Allogenic succession
In ecology, allogenic succession is succession driven by the abiotic components of an ecosystem.[1] In contrast, autogenic succession is driven by the biotic components of the ecosystem.[1] An allogenic succession can be initiated in a number of ways which can include:
- Volcanic eruptions
- Meteor or comet strike
- Flooding
- Drought
- Earthquakes
- Non-anthropogenic climate change[2]
Allogenic succession can happen on a time scale that is proportionate with the disturbance. For example, allogenic succession that is the result of non-anthropogenic climate change can happen over thousands of years.[3]
Allogenic succession can also vary widely in spatial scale. Some disturbances, like landslides or localized floods, affect only small patches of land and initiate short-term successional processes. Others, such as glaciation or long-term tectonic shifts, can transform entire regions over millennia.[4]
Human activities are also a major source of allogenic disturbance. Anthropogenic events, like deforestation, urbanization, mining, and agriculture, alter abiotic conditions like soil structure, water availability, and microclimates. These changes can trigger succession by creating new environments for colonization. For example, strip mining can expose bare substrate, initiating a succession that begins with pioneer species.[5]
Example
[edit]The majority of Salt Marsh development comes from allogenic succession.[6] The constant exposure to water in the intertidal zone causes the soil of a salt marsh to change over time. This results in sedimentation and nutrient buildup that also slowly raises the level of the land. What started as a sandy soil with a slightly high pH level, eventually becomes a loamy soil with a more neutral pH level. During this period, the soil-salinity will also change by starting low and eventually rising to higher levels from continued seawater exposure.
Glacier forelands are another example of ecosystems that form from autogenic but also partly allogenic succession.[7] The importance of this is estimated to be higher in earlier successional stages, regarding rock formations, slope angles and soil composition.
On a smaller scale, a treefall gap caused by wind or lightning can also trigger allogenic succession. The sudden change in light, moisture, and soil allows early successional species to establish, eventually leading to canopy regeneration.[8]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Martin, Elizabeth; Hine, Robert (2008). "Succession". A Dictionary of Biology (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920462-5. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
- ^ 9(i) Plant Succession
- ^ "Ecological Succession in Biotic Community". 30 November 2014.
- ^ Pickett, Steward T.A.; White, Peter S. (1985). The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press. ISBN 9780125545206.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help) - ^ Bradshaw, A.D.; Chadwick, M.J. (1980). The Restoration of Land: The Ecology and Reclamation of Derelict and Degraded Land. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520038173.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help) - ^ Dini-Andreote, Francisco; Silva, Michele de Cássia Pereira e; Triadó-Margarit, Xavier; Casamayor, Emilio O.; Elsas, Jan Dirk van; Salles, Joana Falcão (October 2014). "Dynamics of bacterial community succession in a salt marsh chronosequence: evidences for temporal niche partitioning". The ISME Journal. 8 (10): 1989–2001. Bibcode:2014ISMEJ...8.1989D. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.54. PMC 4184019. PMID 24739625.
- ^ Wojcik, Robin; Eichel, Jana; Bradley, James A.; Benning, Liane G. (1 July 2021). "How allogenic factors affect succession in glacier forefields". Earth-Science Reviews. 218: 103642. Bibcode:2021ESRv..21803642W. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103642. hdl:1874/412195. ISSN 0012-8252. S2CID 235543727.
- ^ Whitmore, T.C. (1989). "Canopy gaps and the two major groups of forest trees". Ecology. 70 (3): 536–538. doi:10.2307/1940190.
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