid trnL–trnF region". Botany. 87 (10): 947–960. Bibcode:2009Botan..87..947S. doi:10.1139/B09-065.
  8. ^ "SEINet Portal Network - Bauhinia lunarioides".
  9. ^ Merrill, Elmer Drew (1903). A dictionary of the plant names of the Philippine Islands. Bureau of Public Printing, Department of The Interior. p. 128 – via University of Michigan Digital Collections.
  10. ^ Seidemann, Johannes (2005). World Spice Plants. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 64. ISBN 9783540279082.
  11. ^ "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Bauhinia". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  12. ^ a b "GRIN species records of Bauhinia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  13. ^ a b Wang Q, Song Z, Chen Y, Shen S, Li Z (2014). "Leaves and fruits of Bauhinia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cercideae) from the Oligocene Ningming Formation of Guangxi, South China and their biogeographic implications". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 88. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...88W. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-88. PMC 4101841. PMID 24758153.
  14. ^ Bell W-A. (1963). Upper Cretaceous Floras of the Dunvegan, Bad Heart, and Milk River Formations of Western Canada (94th ed.). Canada: Dept. of Mines and Technical Surveys.
  15. ^ Jacques FM, Shi GL, Su T, Zhou ZK (2015). "A tropical forest of the middle Miocene of Fujian (SE China) reveals Sino-Indian biogeographic affinities". Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 216: 76–91. Bibcode:2015RPaPa.216...76J. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.001.
  16. ^ Bell W-A. (1957). Flora of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group of Vancouver Island. British Columbia: E. Cloutier. pp. 1–84. doi:10.4095/101457. Archived from the original on 2017-03-07. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
  17. ^ Tao JR, Zhou ZK, Liu YS (2000). The Evolution of the Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic floras in China. Beijing: Science Press.
  18. ^ Chen YF, Zhang DX (2005). "Bauhinia larsenii, a fossil legume from Guangxi, China". Bot J Linn Soc. 147 (4): 437–440. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00373.x.
  19. ^ Berry E-W. (1917). "Fossil plants from Bolivia and their bearing upon the age of uplift of the eastern Andes" (PDF). Proc US Natl Mus. 54 (2229): 103–164. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.54-2229.103. hdl:10088/15029.
  20. ^ Eisenmann V. (1994). "Equidae of the Albertine rift valley, Uganda". Geol Paleobiol Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire. 2: 289–307.
  21. ^ Lin YX, Wong WO, Shi GL, Shen S, Li ZY (2015). "Bilobate leaves of Bauhinia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cercideae) from the middle Miocene of Fujian Province, southeastern China and their biogeographic implications". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (1): 252. Bibcode:2015BMCEE..15..252L. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0540-9. PMC 4647482. PMID 26572133.
  22. ^ Meng HH, Jacques FM, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhang ST, Ma HJ, Zhou ZK (2014). "New biogeographic insight into Bauhinia s.l. (Leguminosae): Integration from fossil records and molecular analyses". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 181. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..181M. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0181-4. PMC 4360257. PMID 25288346.
  23. ^ Knowlton F-H. (1899). "Fossil flora of the Yellowstone National Park". US Geol Surv Mon. 32: 651–791.
  24. ^ Wilf P. (2000). "Late Paleocene–early Eocene climate changes in southwestern Wyoming: Paleobotanical analysis". Geol Soc Am Bull. 112 (2): 292–307. Bibcode:2000GSAB..112..292W. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<292:LPECCI>2.0.CO;2.
[edit]
  • Media related to Bauhinia at Wikimedia Commons
  • Data related to Bauhinia at Wikispecies
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