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Adansi

Coordinates: 6°29′00″N 0°11′00″E / 6.4833333°N 0.1833333°E / 6.4833333; 0.1833333
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Adansi State
Adanse
c. 12th century–1701
CapitalFomena
Common languagesTwi (Adanse dialect)
Religion
Akan religion
Demonym(s)Adansefoɔ
GovernmentClan-based confederation; later elective chieftaincy
History 
• Formation of independent Akan state
c. 12th century
• Became a tributary of Denkyira
1659
• Battle of Feyiase – Adanse absorbed into the Asante Empire
1701
CurrencyGold dust (sika futuro) and barter
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Bonoman
Twifo
Assin
Denkyira
Akyem
Asante Empire
Today part ofAshanti Region Ghana

Adansi (also spelled Adanse) is one of the earliest historically documented Akan states, located in the southern part of modern Ghana’s Ashanti Region. It is widely regarded in Akan oral tradition as a spiritual and ancestral homeland. Historically, Adansi was a prominent center of gold production and early state formation, playing a foundational role in the emergence of later Akan polities such as Denkyira, Akyem, Twifo, Assin, and the Asante Empire.[1][2]

History

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Origins and Settlement Traditions

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Main article: Bonoman

Adansi originated in the 12th or 13th century as part of the southward migration of Akan peoples from the Bono region.[3] Oral and historical traditions consider Adansi a direct successor to Bono, inheriting much of its political and spiritual culture. As early as the 13th century, waves of Bono migrants moved into the Pra–Ofin forest belt, where they formed new settlements and reconstituted core institutions of Akan governance. These included sacred kingship, matrilineal succession, and the roles of the Okyeame (linguist), Abusuapanyin (clan elder), and chief.[4][5]

According to widespread oral traditions, the earliest Akan settlements took form in Adansi, described as the place where "God created the world" and where the art of building (adanseɛ) first developed. The town of Adansemanso is remembered as one of the five original Akan towns, regarded as a sacred ancestral home of the Akan peoples. Local accounts also link Adansemanso to foundational political lineages, including the Asona and Bretuo clans. The site was eventually abandoned as inhabitants dispersed to form new towns such as Dompoase and Fomena, though it remained a shrine and sacred grove for centuries afterward.[6]

Adansemanso Excavations and Early Urbanism

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Excavations at Adansemanso have revealed it to be the largest ancient settlement yet identified in the central forest region of Ghana, with evidence of continuous occupation from as early as the ninth century CE. Archaeologists uncovered linear domestic mounds, house floors, pottery, and significant quantities of iron slag, confirming oral traditions that link Adansi towns to early iron production. Very few foreign imports or tobacco pipes were found, supporting the view that the site was largely abandoned before the seventeenth century. Two brass gold weights were also recovered—an uncommon find in archaeological contexts—further indicating the town's early involvement in gold-based economies.[6]

Trade and Regional Influence

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Before the advent of European coastal trade, the goldfields of the forest zone—where Adansi would emerge—were indirectly integrated into expansive trans-Saharan exchange networks. From as early as the 12th century, gold from this region was acquired by Mande-Dyula (Wangara) merchants, who transported it to major Sahelian trading hubs such as Bonduku, Wagadugu, and Bouna. From there, these goods entered broader trans-Saharan circuits connecting to Timbuktu, Jenne, and ultimately the Maghreb, Cairo, and other parts of North Africa and the Mediterranean.[7] While the Akan themselves did not engage in long-distance trans-Saharan trade, they exchanged gold dust and kola nuts for salt, woven cloth, copper alloys, and enslaved persons at regional markets linked to this larger commercial web. Key entrepôts like Begho served as vital connectors between the forest and Sahel economies.[8]

Adansi and the Accany in Early European Accounts

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By the 16th and 17th centuries, European traders recognized Adansi as part of the inland gold-rich region referred to as Accany or Arcany. Portuguese sources as early as 1505–1508, including navigator Duarte Pacheco Pereira, referenced merchant groups such as the Haccanys (Akani/Accany), Cacres, Andese, and Souzos—believed to be associated with Adansi—who transported gold from interior forest settlements to coastal trading posts. The gold from this region was so renowned for its purity that it was termed "Akan sica" (Akan gold) by coastal and European merchants.[9]

Early 16th-century accounts also reveal a high degree of political organization in the interior. A 1517 report describes messengers from the King of the Akani arriving at Elmina to report on a conflict with a neighboring group referred to as the "Atis"—believed to be a Portuguese rendering of the Etsii people, a known community in the region.[10] By 1548, European officials noted “civil wars among the Akani,” pointing to internal factional struggles and a complex political landscape. These records portray the inland societies not as tribal or stateless, but as structured polities with rulers, military systems, diplomatic envoys, and well-developed trade routes. The use of terms such as “King of the Akani” and “Kingdom of Arcany” suggests early European recognition of centralized governance within the inland Akan world, including Adansi.[9]

A 1629 Dutch map of the Gold Coast labeled the region as “Acanni” and described it as inhabited by “the most principal merchants who trade gold with us,” reflecting Adansi’s role in early Akan commerce and state formation.[11]

Dutch accounts later echoed these descriptions. The Dutch envoy Heerman Abramsz, writing in 1679, referred to the "great country of Accanien" situated inland from Elmina, with key settlements engaged in long-distance gold trade. Similarly, Dutch cartographer Muller, writing in the 1660s, identified a town named "Alance"—believed to refer to Adansi—as a major location within the "Kingdom of Arcania".[12] Historians such as Boahen, Daaku, and Fage agree that the term "Accany" referred to the Adansi region, particularly the Ofin River basin. This area is regarded as one of the earliest centers of organized government among the Akan people.[13]

Political Power and Economic Dominance

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At its peak in the 17th century, prior to its subjugation by Denkyira, Adansi was the leading political and economic power in the Ofin–Pra basin. Its territory encompassed several gold-rich towns including Akrokerri, Dompoase, and Fomena, forming a network of autonomous settlements bound by cultural unity and political affiliation. The state was renowned for controlling vast auriferous lands, where all gold mining activities were subject to royal oversight. The Adansehene claimed ownership over all gold nuggets discovered in his territory and was legally entitled to one-third of all gold mined on stool lands.[14]

The wealth generated from gold was immense: during the reign of Adansehene Awurade Basa, the state maintained its dominance over Denkyira, which remained a tributary. In 1659, Awurade Basa’s son, Apea Brenya, was dispatched to collect a gold payment from the Denkyirahene valued at £96,000—a staggering amount for the time.[14] This gold-funded treasury enabled the Adansi leadership to maintain a military arsenal and a palace of high prestige. The state's treasurer, or Sanaahene, oversaw a professional financial bureaucracy responsible for the protection and disbursement of funds.[14]

Instability and Fragmentation of Accany

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By the late sixteenth century, the Adansi polity formed a key part of the wider Akan confederacy referred to as Accany. However, this period was marked by growing instability due to commercial rivalry and political struggles among the constituent Akan states.[15] The death of Awurade Basa, King of Akyase and symbolic creator of the Afenakwa sword of Adansi, triggered a series of succession disputes and wars for political dominance.

As competition over trade routes and goldfields intensified, external pressures from Denkyira, based at Nibanso on the Oda River, further strained the Adansi-led confederation. By the 1640s, increasing attacks by Denkyira and later Asante expansionism destabilized the region, prompting the migration of Asona clans and other Adansi groups eastward into the Akyem hills.[15] This migration culminated during the Adanse-Denkyira War around 1659, which broke Adansi’s power and led to the rise of new polities beyond the Pra River.

Decline and Subjugation to Denkyira

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Main article: Denkyira

In or around 1659, Adansi was decisively defeated by Denkyira under the leadership of Boamponsem. This victory was so thorough that contemporary Dutch sources reported that "Adansi had quietly disappeared".[16] Prior to this, Denkyira had been subject to Adansi, and the shift in power marked a key political transformation in the Ofin-Pra basin. Notably, Denkyira's capital of Abankeseso was founded by refugees fleeing Adansi authority.[16]

Migrations After Adansi's Fall

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Main article: Akyem

Following the defeat of Adansi by Denkyira in the mid-17th century, waves of migrants from the fallen kingdom dispersed eastward and southward across the forest zone. According to oral traditions and historical accounts, segments of the Asona clan relocated from the Adansi heartland to establish new settlements such as Akropong, Abonse, and later Akyem Abuakwa.[17]

The early rulers of Akyem Abuakwa, notably Ofori Panin and his predecessors, are remembered in Adansi traditions as having carried with them many of the sacred political institutions, including the veneration of Odomankoma and the structures of matrilineal governance.[17] In this way, Adansi’s political, religious, and cultural legacy continued to influence the evolution of Akan states well into the 18th and 19th centuries.

Colonial Encounters and Treaty of Fomena

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Main article: Treaty of Fomena

In 1873, Adansi chief Kobina Obeng sought independence from the Ashanti Empire due to the region's proximity to the British protectorate, located just north of the Pra River. During the same year, British forces under Sir Garnet Wolseley invaded the Ashanti capital of Kumasi, deposed Kofi Karikari, and imposed military pressure on the Ashanti polity. When Mensa Bonsu assumed the throne in late 1874, he made considerable efforts to reassert Ashanti authority over its former dependencies. Over the course of several years, he succeeded in restoring control over most territories, with the notable exception of Kwahu.[18]

The Treaty of Fomena was signed in February 1874 between the Ashanti Empire and the British Empire in the town of Fomena.[19] The agreement was intended to end hostilities following the British military campaign in the Ashanti region. As part of the treaty’s terms, the Ashanti were required to pay 50,000 ounces of gold as war indemnity and to renounce claims over several southern territories. These concessions significantly weakened Ashanti political and military power and marked a turning point in the empire’s gradual decline.[20]

Geographical Extent and Territorial Boundaries

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Precolonial Territories

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During the height of its power in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Adansi state occupied a strategic and resource-rich zone in the forest belt of southern Ghana, situated between the Pra and Ofin river basins. Its precolonial territory stretched northward to the forested settlements of Bekwai, Kokofu, and Dwaben, which later became core parts of the Asante polity. To the south, Adansi was bounded by the Pra River, marking its frontier with Denkyira and serving as a corridor to the coastal trade routes. The eastern boundary extended toward Asante Akim and the approaches to Kwahu, while its western limits reached into the gold-rich hills bordering early Twifo and other western Akan settlements.

Within this expansive region, it encompassed several major towns and clan settlements, including Fomena (the traditional capital), Akrokerri, Dompoase, and New Edubiase, as well as ancestral villages such as Ayaase, Abadwam, and Kokoblante. Obuasi, now famous for its gold mining, was already known for gold production in the precolonial period. The territory functioned as a decentralized confederation of autonomous but culturally linked settlements, governed by a network of clan leaders under the overarching authority of the Adansehene. These settlements were tied together through shared kinship, spiritual tradition, and participation in regional gold trade networks.[21][22]

Present-Day Adansi

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Obuasi is a town in the southern Ashanti Region and serves as the capital of the Obuasi Municipal District, located just south of Kumasi.[23] With a population of 168,641 according to Ghana’s 2010 Population and Housing Census, Obuasi is the second-largest urban settlement in the region and the eighth-largest nationwide.[24][25] It is the largest contemporary settlement of the Adansi people.

Situated on the railway line from Kumasi to Sekondi, it is known for its Obuasi Gold Mine,[26] now one of the nine largest on Earth, gold having been mined on the site since at least the seventeenth century.

Architectural and Political Foundations

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Architectural Heritage

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Main article: Asante Traditional Buildings
English officers selecting quarters in the chief's palace at Fomena

The name Adansi derives from the Akan word adanseɛ, meaning “builders,” a reflection of the people's cultural legacy as early architects of statehood and sacred structures in the forest zone.[27] Oral traditions identify the Adansi as the first Akan group to develop elegant, durable architecture—including shrines, royal compounds, and rectangular clay dwellings—setting a stylistic precedent that later polities such as Akyem, Assin, Denkyira, and the Asante adopted and expanded.[28]

Archaeological studies of early sites like Adansemanso reveal long-term occupation, evidence of rectangular compound layouts, and the presence of early urban planning, which distinguished Adansi from other contemporary forest societies.[29] These settlements were not only practical but symbolic: sacred objects such as the Afenakwa sword, royal stools, and ceremonial regalia were enshrined within palatial compounds to signify political legitimacy and divine authority.[14]

According to oral traditions recorded by scholars, rulers such as Asare Nyansa emphasized the construction of permanent towns and formalized governance through councils (Abagua) based in elaborately built royal courts.[28] Traditions from Akrokerri also attribute the establishment of sacred buildings and early written symbols to divine origins, further reinforcing Adansi's reputation as a foundational center of Akan statecraft and religious authority.[30]

Political Development

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According to historians, Adansi served as the ancestral and cultural homeland of the major Akan matrilineal clans, including Asona, Bretuo, Oyoko, Agona, and Aduana. These groups originated from villages such as Kokoblante, Sodua, Ayaase, and Abadwam.[21] From these settlements emerged a complex network of semi-autonomous townships—such as Kaase, Amakom, Tafo, and Wonoo—that would later form the political foundation of the Asante Confederacy.

Many of these settlements were initially independent principalities organized around clan leaders and sacred kingship. The concept of Aman (plural of oman, or state) as practiced in these Adansi settlements became the prototype for the later Amantuo states like Kumawu, Mampon, and Dwaben.[31] These early examples of organized governance, military cohesion, and settlement planning underscore Adansi's foundational role in shaping the political landscape of the Akan forest zone.

Religion, Governance, and Cultural Identity

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Adansi culture shares many elements with the broader Akan world. Religious life centered on the veneration of deities such as Asase Ya/Afua (Earth goddess) and Tano (Ta Kora) (river god), alongside ancestral reverence.[32][14]

Unlike centralized Akan states such as Denkyira and Asante, Adansi’s cohesion was rooted in shared spiritual foundations—particularly the worship of Bona, a tutelary deity with a shrine at Patakoro. This religious structure reinforced a decentralized system in which each town retained autonomy and mobilized collectively only in times of war. The proverb “Adanse nkotowa nkotowa obiara da ne ben” ("each Adansi town is like a crab that sleeps in its own hole") reflects this clan-based independence.[33]

Political authority was exercised through the Adansehene, who ruled in consultation with divisional chiefs and elders.[34] Sacred objects such as the Afenakwa sword served as emblems of ritual legitimacy and unity, though its authority rotated among clans, reinforcing Adansi’s non-centralized governance.[35]

Oral tradition was preserved through royal oaths, stool rituals, funeral dirges, and drumming, which functioned as vessels of collective memory and historical continuity.[36]

Legacy

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Adansi is remembered not only for its historical independence and role in gold mining but also as a civilizational origin for many Akan states. Oral histories and written accounts place Adansi at the center of Akan cultural and political identity. Today, it remains a key traditional area within the Asante Kingdom and the Republic of Ghana.[37][38][39]

Sources

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  • Anquandah, James (2013). "The People of Ghana: Their Origins and Cultures". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (15): 1–25. ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 43855009. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
  • Boaten, Kwasi (1971). "The Asante Before 1700". Institute of African Studies Research Review. 8 (1): 50–65. Retrieved 25 April 2025.
  • Pereira, Duarte Pacheco (1937). Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis. Translated by Kimble, George H. T. London: Hakluyt Society.

References

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  1. ^ Kwasi Boaten, "The Asante Before 1700," Institute of African Studies Research Review, vol. 8, no. 1, 1971, pp. 50–65.
  2. ^ Kwame Y. Daaku, "History in the Oral Traditions of the Akan," Journal of the Folklore Institute, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, 1971.
  3. ^ Ofosu-Mensah 2010, pp. 126, 128.
  4. ^ Arhin 1979.
  5. ^ Effah-Gyamfi 2016, pp. 70–72.
  6. ^ a b Shinnie 2005, pp. 25–42.
  7. ^ Ofosu-Mensah 2010, pp. 128, 140.
  8. ^ Ofosu-Mensah 2010, p. 128.
  9. ^ a b Portuguese Colonial Sources, pp. 4–6.
  10. ^ Portuguese Colonial Sources, pp. 4–5.
  11. ^ Boaten 1971, p. 51.
  12. ^ Boahen 1973, pp. 105–109.
  13. ^ Boahen 1973, pp. 107–110.
  14. ^ a b c d e Ofosu-Mensah 2010, pp. 130–131.
  15. ^ a b Addo-Fening 1997, pp. 2–3.
  16. ^ a b McCaskie 2007, p. 7.
  17. ^ a b Addo-Fening 1997, pp. 2–5.
  18. ^ Ulzen Memorial Foundation 2017.
  19. ^ Country-data.com 2024.
  20. ^ Ulzen Memorial Foundation 2018.
  21. ^ a b Boaten 1971, pp. 50–51.
  22. ^ Ofosu-Mensah 2010, pp. 124–131.
  23. ^ Ministry of Trade and Industry 2021.
  24. ^ Anarfi et al. 2020.
  25. ^ Ghana Districts 2021.
  26. ^ MINING.COM 2019.
  27. ^ Buah 1998.
  28. ^ a b Wilks 2004, pp. 26–28.
  29. ^ Konadu 2010, pp. 33–34.
  30. ^ Wilks 2004, p. 24.
  31. ^ Boaten 1971, pp. 55–57.
  32. ^ Konadu and Campbell 2016, pp. 39–41.
  33. ^ Boaten 1971, pp. 50–52.
  34. ^ Ofosu-Mensah 2010, p. 130.
  35. ^ Konadu and Campbell 2016, pp. 53–54.
  36. ^ Daaku 1971.
  37. ^ Kwame Y. Daaku, "History in the Oral Traditions of the Akan", Journal of the Folklore Institute, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, 1971.
  38. ^ Kwasi Boaten, "The Asante Before 1700", University of Ghana.
  39. ^ Ofosu-Mensah, A.E. (2010). "Traditional Gold Mining in the Akan States of Ghana: A Case Study of the Adanse and Amansie Areas". Nordic Journal of African Studies, 19(2), 124–147.

6°29′00″N 0°11′00″E / 6.4833333°N 0.1833333°E / 6.4833333; 0.1833333

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