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3C 135

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3C 135
SDSS image of the radio galaxy 3C 135
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationOrion
Right ascension05h 14m 08.35s[1]
Declination+00° 56′ 32.25″[1]
Redshift0.127380[1]
Heliocentric radial velocity38,188 km/s[1]
Distance1.686 Gly
Apparent magnitude (V)17.00
Apparent magnitude (B)18.24
Characteristics
TypeE; BLRG; Sy2 HEG[1]
Size46.09 kiloparsecs (150,300 light-years)
(diameter; 2MASS K-band total isophote)[1]
Other designations
4C 00.18, PKS 0511+00, PGC 16952, DA 165, NRAO 0201, TXS 0511+008, 2MASX J05140834+0056316, 87GB 051132.2+005313, OG +020[1]

3C 135 is a Fanaroff-Riley class 2 radio galaxy[2] and a Seyfert 2 galaxy[3] located in the constellation of Orion. The redshift of the object is (z) 0.127[1] and it was first discovered as an astronomical radio source by A.S. Bennett conducting the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources in 1962, before optically identified in 1966 with its counterpart.[4][5]

Description

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3C 135 is a high excitation radio galaxy (HEG).[6] The host is a large elliptical galaxy described having a boxy morphology.[3][7] There is a tiny surface brightness structure situated along its minor axis.[8] The supermassive black hole mass of the galaxy is estimated as 8.09 ± 0.06 Mʘ and the host mass is 11.24 ± 0.03 Mʘ.[9] It is located inside a rich galaxy cluster, with several other galaxies surrounding it. It is also a close pair with a small companion galaxy located southwest from it.[10][11]

An emission-line region is present in the galaxy. Based on studies, the region is mainly aligning together with its radio source and is described elongating along the axis of its jet. There is a radio emission region found disconnected and towards the direction of the northwest hotspot.[12] It is described as compact, displaying rapid rotations in its central regions and decreasing velocity gradients in its outer diffused structures. There are also emission-line knots present, forming a conical structure in southwest direction with a distance of 77 kiloparsecs.[13] There is also presence of extended outflows from the galaxy, forming into two symmetrical lobes extending into northwest and southeast directions.[14]

The radio structure of the galaxy is classified as compact. When imaged with Very Large Array, it is found to have a low-surface brightness extension north from its southern radio lobe. The northern radio lobe on the other hand, is found to be split into two segments described as unequal with a constriction separation in the lobe boundary. There is a small outer component of high brightness levels and a defined double hotspot structure described having an elongated recessed primary hotspot. A faint one-sided jet can be seen entering the southern lobe, with evidence pointing out it is also interacting with interstellar medium gas.[15][16] Observations also found evidence of strong emission-line features on the southwest side of the galaxy but receding features on its northwest side.[17]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "NED search results for 3C 135". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  2. ^ Gill, Ajay; Boyce, Michelle M.; O’Dea, Christopher P.; Baum, Stefi A.; Kharb, Preeti; Campbell, Neil; Tremblay, Grant R.; Kundu, Suman (2021-05-01). "Extended X-Ray Emission Associated with the Radio Lobes and the Environments of 60 Radio Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 912 (2): 88. arXiv:2105.12753. Bibcode:2021ApJ...912...88G. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abec74. ISSN 0004-637X.
  3. ^ a b "Individual Information for 3C 135". dc.zah.uni-heidelberg.de. Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  4. ^ Bennett, A. S. (1962). "The revised 3C catalogue of radio sources". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 68: 163. Bibcode:1962MmRAS..68..163B.
  5. ^ Wyndham, J. D. (May 1966). "Optical Identification of Radio Sources in the 3c Revised Catalogue". The Astrophysical Journal. 144: 459. Bibcode:1966ApJ...144..459W. doi:10.1086/148526. ISSN 0004-637X.
  6. ^ Massaro, F.; Harris, D. E.; Tremblay, G. R.; Axon, D.; Baum, S. A.; Capetti, A.; Chiaberge, M.; Gilli, R.; Giovannini, G.; Grandi, P.; Macchetto, F. D.; O’Dea, C. P.; Risaliti, G.; Sparks, W. (2010-04-13). "CHANDRA OBSERVATIONS OF 3C RADIO SOURCES WITH z < 0.3: NUCLEI, DIFFUSE EMISSION, JETS, AND HOTSPOTS". The Astrophysical Journal. 714 (1): 589–604. arXiv:1003.2438. Bibcode:2010ApJ...714..589M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/714/1/589. ISSN 0004-637X.
  7. ^ Tremblay, G. R.; Chiaberge, M.; Donzelli, C. J.; Quillen, A. C.; Capetti, A.; Sparks, W. B.; Macchetto, F. D. (September 2007). "Isophotal Structure and Dust Distribution in Radio-loud Elliptical Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 666 (1): 109–121. arXiv:0705.3642. Bibcode:2007ApJ...666..109T. doi:10.1086/520333. ISSN 0004-637X.
  8. ^ McCarthy, Patrick J.; Spinrad, Hyron; van Breugel, Wil (July 1995). "Emission-Line Imaging of 3CR Radio Galaxies. I. Imaging Data". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 99: 27. Bibcode:1995ApJS...99...27M. doi:10.1086/192178. ISSN 0067-0049.
  9. ^ Woo, Jong-Hak; Urry, C. Megan; van der Marel, Roeland P.; Lira, Paulina; Maza, Jose (October 2005). "Black Hole Masses and Host Galaxy Evolution of Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal. 631 (2): 762–772. arXiv:astro-ph/0506316. Bibcode:2005ApJ...631..762W. doi:10.1086/432681. ISSN 0004-637X.
  10. ^ Cohen, Marshall H.; Ogle, Patrick M.; Tran, Hien D.; Goodrich, Robert W.; Miller, Joseph S. (November 1999). "Polarimetry and Unification of Low-Redshift Radio Galaxies". The Astronomical Journal. 118 (5): 1963–1987. arXiv:astro-ph/9909215. Bibcode:1999AJ....118.1963C. doi:10.1086/301074. ISSN 0004-6256.
  11. ^ de Koff, Sigrid; Baum, Stefi A.; Sparks, William B.; Biretta, John; Golombek, Daniel; Macchetto, Ferdinando; McCarthy, Patrick; Miley, George K. (December 1996). "HST Snapshot Survey of 3CR Radio Source Counterparts. I. Intermediate Redshifts". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 107 (2): 621–660. Bibcode:1996ApJS..107..621D. doi:10.1086/192376. ISSN 0067-0049.
  12. ^ Privon, G. C.; O'Dea, C. P.; Baum, S. A.; Axon, D. J.; Kharb, P.; Buchanan, C. L.; Sparks, W.; Chiaberge, M. (April 2008). "WFPC2 LRF Imaging of Emission-Line Nebulae in 3CR Radio Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 175 (2): 423–461. arXiv:0710.3105. Bibcode:2008ApJS..175..423P. doi:10.1086/525024. ISSN 0067-0049.
  13. ^ Balmaverde, B.; Capetti, A.; Marconi, A.; Venturi, G.; Chiaberge, M.; Baldi, R. D.; Baum, S.; Gilli, R.; Grandi, P.; Meyer, E. T.; Miley, G.; O’Dea, C.; Sparks, W.; Torresi, E.; Tremblay, G. (2021-01-01). "The MURALES survey - III. Completing the MUSE observations of 37 3C low-z radio galaxies". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 645: A12. arXiv:2010.11195. Bibcode:2021A&A...645A..12B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039062. ISSN 0004-6361.
  14. ^ Speranza, G.; Balmaverde, B.; Capetti, A.; Massaro, F.; Tremblay, G.; Marconi, A.; Venturi, G.; Chiaberge, M.; Baldi, R. D.; Baum, S.; Grandi, P.; Meyer, E. T.; O’Dea, C.; Sparks, W.; Terrazas, B. A. (2021-09-01). "The MURALES survey - IV. Searching for nuclear outflows in 3C radio galaxies at z < 0.3 with MUSE observations". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 653: A150. arXiv:2106.09743. Bibcode:2021A&A...653A.150S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140686. ISSN 0004-6361.
  15. ^ Leahy, J. P.; Black, A. R. S.; Dennett-Thorpe, J.; Hardcastle, M. J.; Komissarov, S.; Perley, R. A.; Riley, J. M.; Scheuer, P. a. G. (October 1997). "A study of FRII radio galaxies with z<0.15 - II. High-resolution maps of 11 sources at 3.6 CM". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 291 (1): 20–53. doi:10.1093/mnras/291.1.20. ISSN 0035-8711.
  16. ^ F., Hägele, G.; C., Feinstein; D., Macchetto, F.; F., Montero, M. (April 2008). "The interaction between jets and clouds in the 3CR galaxies". Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica Conference Series. 32: 107. Bibcode:2008RMxAC..32..107H. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-09-10.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Hutchings, J. B.; Baum, S. A.; Weistrop, D.; Nelson, C.; Kaiser, M. E.; Gelderman, R. F. (August 1998). "Spatially Resolved Spectra of 3C Galaxy Nuclei". The Astronomical Journal. 116 (2): 634–642. arXiv:astro-ph/9805177. Bibcode:1998AJ....116..634H. doi:10.1086/300474. ISSN 0004-6256.
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