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Arion intermedius

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Arion intermedius
A. intermedius showing characteristically prickley tubercles

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Order: Stylommatophora
Family: Arionidae
Genus: Arion
Species:
A. intermedius
Binomial name
Arion intermedius
Normand, 1852
Synonyms

Arion verrucosus Brevière, 1881[2], Arion alpinus Pollonera, 1887[3]

Arion intermedius is a species of land slug in the family Arionidae, the roundback slugs.[2] It is known commonly as the hedgehog slug,[4][5] hedgehog arion, and hedgehog arion slug.[6]

Distribution

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It is native to Western Europe and a part of Central Europe, from northern Portugal to western Poland, and from southern Scandinavia to northern Italy. It is believed native to Czechia, where the majority of its records come from various types of forests.[7] Records at the edge of its European range more likely to be the result of introductions are from Slovakia,[7] Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Finland, Iceland, and southern Italy.[8] It has also been introduced to many regions beyond Europe, including North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and some Pacific islands.[9][10]

Description

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This slug is 1.5 to 2 cm long when adult. It is variable in color and patterning, being white, pale yellowish or gray, with or without lateral bands, and it has darker gray tentacles and a yellow or orange sole. It becomes compact and "nearly bell-shaped" when contracted.[5] The tubercles that texture the dorsal surface of its body taper to sharp, prickle-like points, inspiring the common name hedgehog slug.[5] This appearance of the tubercles is diagnostic of the species, although the prickliness usually disappears when the slug is preserved. Another useful character is a line of very small black dots along the margin of the sole at the anterior end, although they are not always apparent.[8]

Biology

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This species occurs in natural habitat such as grasslands and forests, and on cultivated or otherwise human-altered land, such as pastures, orchards, and hedges.[6] It feeds on plants and fungi.[11]

For a long time, this hermaphroditic slug was thought to reproduce only by self-fertilization; solitary captive specimens produced offspring and the species had never been observed mating. Genetic analysis provided evidence of crossing and the species is now believed to have a mixed breeding system, with an individual having the ability to fertilize itself or cross-fertilize, exchanging sperm with a mate.[12]

In the wild it has one generation per year (univoltine), with all individuals maturing rather synchronously in autumn.[13] Adults die over winter or early spring.[14][13]

As a pest

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This is not considered to be a severe pest, but some reports of such problems have been made.[11] While most exotic slugs and snails are often found in altered environments, this species has a greater tendency to invade natural habitat, such as forests. Its ability to self-fertilize allows a single individual to enter new habitat and then reproduce.[15] It is also known as a pest of clover-seeded pastures in New Zealand.[16]

References

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  1. ^ Rowson, B. (2017). "Arion intermedius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T171636A1329211. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T171636A1329211.en. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  2. ^ a b MolluscaBase eds. "Arion intermedius Normand, 1852". MolluscaBase. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 19 April 2025.
  3. ^ Manganelli, G.; Bodon, M.; Giusti, F. (2010). "The status of Arion alpinus Pollonera 1887, and re-description of Arion obesoductus Reischütz 1973 (Gastropoda, Arionidae)". Journal of Conchology. 40: 269–276.
  4. ^ Arion intermedius Normand. Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine CSIRO & Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 2004.
  5. ^ a b c Arion (Kobeltia) intermedius Normand, 1852 (hedgehog slug). MolluscIreland. National Museums Northern Ireland, 2010.
  6. ^ a b "Arion intermedius Hedgehog Arion Slug". NatureServe. 3 March 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  7. ^ a b Čejka, Tomáš; Beran, Luboš; Coufal, Radovan; Dvořák, Libor; Hlaváč, Jaroslav Č; Horáčková, Jitka; Horsáková, Veronika; Juřičková, Lucie; Kosová, Tereza; Čačaný, Juraj; Szabóová, Dana (2021-09-16). "Malacological news from the Czech and Slovak Republics in 2020" (PDF). Malacologica Bohemoslovaca. 20: 56–74. doi:10.5817/MaB2021-20-56. ISSN 1336-6939.
  8. ^ a b Turóci, Á.; Hutchinson, J.M.C.; Schlitt, B.; Vidéki, R.; Farkas, R.; Németh, M.Z.; Borostyán, K.; Páll-Gergely, B. (21 March 2025). "First records of Arion intermedius and Arion transsylvanus (Stylommatophora: Arionidae) in Hungary". Ecologica Montenegrina. 83: 12–28. doi:10.37828/em.2025.83.2.
  9. ^ Herbert, D. (2010). The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa (PDF). Pretoria: SANBI.
  10. ^ Araiza-Gómez, V.; Naranjo-García, E.; Zúñiga, G. (2021). "Occurrence in Mexico of two European invasive slug species: Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon, 1855 and Arion intermedius (Norman, 1852)". BioInvasions Records. 10 (1): 10–20. doi:10.3391/bir.2021.10.1.02.
  11. ^ a b Slugs: A Guide to the Invasive and Native Fauna of California. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of California. 2009.
  12. ^ Jordaens, K.; Van Houte, N.; Helsen, P.; Breugelmans, K.; Jaksons, P.; Backeljau, t. (2013). "Mixed breeding system in the hermaphroditic land slug Arion intermedius (Stylommatophora, Arionidae)". Hereditas. 150 (4–6): 45–52. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.2013.02272.x. hdl:10067/1157380151162165141. PMID 24164457.
  13. ^ a b Hutchinson, J.M.C.; Reise, H.; Skujienė, G. (2017). "Life cycles and adult sizes of five co-occurring species of Arion slugs". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 83: 88–105. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyw042.
  14. ^ Bohan, D.A.; Glen, D.M.; Wiltshire, C.W.; Hughes, L. (2000). "Parametric intensity and the spatial arrangement of the terrestrial mollusc herbivores Deroceras reticulatum and Arion intermedius". Journal of Animal Ecology. 69 (6): 1031–1046. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2000.00459.x.
  15. ^ Cádiz, Francisco J; Gallardo, Carlos S (2007). "Arion intermedius (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): first record of this introduced slug in Chile, with notes on its anatomy and natural history". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 80 (1): 99–108. doi:10.4067/S0716-078X2007000100008.
  16. ^ Barker, G. M. (1989). Slug problems in New Zealand pastoral agriculture. Monograph-British Crop Protection Council (41), 59–68.
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