Anti-ligature fixture
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An anti-ligature fixture or fitting (or ligature resistant fitting) is a component used to reduce the risk of suicide and self-harm by preventing the attachment of ligatures. They are used in environments such as prisons and secure healthcare settings, where vulnerable individuals may attempt to harm themselves. Their use is guided by clinical evidence, government policy, and architectural standards.[1] In the UK, their design, specification, and implementation are governed by NHS and Ministry of Justice standards.
Design principles
[edit]Ligature resistant design involves eliminating potential ligature points on fixtures and surfaces. Typical features include sloped or curved geometry, minimal gaps, tamper-resistant fastenings, and durable materials. These are applied to lighting, sanitary ware, door hardware, beds, curtain tracks, and furniture. These design principles form part of wider suicide prevention strategies and are incorporated into building standards for mental health and custodial facilities.[2]
Applications
[edit]Prisons
[edit]The Ministry of Justice (MoJ) provides formal guidance on the use of ligature-resistant design in custodial environments. These guidelines form part of the Certified Prisoner Accommodation Policy Framework, which includes specifications for "safer cells" that reduce self-harm opportunities.[3] The government's response to the Harris Review into deaths of young people in custody reaffirmed the need for environmental safeguards, including ligature-resistant fixtures.[3] The MoJ's response to the Harris Review on self-inflicted deaths in custody reinforces the importance of environmental design in suicide prevention.[4][5]
Secure healthcare facilities
[edit]In mental health services, ligature resistance is a fundamental part of inpatient safety protocols. The NHS mandates the use of ligature resistant fixtures in all unsupervised or semi-supervised areas. Health Building Note (HBN) 03-01 outlines requirements for adult acute mental health units, including furniture, sanitary fittings, and lighting.[6]
In NHS mental health settings, anti-ligature measures are implemented in areas such as bedrooms, bathrooms, and de-escalation spaces. NHS guidance such as Health Building Note 03-01 outlines environmental strategies to manage risk. Other documents, such as Facilities for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), also include provisions for anti-ligature elements in specialist units.[7]
The NHS further provides guidance on fixtures such as curtain tracking systems,[8] and the role of fire safety and infection control in product specification.[9][10]
Results
[edit]Independent reviews of inpatient suicide prevention consistently emphasise the importance of environmental design. A 2021 rapid review from Cardiff University concluded that ligature-resistant environments significantly contribute to suicide prevention in inpatient care, particularly when combined with clinical interventions.[11]
The UK Government's 2023–2028 Suicide Prevention Strategy includes action points related to improving physical environments in both healthcare and custodial settings.[12]
See also
[edit]- Assessment of suicide risk
- Death in custody
- Detention (confinement)
- Incarceration and health
- Mental health law
- Suicide by hanging
- Suicide watch
References
[edit]- ^ "Health Building Note 03-01: Adult acute mental health units". NHS England. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
- ^ Karthaus, R.; Bernheimer, Lily; O'Brien, Rachel; Richard, Barnes (2017). "Wellbeing in prison design: A guide". University of East London. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
- ^ a b "Certified Prisoner Accommodation Policy Framework". GOV.UK. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
- ^ "Written statements - Written questions, answers and statement". UK Parliament. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
- ^ Hayes, Lindsay M. (1 May 2013). "Suicide prevention in correctional facilities: Reflections and next steps". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. Special Issue on Prisons and Mental Health. 36 (3): 188–194. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.04.010. ISSN 0160-2527. PMID 23664363.
- ^ "Health Building Note 03-01: Adult acute mental health units". NHS England. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
- ^ "Health Building Note 03-02: Facilities for child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS)". NHS England. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
- ^ "Health Building Note 00-10: Design for flooring, walls, ceilings, sanitary ware and windows". NHS England. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
- ^ "Health Technical Memorandum 05-03: Firecode – Fire Safety in the NHS – Operational provisions". NHS England. 4 August 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
- ^ "Health Building Note 00-09: Infection control in the built environment". NHS England. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
- ^ Evans, Nicola; Edwards, Deborah; Chick, Phill (2022). "Managing suicidality in inpatient care: a rapid review". Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice. 17 (6): 479–494. doi:10.1108/JMHTEP-05-2020-0023. ISSN 1755-6228.
- ^ "Suicide prevention strategy: action plan". GOV.UK. Retrieved 21 May 2025.