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Arrest of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

Coordinates: 23°45′06″N 90°22′36″E / 23.7517°N 90.3767°E / 23.7517; 90.3767
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Arrest of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Part of Operation Searchlight
Arrested Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at Karachi International Airport in April 1971
Date26 March 1971 (1971-03-26)
Time01:30 (UTC+6)
Duration9 months and 14 days
Location677/32 Dhanmondi, Dacca, East Pakistan, Pakistan (present-day Dhaka, Bangladesh)
Coordinates23°45′06″N 90°22′36″E / 23.7517°N 90.3767°E / 23.7517; 90.3767
TypeArrest
CauseNon-cooperation movement
ParticipantsPakistan Army
OutcomeSheikh Mujibur Rahman was sent to jail in Lyallpur, Punjab
Deaths1
ArrestsSheikh Mujibur Rahman
ChargesTreason
TrialSecret military tribunal
VerdictDeath sentence
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At 01:30 on 26 March 1971 (UTC+6), Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the president of the All-Pakistan Awami League (AL) and the newly premier-elect in the 1970 Pakistani general election, was arrested by the Pakistan Army's Special Service Group from his private residence in Dacca, East Pakistan, Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). The arrest operation was codenamed Operation Big Bird and occurred with Operation Searchlight. Following his arrest, Mujib was sent to Jail in Lyallpur, and in 2 August, it was announced that he would be tried in a military tribunal behind closed doors. The tribunal brought charges of treason against him.

Immediately after Mujib's arrest, following a month-long non-cooperation movement, the Bangladesh Liberation War began, and the Provisional Government of Bangladesh was formed, declaring Mujib as its president. In 4 December, the military tribunal sentenced him to death, although the verdict was kept secret. However, before the sentence could be carried out, Bangladesh and India's joint Allied Forces launched an offensive into East Pakistan, leading to the surrender of the Pakistan Army in Dacca on 16 December. After the surrender, the government of Yahya Khan collapsed, and following the rise of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the new Pakistani president, Mujib was released on 8 January 1972.

Background

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Rise of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

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Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in Lahore, Pakistan, 1966.

Born in 1921 in Faridpur District, Bengal Presidency, British India, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became a member of the Bengal Muslim Students' League in 1938 and joined the Bengal Provincial Muslim League in 1943.[1] In 1947, British India's Bengal Province was divided into West Bengal and East Bengal, with East Bengal (later East Pakistan) becoming a province of Pakistan. During that time, Mujib was a student leader involved in the Pakistan Movement. He later joined the East Pakistan Awami League (EPAL) in 1949. After the split in 1957, party president Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani left the party to form the National Awami Party (NAP), which led to Mujib emerging as the sole leader of the EPAL.[2] Toward the end of the 1950s, he shifted his focus from national to provincial politics.[3] In the early 1960s, he traveled to Agartala, capital of the Indian state of Tripura, with the intention of seeking independence for East Pakistan, though the mission was unsuccessful.[4]

In 1966, at a political conference in West Pakistani capital Lahore, he presented the Six-point Resolution, which was met with strong opposition from the government, right-wing and left-wing parties, as well as China. The proposal called for restructuring Pakistan based on the Lahore Resolution, delegating all responsibilities except defense and foreign affairs to East and West Pakistan separately.[5] In response, the a political movement gained momentum for Six-point Resolution in East Pakistan. However, in 1968, Mujib was arrested by the government of Pakistan on charges of conspiring to secede with Indian support and establish an independent state named Bangladesh. He was tried for treason in what became known as the Agartala Conspiracy Case. But due to massive public opposition in East Pakistan, the government was forced to withdraw the case.[6] Following this, Mujib's party experienced a dramatic surge in popularity.[7] According to declassified documents of British government, by 1969, they regarded Mujib as a promising political leader who could potentially become the next prime minister of Pakistan.[8]

Elections and subsequent events

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Results of the 1970 Pakistani general election on the map.

In 1969, president Ayub Khan was forced to resign and handed over power to Yahya Khan. Upon assuming office, the new president Khan decided to hold national and provincial elections. Mujib became leader of the All-Pakistan Awami League (AL), who participated the election in the promise to implement Six-point Resolution. In the 1970 Pakistani general election, the AL secured an overwhelming majority.[9] Following the election results, political tensions intensified. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, leader of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), opposed transferring power to the AL.[10] A session of the National Assembly of Pakistan was scheduled for 3 March 1971, but two days before the session, Khan postponed it. This decision angered the East Pakistani people,[11] leading to the launch of a widespread non-cooperation movement from 2 March.[12]

In 3 March, at Paltan Maidan in the presence of Mujib, Shajahan Siraj, general secretary of the East Pakistan Students' League, declared the 'Manifesto of Independence of Bangladesh' under the banner of the All-Party Student Action Committee. Mujib was declared the supreme leader of the proposed state.[13] In 6 March, Khan announced 25 March as the new date for the National Assembly session.[14] By 15 March, Mujib informally assumed control of East Pakistan's governance.[15] From 16 to 22 March, negotiations continued between Khan and Mujib over the transfer of power, but during this period, troops and supplies continued arriving from West Pakistan to East Pakistan. The assembly session was postponed again in 22 March.[16] In 23 March, the AL proposed the Confederate States of Pakistan, which called for the formulation of separate constitutions for East and West Pakistan.[17] On the same day, the flag of Bangladesh was hoisted across East Pakistan in place of the flag of Pakistan, except in the President's House, Dacca Cantonment, Dacca Airport, and the Governor's House. Mujib formally hoisted the flag for the first time at his residence.[18]

The arrest

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Preparations

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Main targets of the Pakistan Army in Dacca during Operation Searchlight.

In March, India's foreign intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) alerted members of the AL about a possible plan to attack party officials, citing intelligence on the movement of troops and weapons from Karachi to Chittagong.[19] Notably, Mujib had been imprisoned several times before 1971, spending approximately 4,394 days in jail.[20] In 23 March, a unit of the Pakistan Army identified and surveyed Mujib's residence.[21] On 24 March, the final order was issued to arrest Mujib.[22] The mission to arrest him was code-named "Operation Big Bird".[23] In 25 March, rumors of a military operation in Dacca began to spread.[22]

That evening, president Khan left East Pakistan. Lieutenant Colonel A.R. Chowdhury, a member of the presidential security team, informed Mujib about the president's departure. On the same day, Lieutenant General Tikka Khan instructed Major General Khadim Hussain Raja to carry out Operation Searchlight.[24] The 3rd Commando Battalion of the Special Service Group was tasked with Mujib's arrest.[25] Around 70 soldiers were assigned to this arrest operation.[26] During Operation Searchlight, the code name "Myna" was used by the military to refer to Mujib.[22]

At 20.00, a message was sent from the Dacca Cantonment to Mujib's residence via a written note, warning of an imminent attack that night. Upon receiving reports of suspicious military activity, Mujib instructed party leaders and activists to flee. However, he chose to remain at his residence.[27] At that time, armed attacks began across the city. Serajul Alam Khan of the East Pakistan Students' League sought and received Mujib's approval to declare independence on his behalf and to authorize pro-independence members of the military and law enforcement to resist.[28]

Operation Big Bird

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In 2016, John Kerry, U.S. Secretary of State, visits Mujib's residence

In a 1972 interview, Mujib claimed that he had sent a message to Chittagong declaring independence at 22:30 (UTC+6) before his arrest.[29][a] After receiving news that Khan had reached Karachi, at around 23:30, the Pakistan Army's Eastern Command launched an assault on the headquarters of the East Pakistan Rifles before heading towards Mujib's residence.[31] On their way, the military unit encountered civilians and barricades.[26] According to United Press International, at 00:50 in March 26, Mujib was still at his residence, and his telephone was active.[32] There was a power outage in his area during the raid.[26] At the time, in addition to Mujib, his wife Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib, and two sons, Sheikh Jamal and Sheikh Russel, were present at the residence.[b][33] At around 01:30, the military unit reached the residence and opened fire.[34] In response, Mujib came out of the house and asked them to stop firing. He was then arrested by them.[35] The arrest was reported to Tikka Khan via wireless communication.[23] A night guard was killed during the shooting. After the arrest, another military unit arrived and vandalized the house to destroy it. Tikka later claimed that the arrest was kept secret to prevent any foreign power from aiding Mujib's escape.[36]

After his arrest, Mujib was taken to the National Assembly building, then moved to the 14th Division Officers' Mess of at the cantonment.[37] On the same day, he was transferred to the Cantonment Girls' High School, located beside the residence of the General Officer Commanding, before being brought to the Command House.[22] He was also held at the building of Adamjee Cantonment Public School.[36][38] In 27 March, he was transferred to the Flag Staff House.[38] That day, the government officially announced that Mujib had been arrested at 1:30 in 26 March.[39] In 30 March, he was flown from Dacca to Karachi,[38] and in 1 April, he was flown to Rawalpindi.[29] At that point, the government was still deciding on which prison he would be held. Following discussions,[40] he was eventually taken to Lyallpur Jail in Punjab.[41] Located 129 kilometers from Lahore, Lyallpur was one of the hottest regions in Pakistan, with a record high temperature of 37°C. [40] On 10 April 1971, the government announced that Mujib was officially in detention.[38] Tikka claimed that he was compelled to arrest Mujib after hearing his proclamation of independence on a three-band radio.[42] Finally, in 13 December,[25] he was transferred by helicopter to the Mianwali Jail.[43]

Aftermath

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In-camera trial

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Radio Australia reported that at midnight in 26 March, president Khan expressed in a private conversation his intent to ensure the certain death of Mujib.[44] In 19 July, Khan announced that Mujib would be tried in a secret military tribunal.[45] In 2 August, the government declared that Mujib's trial would begin after nine days. One of the main charges against Mujib was declaring war against the state.[c] The trial was decided to be held in closed doors.[47]

The military tribunal was led by Brigadier Rahimuddin Khan.[48] In 19 August, Mujib was presented before the court for the first time. When allowed to appoint a defense lawyer, he requested his party's Kamal Hossain, but since that was not possible,[d] he selected A. K. Brohi. As he was charged with sedition,[50] Mujib decided not to defend himself during the proceedings. Meanwhile, president hinted that the verdict would result in a death sentence.[51]

Anticipating the possible outcome of the trial, Mujib attempted to prolong the proceedings by non-cooperation.[29] The government brought at least 50 witnesses[52] against him. During the trial, his membership of National Assembly was not revoked.[53] In 4 December, after the trial concluded, the military court found Mujib guilty and sentenced him to death.[52] However, the verdict was not officially announced.[29] According to legal expert Subrata Roy Chowdhury, the entire trial process was illegal.[54] Khan ordered a telegram to be sent instructing the prison authorities to carry out Mujib's execution.[55]

Liberation War and the government-in-exile

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Allied Forces in Jessore District in December 1971

Operation Searchlight led to a planned genocide in East Pakistan.[56] As a result of the genocide, at least 8 million people from East Pakistan fled and took refuge in India.[57] The Bangladesh Liberation War began following the arrest of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[58] In 26 March, in a broadcast on Radio Pakistan, the president accused Mujib and his party of treason.[59] He also banned the AL.[56] On the same day, through the radio station in Kalurghat, M. A. Hannan of the AL and Abul Kashem Sandwip, the initiator of the Independent Bengal Radio Station, broadcast the Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence on behalf of Mujib. in 27 March, rebel Major Ziaur Rahman of the East Bengal Regiment declared independence in his own name over the radio.[60][e]

As a result, in 10 April, under the leadership of AL leader Tajuddin Ahmad, a provisional government was formed with the support of elected national and provincial assembly members, and the imprisoned Mujib was declared its 0resident.[61] In the first week of July, at the Siliguri conference, the AL was dissolved and EPAL was renamed as the Bangladesh Awami League (AL).[62] In 3 December, the joint Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India entered East Pakistan and launched an attack.[63] As a result, Pakistan surrendered in 16 December.[58] From 18 December, the provisional government began operating from Dacca.[64]

Reactions

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In 10 August, Syed Nazrul Islam the acting president of the provisional government, expressed concern over the decision to try Mujib and called for intervention by the United Nations and Western countries.[65] In 13 August, in a speech broadcast on the Independent Bengal Radio Station, Tajuddin Ahmad, prime minister of the provisional government, stated that an illegal president had no right to try Mujib, who had been elected by the people's mandate.[48] On 2 April 1971, Nikolai Podgorny, the president of the Soviet Union, expressed concern in a letter to Khan regarding the arrest of Mujib.[66] In reaction to the decision to begin Mujib’s trial, Indian foreign minister Swaran Singh warned Pakistan of serious consequences. In 8 August,[67] Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi called upon 24 countries to take action to save Mujib's life.[47] In 20 October, Josip Broz Tito, president of Yugoslavia, stated that the release Mujib was crucial for peace and stability in the Indian subcontinent.[68]

On 17 August, the International Commission of Jurists protested the decision of the Pakistani government.[69][54] In 4 November,[70] various professionals in Pakistan issued a joint statement demanding Mujib's release. Signatories included politician Asghar Khan, writer Faiz Ahmed Faiz, politician C. R. Aslam, journalist Mazhar Ali Khan, labor leader Mirza Ibrahim, and others. On the other hand, president Khan promised that he would release Mujib if Pakistan's people wanted it.[71] In 11 August, a rally demanding Mujib's release was held in London's Hyde Park, attended by at least 15,000 people. In 13 August, around 5,000 intellectuals staged protests in front of the American and Soviet embassies in Calcutta demanding his release.[65] In 5 October, the Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee labeled the trial of Mujib as a "farce".[72] In 13 September, Arthur Bottomley, former Secretary of State of the United Kingdom, called on Commonwealth countries in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to pressure Pakistan for Mujib's release.[68]

Outcome

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Release

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Surrender of the Pakistan Armed Forces in Dacca on 16 December 1971.

After Pakistan's defeat in the war, the issue of Mujib's release became a central topic of discussion,[73] his popularity surged, and pressure on the Pakistani government to release him increased.[58] In an interview with David Frost, Mujib claimed that Zulfikar Ali Bhutto told him that, before resigning, Khan had intended to forge a fake signed order with previous date for Mujib's execution. However, this plan was not carried out due to Bhutto's opposition.[74] In 20 December, following Khan's resignation, Bhutto became the new president of Pakistan.[75] In 21 December, Bhutto announced that Mujib would be placed under house arrest as soon as possible.[73] Earlier, in 15 December, some prison officials had spread a rumor among the inmates in Mianwali Jail that A. A. K. Niazi, Eastern Command's chief, had died in the war, in an attempt to incite them to kill Mujib, blaming him for the defeat. As a result, on the night of 16 December, Mujib was secretly moved out of the prison.[25]

In 26 December, prison authorities secretly took him to a guest house.[76][77] In 27 December, Mujib met president Bhutto for the first time after his release in Chaklala. During that meeting, Bhutto proposed a confederation between the two countries modeled on the United Arab Republic, where foreign affairs, defense, and finance would remain joint matters.[78][79] On 1 January 1972, Mujib was taken to a bungalow in Sihala, where he met Bhutto again.[80][77] At Mujib's request, Bhutto arranged for Kamal Hossain to be released from the Jail in Haripur to meet with him.[77] After multiple meetings with Mujib, Bhutto agreed to release him.[81] In 5 January, a public rally held in Karachi showed support for Mujib's release, which finalized the decision.[73] In 7 January, when Bhutto reminded him about the talks, Mujib asked him to keep the matter secret and to wait.[78]

Homecoming

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Tejgaon Airport in 2015. On 10 January 1972, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returned to his homeland by landing here.

After his release, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman arrived in London on 8 January by air.[40] During his flight from Pakistan to the United Kingdom, some disguised individuals, allegedly sent to assassinate him, traveled on the same plane along with the Pakistan men's national field hockey team. Indian intelligence had received advance information about the assassination plot and increased security and surveillance for Mujib in London and Delhi.[82] Before his arrival, the Pakistani government had informed the government of the United Kingdom via telegram not to disclose his arrival until he allowed it. He stayed in London for 26 hours.[83] After Mujib's arriving, British prime minister Edward Heath congratulated him and held a meeting with him, during which the topics of Bangladesh–India relations and recognition of Bangladesh were discussed.[84] Upon his arrival, Rezaul Karim, the High Commissioner of Bangladesh to the United Kingdom, informed him that Bangladesh had become independent.[85][f]

He held a press conference in London, answering questions from journalists. He said that he would not respond to Bhutto's proposal until he returned to Bangladesh.[86] The date and time of his return journey to Bangladesh were kept secret.[83] In 9 January, Indira Gandhi called Mujib and proposed a layover in Delhi, which he accepted.[73] On the same day, he departed for Bangladesh. On the morning of 10 January, the Royal Air Force plane carrying him stopped in Delhi,[40][87] where he was formally received and gave a speech in Bengali at the request of the crowd.[88] That same day, Mujib met Gandhi for the first time.[89] According to Faruq Ahmed Choudhury, a government official traveling with Mujib, there was a plan to stop in Calcutta before Dacca, but the plan was changed suddenly, and the Calcutta stop was canceled.[90] On the same day, at 13:41, Mujib landed in Dacca and returned to his newly independent homeland.[40][73] After his return, he delivered a speech at the Racecourse Ground, where he rejected Bhutto's proposal.[91] In 11 January, Mujib, as president, issued a provisional constitutional order in Bangladesh, which introduced parliamentary democracy in the country based on the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh, consisting of legal members elected in the 1970 general and provincial elections. In 12 January, he became the prime minister of the country.[92]

Controversies

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In May 1971, tensions escalated between Tajuddin Ahmad and other AL leaders and activists. At the time, rumors spread from the anti-Tajuddin camp alleging that, out of a desire for power, Ahmad had played a role in ensuring Mujib's arrest by the Pakistani government.[93] During the Liberation War, a deep conflict developed between Ahmad and Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, foreign minister of the provisional government. Mostaq prioritized Mujib's release over the independence of Bangladesh.[94] The matter of Mujib's release was discussed at the Siliguri conference.[62] In a speech there, Ahmad stated: "We want independence. Once we achieve that, we will have Bangabandhu among us. If, God forbid, Bangabandhu is killed by Pakistani invaders during our struggle for independence, he will be immortalized as a martyr in the history of a free Bengali nation. He will be recognized as the founding father of a new nation. Individuals like Mujib, Nazrul, Tajuddin, Kamruzzaman—none of us may survive. One day or another, we must all die."[95] Meanwhile, after 30 July, Mostaq sent a message to the U.S. Consul General in Calcutta proposing the formation of a confederation between Bangladesh and Pakistan in exchange for the release of Mujib.[95] As a result, after 16 December, Mostaq was removed from his position as foreign minister.[96]

One commonly debated issue regarding Mujib's arrest is the belief that he had the opportunity to escape and lead the liberation war, but chose instead to surrender. According to Mujib, if he had fled, the army would have tortured Dacca's residents in their search for him.[97] On 15 December 2024, Badruddin Umar, leftist politician and historian, described Mujib's arrest as a voluntary surrender. According to him, although the AL and its intellectual supporters referred to the event as an arrest, in reality it was a surrender, since Mujib stayed home after instructing others to flee—indicating he was waiting for the army to arrive.[98] Following the July Revolution, tensions between the families of Mujib and Ahmad became increasingly evident. In March 2025, Sharmin Ahmad, Tajuddin Ahmad's daughter, claimed that M Amir-ul Islam had informed his father that Mujib had rejected the suggestion to go into hiding and had prepared himself for arrest.[99] On 4 June 2025, Sarjis Alam, a National Citizen Party politician, stated that although Mujib had significant pre-independence contributions, he voluntarily accepted captivity by the Pakistan Army during the liberation war and was absent from the battlefield.[100]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ There is controversy regarding who proclaimed the independence of Bangladesh.[30]
  2. ^ His other son Sheikh Kamal and daughters Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana had left the house before Operation Searchlight.[33]
  3. ^ President Khan attributed the actions of Mujib and his party during the non-cooperation movement as a reason for his claim.[46]
  4. ^ In April 1971, Kamal Hossain was arrested by the Pakistani government.[49]
  5. ^ He later revised the proclamation under pressure in 30 March, announcing it in the name of Mujib.[60]
  6. ^ However, according to Kamal Hossain, the DIG of Mianwali Jail had already informed Mujib of this earlier.[85]

Citations

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  1. ^ Mamoon, Muntassir (2020) [2019]. বঙ্গবন্ধুর জীবন: ছাত্র রাজনীতি থেকে জাতীয় রাজনীতি (১৯২০-১৯৪৯) [The Life of Bangabandhu: From Student Politics to National Politics (1920–1949)] (in Bengali). Anannya. pp. 21, 24. ISBN 978-984-432-717-7.
  2. ^ Sayeed 2005, pp. 13–15.
  3. ^ Hasan, Morshed Safiul (2018) [2014]. স্বাধীনতার পটভূমি ১৯৬০ দশক [Background to Independence: The 1960s] (in Bengali). Anupam Prokashani. p. 112. ISBN 978-984-404-369-5.
  4. ^ Sayeed 2005, pp. 28.
  5. ^ Sayeed 2005, pp. 39.
  6. ^ Sayeed 2005, pp. 44.
  7. ^ Rashiduzzaman, M. (1970). "The Awami League in the Political Development of Pakistan". Asian Survey. 10 (7). University of California Press: 574–587.
  8. ^ Khan, Mizanur Rahman (26 March 2020). "ব্রিটিশ নথিতে মুজিব" [Mujib in British Documents]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali).
  9. ^ Sayeed 2005, pp. 63.
  10. ^ Sayeed 2005, pp. 64.
  11. ^ Sayeed 2005, pp. 66.
  12. ^ Abu Md. Delwar Hossain and ATM Zayed Hossain (2012). "Non-Cooperation Movement, 1971". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
  13. ^ Haq, Sajidul (3 March 2021). "৩ মার্চ ১৯৭১: এল স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামের রূপরেখা" [3 March 1971: Outline of the Liberation Struggle Declared]. Bdnews24.com (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  14. ^ Sayeed 2005, pp. 69.
  15. ^ Aryu 2009, p. 43.
  16. ^ Sayeed 2005, pp. 80.
  17. ^ Chowdhury 1991, pp. 162–163.
  18. ^ Haq, Sajidul (23 March 2021). "২৩ মার্চ ১৯৭১: 'পাকিস্তান দিবস' মুছে গেল প্রতিরোধের পতাকায়" [23 March 1971: 'Pakistan Day' Replaced by the Flag of Resistance]. bdnews24.com (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  19. ^ Salim 1998, pp. 27–28.
  20. ^ "বঙ্গবন্ধুর জেলজীবনের খতিয়ান" [The Record of Bangabandhu’s Jail Life]. The Daily Ittefaq (in Bengali). 17 June 2021.
  21. ^ Zaman 2008, pp. 86.
  22. ^ a b c d Ahmad, Mohiuddin (25 March 2023). "বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিব যেভাবে গ্রেপ্তার হলেন" [How Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Was Arrested]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 25 March 2023.
  23. ^ a b "বঙ্গবন্ধুকে গ্রেপ্তারে চালানো হয়েছিলো 'অপারেশন বিগ বার্ড'" [Operation Big Bird Was Launched to Arrest Bangabandhu]. Independent Television (in Bengali). 25 March 2019.
  24. ^ "২৫শে মার্চ রাতে যেভাবে গ্রেফতার করা হয়েছিলো শেখ মুজিবকে" [How Sheikh Mujib Was Arrested on the Night of March 25]. BBC (in Bengali). 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017.
  25. ^ a b c Khan, Masud Hasan (24 March 2021). "স্বাধীনতার ৫০ বছর: শেখ মুজিব যেদিন পাকিস্তানের কারাগারে হত্যার ষড়যন্ত্র থেকে রক্ষা পেয়েছিলেন" [50 Years of Independence: When Sheikh Mujib Escaped an Assassination Plot in Pakistani Custody]. BBC (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021.
  26. ^ a b c Zaman 2008, pp. 87.
  27. ^ Mascarenhas 1989, pp. 106.
  28. ^ Salim 1998, pp. 28.
  29. ^ a b c d Schanberg, Sydney H. (18 January 1972). "He Tells Full Story of Arrest and Detention". The New York Times.
  30. ^ Shuvro, Soumitra (March 26, 2025). "বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতার ইতিহাস নিয়ে এখনো বিতর্ক কেন?" [Why does the debate over Bangladesh's independence history still continue?]. BBC (in Bengali).
  31. ^ Aryu 2009, pp. 49–50.
  32. ^ Salim 1998, pp. 29.
  33. ^ a b Sheikh, Emran Hossain (26 March 2022). "বন্দিদশায় কেমন ছিল বঙ্গবন্ধুর পরিবার" [How was Bangabandhu's family during captivity?]. Bangla Tribune (in Bengali).
  34. ^ Salim 1998, pp. 31.
  35. ^ Salim 1998, pp. 32.
  36. ^ a b Salim 1998, pp. 33.
  37. ^ Zaman 2008, pp. 88.
  38. ^ a b c d Sayeed 2011, pp. 34.
  39. ^ "MUJIB ARRESTED". Daily Business Post. March 28, 1971. p. 1.
  40. ^ a b c d e "লায়ালপুর কারাগার থেকে ঢাকা, ফিরে দেখা সেইসব দিনগুলো" [From Lyallpur Jail to Dhaka, revisiting those days]. Jaijaidin (in Bengali). 10 January 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024.
  41. ^ Salim 1998, pp. 36.
  42. ^ Salim 1998, pp. 34.
  43. ^ Salim 1998, pp. 55.
  44. ^ Salim 1998, pp. 38.
  45. ^ Sayeed 2011, pp. 35.
  46. ^ "President Yahya's Broadcast To Nation: AWAMI LEAGUE COMPLETELY BANNED AS POLITICAL PARTY ALL POLITICAL ACTIVITIES IN COUNTRY ALSO PROHIBITED: SEQUEL GRAVE SITUATION SHEIKH MUJIB & HIS PARTY DECLARED ENEMIES OF PAKISTAN". Daily Business Post. 27 March 1971. p. 1.
  47. ^ a b Salim 1998, pp. 46.
  48. ^ a b Ahsan, Syed Badrul (8 August 2019). "When Pakistan put Bangabandhu on trial". Dhaka Tribune.
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Bibliography

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  • Mascarenhas, Anthony (2011) [1989]. দ্য রেইপ অব বাংলাদেশ [The Rape of Bangladesh] (in Bengali). Translated by Rabindranath Tribedi. Dhaka: Popular Publishers.
  • Choudhury, G. W. (1991). অখন্ড পাকিস্তানের শেষ দিনগুলি [The Last Days of United Pakistan] (in Bengali). Translated by Siddiq Salam. Dhaka: Haq Kotha Prokashoni.
  • Sayeed, A. F. M. (2013) [2005]. বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতার ঘোষণা: ফ্যাক্টস অ্যান্ড উইটনেস [Declaration of Independence of Bangladesh: Facts and Witnesses] (in Bengali). Dhaka: Utsa Prokashan. ISBN 9848890149.
  • Aryu, Austric (2015) [2009]. আন্তর্জাতিক গণমাধ্যমে মুক্তিযুদ্ধ ও বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিব [The Liberation War and Sheikh Mujib in International Media] (in Bengali). Dhaka: Anindya Prokash.
  • Sayeed, Abu (2012) [2011]. একাত্তরে বন্দী মুজিব পাকিস্তানের মৃত্যুযন্ত্রণা [Mujib in Captivity in 1971: Pakistan's Death Agony] (in Bengali). Dhaka: Suchipatra.
  • Salim, Ahmad (2014) [1998]. পাকিস্তানের কারাগারে শেখ মুজিবের বন্দিজীবন [Blood beaten track: Sheikh Mujib's nine months in Pakistan prison] (in Bengali). Translated by Mofidul Hoque. Dhaka: Sahitya Prakash. ISBN 984465145X.
  • Zaman, Mohammad Fayek Uz (2008). মুজিবনগর সরকার ও বাংলাদেশের মুক্তিযুদ্ধ [Mujibnagar Government and the Liberation War of Bangladesh] (in Bengali). Dhaka: Bangla Academy. ISBN 984-07-4681-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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