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2025 in spaceflight

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2025 in spaceflight
(top) Firefly's Blue Ghost lunar lander touched down successfully in March 2025; (bottom) Blue Origin's New Glenn launch
Orbital launches
First4 January
Last20 June
Total139
Successes132
Failures7
Partial failures0
National firsts
Satellite
Space traveller
Rockets
Maiden flights
Retirements
Crewed flights
Orbital4
Orbital travellers14
Suborbital3
Suborbital travellers18
Total travellers32
EVAs4
2025 in spaceflight
← 2024
2026 →

Spaceflight in 2025 promises to follow the 2020s trend of record-breaking orbital launches (with at least 300 expected) and increased developments in lunar, Mars, and low-earth orbit exploration. Spaceflight in 2025 will include more private companies' launches, and reusable launch vehicles will be used. Private robotic landers, part of NASA's CLPS Program have touched down with more to land as part of the Artemis program.

Overview

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Astronomy and astrophysics

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Exploration of the Solar System

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AstroForge's Brokkr-2 was launched on 27 February 2025 to perform a flyby of a near-Earth asteroid and determine if the asteroid is metallic.[1] The mission failed because of communication issues.

China launched the Tianwen-2 (ZhengHe) asteroid sample-return and comet probe on 28 May 2025.[2] It will rendezvous with near-Earth asteroid 469219 Kamo'oalewa in mid-2026, attempt to collect samples, and return samples back to Earth in late 2027. Then it will travel to main-belt comet 311P/PANSTARRS for a decade-long mission to further explore the mysterious comet-like object.[3]

Lunar exploration

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On 15 January, Blue Ghost Mission 1 by Firefly Aerospace and Hakuto-R Mission 2 by ispace launched together on a Falcon 9.

Firefly Aerospace's lunar lander carried NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads as a part of Commercial Lunar Payload Services program to Mare Crisium.[4] Landing was completed successfully on 2 March 2025.[5]

Epic Aerospace's Chimera-1 Space tug was planned to transition from TLI to Geosynchronous but failed due to a possible communication failure.[citation needed]

On 5 June, Hakuto-R Mission 2, carrying the RESILIENCE lunar lander and the TENACIOUS micro rover, attempted a landing in Mare Frigoris but crashed into the lunar surface.[6][7][8]

Intuitive Machines's lunar lander IM-2, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial rovers (Yaoki, AstroAnt, Micro-Nova and MAPP LV1) and payloads as a part of Commercial Lunar Payload Services program to Mons Mouton, was launched on 27 February 2025 on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle with Brokkr-2 and Lunar Trailblazer. IM-2 landed on 6 March 2025. The spacecraft was intact after touchdown but resting on its side, thereby complicating its planned science and technology demonstration mission; this outcome is similar to what occurred with the company's IM-1 Odysseus spacecraft in 2024.[9]

Lunar Trailblazer aims to aid in the understanding of lunar water and the Moon's water cycle. The mission failed as contact was never established with spacecraft after launch.[10] On March 13, Intuitive Machines shared that, like on the IM-1 mission, the Athena's altimeter had failed during landing, leaving its onboard computer without an accurate altitude reading. As a result, the spacecraft struck a plateau, tipped over, and skidded across the lunar surface, rolling once or twice before settling inside the crater. The company's CEO compared it to a baseball player sliding into a base. During the slide, the spacecraft rolled once or twice, before coming to rest inside the crater. The impact also kicked up regolith that coated the solar panels in dust, further degrading their performance.[11]

Blue Origin plans to launch their MK1 Lunar Lander as a "pathfinder" mission in 2025.[12]

Human spaceflight

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On 30 January, Sunita Williams broke the world record for the most time spent on spacewalk by a woman when she accumulated 62 hours and 6 minutes on her ninth EVA. The record was previously held by Peggy Whitson with 60 hours and 21 minutes.[13]

Private human spaceflight and space tourism

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On 1 April at 01:46 (UTC), Fram2 launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, becoming the first crewed spaceflight to enter a polar retrograde orbit,[14] i.e., to fly over Earth's poles.[15]

Rocket innovation

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Blue Origin completed the maiden flight of its New Glenn rocket on 16 January 2025. The second stage successfully placed its payload into orbit, while the first stage failed to land on the recovery ship offshore.[16]

SpaceX expects to perform an in-space propellant transfer demonstration using two docked Starships in 2025—a critical milestone that will allow SpaceX to refuel their Starship HLS vehicle for an uncrewed lunar landing demonstration in the following year.[17]

Satellite technology

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ISRO successfully completed the docking of two SpaDeX satellites (SDX-01 & SDX-02) in the early hours of 16 January 2025.[18] Docking of two vehicles in space has previously only been achieved by the Soviet Union/Russia, United States, ESA, and China.

Kuiper Systems, Amazon's satellite internet subsidiary, plans to ramp up launches for its constellation of over 3,000 satellites. The launches will occur on Falcon 9, Ariane 6, Vulcan Centaur and New Glenn launch vehicles.[19]

Orbital launches

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Main articles: List of spaceflight launches in January–March 2025, List of spaceflight launches in April–June 2025, List of spaceflight launches in July–September 2025, and List of spaceflight launches in October–December 2025
Numbers of orbital launches
Month Total Successes Failures Partial failures
January 22 21 1 0
February 20 20 0 0
March 27 24 3 0
April 26 25 1 0
May 29 27 2 0
June 15 15 0 0
July TBD TBD TBD TBD
August TBD TBD TBD TBD
September TBD TBD TBD TBD
October TBD TBD TBD TBD
November TBD TBD TBD TBD
December TBD TBD TBD TBD
Total 139 132 7 0

Deep-space rendezvous

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Date (UTC) Spacecraft Event Remarks
8 January BepiColombo Sixth gravity assist at Mercury Success
13 February Blue Ghost Mission 1 Lunar orbit insertion Success [20]
14 February Hakuto-R Mission 2 Lunar flyby This flyby placed the lander into a low-energy ballistic transfer orbit for capture into lunar orbit in mid-May.[21]
18 February Solar Orbiter Fourth gravity assist at Venus This flyby of Venus will increase the inclination of the spacecraft's orbit from about 7.7 to around 17 degrees.[22]
1 March Europa Clipper Gravity assist at Mars Success
2 March Blue Ghost Mission 1 Lunar landing Success
Landing site is in Mare Crisium near Mons Latreille, coordinates 18°34′N 61°49′E / 18.56°N 61.81°E / 18.56; 61.81
3 March IM-2 Athena Lunar orbit insertion
6 March IM-2 Athena Lunar landing Partial success; Lander tipped over after touchdown. Landing site is on Mons Mouton, coordinates 84°47′26″S 29°11′45″E / 84.7906°S 29.1957°E / -84.7906; 29.1957)
12 March Hera Gravity assist at Mars Success
Conducted observations and a flyby of the Martian moon Deimos
22 March Parker Solar Probe 23rd perihelion
20 April Lucy Flyby of asteroid 52246 Donaldjohanson Target altitude 922 km
6 May Hakuto-R Mission 2 Lunar orbit insertion Success [23]
10 May Kosmos 482 Earth entry and impact The Molniya rocket failed to deliver the spacecraft to a Venus transfer orbit, stranding it in orbit for 53 years. The lander's successful entry was monitored by Roscosmos, with the vehicle impacting the Indian Ocean west of Jakarta.
5 June Hakuto-R Mission 2 Lunar landing Landing targeted for Mare Frigoris, landing failure
19 June Parker Solar Probe 24th perihelion
31 August JUICE Gravity assist at Venus
15 September Parker Solar Probe 25th perihelion
12 December Parker Solar Probe 26th perihelion
24 December Solar Orbiter Fifth gravity assist at Venus This flyby of Venus will increase the inclination of the spacecraft's orbit further to 24 degrees, and will mark the start of the ‘high-latitude’ mission.

Extravehicular activities (EVAs)

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See also: List of spacewalks since 2025
Start Date/Time Duration End Time Spacecraft Crew Remarks
16 January
13:01 		6 hours 19:01 Expedition 72
ISS Quest
Hague and Williams ventured outside and replaced the Rate Gyro Assembly Gyroscope 2 on the S0 Truss, replaced the retro reflectors on IDA 3, installed shields on NICER to patch holes in the light shades, relocated the C2V2 cables out of the way so the astronauts and Canadarm 2 could access the worksite, tested a tool on the AMS jumpers, and photographed the AMS jumpers so they can be de-mated on a future spacewalk. As part of a get-ahead task, they inspected an ammonia vent line on Unity and inspected a foot restraint located near the Z1 Radio Antenna. This spacewalk was originally supposed to be performed by Andreas Mogensen and Loral O'Hara during Expedition 70, but it was delayed indefinitely due to a radiator leak on Nauka.[24]
20 January
08:55 		8 hours, 17 minutes 17:12 Shenzhou 19
TSS Wentian
Tasks included installation of space debris protection devices and inspections of the exterior of the TSS.[25]
30 January
12:43 		5 hours, 26 minutes 18:09 Expedition 72
ISS Quest
Wilmore and Williams successfully removed a faulty radio communications unit, although the time needed for this meant that other tasks that were scheduled for the spacewalk weren't accomplished. Williams broke the record for the woman to have spent the most on EVA, with a total of 62 hours and 6 minutes.[13]
1 May
13:05 		5 hours, 44 minutes 18:49 Expedition 73
ISS Quest
McClain and Ayers relocated a communications antenna, installed a mounting bracket for a future Roll Out Solar Array, installed a jumper cable to provide power from the P6 truss to the Russian Orbital Segment and removed bolts from a micrometeoroid cover.[26]

Space debris events

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See also: List of space debris producing events
Date/Time (UTC) Source object Event type Pieces tracked Remarks
9 February United States New Glenn upper stage+Blue Ring Breakup ~67 Energetic fragmentation event; Cause Unknown; but may be related to upper stage passivization or insulation.

Orbital launch statistics

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By country

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For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, Electron rockets launched from the Māhia Peninsula in New Zealand are counted under the United States because Electron is an American rocket. For a launch attempt to be considered orbital it must be trying to achieve a positive perigee. Launches from the Moon are not included in the statistics.

Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures
 China 36 35 1 0
 France 1 1 0 0
 Germany 1 0 1 0
 India 2 1 1 0
 Italy 1 1 0 0
 Japan 1 1 0 0
 Russia 7 7 0 0
 United States 90[a] 86 4 0
World 139 132 7 0

By rocket

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By family

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By type

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By configuration

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By spaceport

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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Australia
China
France
India
Iran
Japan
Kazakhstan
New Zealand
North Korea
Norway
Russia
United States
Site Country Launches Successes Failures Partial failures Remarks
Andøya  Norway 1 0 1 0 First orbital launch
Baikonur  Kazakhstan 2 2 0 0
Cape Canaveral  United States 37 37 0 0
Jiuquan  China 14 13 1 0
Kennedy  United States 14 14 0 0
Kourou  France 2 2 0 0
Māhia  New Zealand 8 8 0 0
Plesetsk  Russia 5 5 0 0
Satish Dhawan  India 2 1 1 0
Starbase  United States 3 0 3 0
Taiyuan  China 5 5 0 0
Tanegashima  Japan 1 1 0 0
Vandenberg  United States 28 27 1 0
Wenchang  China 5 5 0 0
Xichang  China 10 10 0 0
Yellow Sea  China 2 2 0 0
Total 139 132 7 0

By orbit

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  •   Transatmospheric
  •   Low Earth
  •   Low Earth (ISS)
  •   Low Earth (CSS)
  •   Low Earth (SSO)
  •   Low Earth (polar)
  •   Medium Earth
  •   Molniya
  •   Geosynchronous
  •   High Earth
  •   Lunar transfer
  •   Heliocentric
Orbital regime Launches Achieved Not achieved Accidentally
achieved 		Remarks
Transatmospheric 3 0 3 0
Low Earth / Sun-synchronous 112 108 4 0 Including flights to ISS and Tiangong (CSS)
Geosynchronous / Tundra / GTO 18 18 0 0
Medium Earth / Molniya 3 3 0 0
High Earth / Lunar transfer 2 2 0 0
Heliocentric orbit / Planetary transfer 1 1 0 0
Total 139 132 7 0

Suborbital launch statistics

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By country

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For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of suborbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. Flights intended to fly below 80 km (50 mi) are omitted.

Country Launches Successes Failures Partial
failures
 Canada 2 2 0 0
 North Korea 2 2 0 0
 United States 14 14 0 0
 Yemen 5 5 0 0
World 19 19 0 0

Maiden flights

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Rocket Origin Organization Launch Outcome Ref.
New Glenn  USA Blue Origin 16 January Success [27]
Starship Block 2  USA SpaceX 16 January Failure [28]
Long March 8A  China China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology 11 February Success [29][30]
Spectrum  Germany Isar Aerospace 30 March Failure [31]
Tianlong-3  China Space Pioneer July TBD [32]
Pallas-1  China Galactic Energy August TBD [33]
Ceres-2  China Galactic Energy Late August TBD [34]
Kinetica 2  China CAS Space September TBD [35]
RFA One  Germany Rocket Factory Augsburg Q3 TBD [36]
Zhuque-3  China LandSpace Q3 TBD [37]
Irtysh  Russia TsSKB Progress December TBD [38]
Hyperbola-3  China i-Space December TBD [39][40]
Antares 330  USA Northrop Grumman Q4 TBD [41]
Ariane 64  France ArianeGroup Q4 TBD [42]
HLVM3  India ISRO Q4 TBD [43]
Neutron  USA Rocket Lab H2 TBD [44]
Eris Block 1  Australia Gilmour Space Technologies Planned TBD [45][46]
HANBIT-Nano  South Korea Innospace Planned TBD [47]
Hera-II  UK Astraius Planned TBD
Nova  USA Stoke Space Planned TBD [48]
Starship Block 3  USA SpaceX Planned TBD [49]
H3-30S  Japan JAXA and MHI Planned TBD [50]
Solid fuel SLV (All stages variant)  South Korea Agency for Defense Development Planned TBD [51]
Nebula-1  China Deep Blue Aerospace Planned TBD [52]
Yuanxingzhe-1  China Space Epoch Planned TBD [53]
4-meter-class Reusable Launcher  China Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology Planned TBD [54][55]
Agnibaan  India AgniKul Cosmos Planned TBD [56]
Vikram-1  India Skyroot Aerospace Planned TBD [57]

Notes

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SpaceX's Fram2 mission launched on March 31st, 2025 at 9:46 PM EDT.

  1. ^ Includes Electron launches from Māhia

References

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  1. ^ Foust, Jeff (30 January 2023). "Asteroid mining startup AstroForge to launch first missions this year". SpaceNews.com. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  2. ^ Cunningham, Doug. "China launches Tianwen-2 asteroid and comet study mission - UPI.com". UPI.
  3. ^ Clark, Stephen (28 May 2025). "China extends its reach into the Solar System with launch of asteroid mission". Ars Technica. New York: Conde Nast. Archived from the original on 29 May 2025. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
  4. ^ "NASA Selects Firefly Aerospace for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery in 2023". NASA (Press release). 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  5. ^ "Lunar Lander". Firefly Aerospace. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  6. ^ "ispace Announces Mission 2 with Unveiling of Micro Rover Design". ispace. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  7. ^ "ispace Announces SMBC x HAKUTO-R Mission 2 Venture Moon Mission Milestones & Ventures". ispace, Inc. 18 December 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
  8. ^ Banks, Michael (6 June 2025). "Japan's ispace suffers second lunar landing failure". Physics World. Retrieved 7 June 2025.
  9. ^ Foust, Jeff (6 March 2025). "IM-2 lunar lander on its side after touchdown". SpaceNews. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  10. ^ "Intuitive Machines' IM-2 Lunar Lander Successfully Commissioned and En Route to the Moon". investors.intuitivemachines.com. 27 February 2025. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
  11. ^ Berger, Eric (13 March 2025). "Athena landed in a dark crater where the temperature was minus 280° F". Ars Technica. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
  12. ^ Foust, Jeff (8 March 2024). "Blue Origin aims to launch first lunar lander in 2025". SpaceNews. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  13. ^ a b Robert Z. Pearlman (30 January 2025). "NASA astronaut Suni Williams sets new record on 5.5-hour spacewalk outside ISS (video)". Space.com. Retrieved 5 February 2025.
  14. ^ McDowell, Jonathan [@planet4589] (1 April 2025). "First Space Force orbit data for Fram-2 out , showing it in a 202 x 413 km x 90.01 deg orbit" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  15. ^ Foust, Jeff (1 April 2025). "SpaceX launches Fram2 private astronaut mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
  16. ^ Dunn, Marcia (16 January 2025). "Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin launches massive New Glenn rocket on first test flight". Associated Press News. Cape Canaveral. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
  17. ^ Berger, Eric (11 June 2024). "As NASA watches Starship closely, here's what the agency wants to see next". Ars Technica. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  18. ^ "Isro's SpaDeX: India successfully conducts historic space-docking test". www.bbc.com. 16 January 2025. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
  19. ^ Rivera, Mikayla (17 January 2024). "Project Kuiper: Amazon's Satellite Internet Provider". SatelliteInternet.com. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  20. ^ Firefly Aerospace [@Firefly_Space] (14 February 2025). "Our #GhostRiders nailed our most challenging burn to date! The team completed a 4-minute Lunar Orbit Insertion with Blue Ghost's RCS thrusters and main engine to enter an elliptical orbit around the Moon. Over the next 16 days, we'll conduct additional maneuvers to circularize our orbit and get closer to the lunar surface! #BGM1" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  21. ^ "ispace Completes Success 5 of Mission 2 Milestones". ispace. 15 February 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
  22. ^ "Solar Orbiter perihelia and flybys".
  23. ^ "ispace Completes Success 7 of Mission 2 Milestones".
  24. ^ Garcia, Mark A. (16 January 2025). "Two Astronauts Start Spacewalk for Astrophysics Hardware Work". blogs.nasa.gov. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
  25. ^ Jones, Andrew (22 January 2025). "Chinese astronauts install debris shields on Tiangong space station during 8.5-hour spacewalk (video)". Space. Retrieved 27 January 2025.
  26. ^ Garcia, Mark A. (1 May 2025). "NASA Astronauts McClain and Ayers Reenter Station and Complete Spacewalk". NASA. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
  27. ^ Berger, Eric (16 January 2025). "Blue Origin reaches orbit on first flight of its titanic New Glenn rocket". ArsTechnica. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
  28. ^ Wall, Mike (16 January 2025). "SpaceX catches Super Heavy booster on Starship Flight 7 test but loses upper stage (video, photos)". Space.com. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
  29. ^ "China's Long March-8A rocket set for maiden flight in January 2025". CASC. 18 December 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
  30. ^ Lei, Zhao. "Space contractor plans maiden flight for carrier rockets". China Daily. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
  31. ^ Justin Davenport (30 March 2025). "Isar Aerospace launches Spectrum, fails early in first stage flight". NSF News Site.
  32. ^ "天龙系列运载火箭 重型无人机 全地形无人机反制车 雷达系统…… 这两天正在上海汽车会展中心举行的 上海国防科技工业装备与信息技术博览会上 近300多家国内外参展企业集中展示的创新成果 让公众有机会近距离感受国防科技的魅力" (in Chinese). 11 April 2025.
  33. ^ Andrew Jones (20 May 2025). "China launches classified comms satellite, conducts commercial sea launch". SpaceNews.
  34. ^ "Chinese private rocket maker defies the odds through innovation". Bastille Post. 14 June 2025.
  35. ^ CAS Space [@cas_space] (13 November 2024). "Update: Inaugural launch now aiming September 2025 Engineering Design Phase is now completed; all onboard and ground equipment are now in production" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  36. ^ "Rocket launch expected in the third quarter of this year, says RFA CEO". CNBC. 20 January 2025. Retrieved 20 January 2025.
  37. ^ Jones, Andrew (11 September 2024). "Landspace completes 10-kilometer reusable rocket test, eyes 2025 orbital launch". spacenews.com. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  38. ^ "First launch of Soyuz-5 rocket due Dec 24, 2025". TASS. 17 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  39. ^ Jones, Andrew (2 November 2023). "China's iSpace launches and lands rocket test stage". SpaceNews. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  40. ^ "iSpace accelerates the development of its reusable rocket 'Hyperbola-3' with a 700 million yuan investment". sankyungtoday. Park Si-su. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  41. ^ Clark, Stephen (2 July 2024). "Firefly is building fast and breaking things on path to a reusable rocket". Ars Technica. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  42. ^ ESA Director General's Annual Press Briefing, 9 January 2025, retrieved 18 January 2025
  43. ^ "India delays 1st Gaganyaan astronaut launch to 2027". Space.com. 8 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025.
  44. ^ Will Robinson-Smith (10 May 2025). "Rocket Lab to debut point-to-point cargo transportation capability on 2026 Air Force mission". SpaceflightNow.com. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  45. ^ "UPDATE: #Testflight1 is now NET mid-Jan Our team is finalising test & verification, and coordinating with CASA. A Jan launch will also give our team a well-deserved break... and an extended window for our 1st launch". X. Gilmour Space. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  46. ^ Hendry, Justin (16 May 2025). "Gilmour Space scrubs launch after electrical fault". InnovationAus.com. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
  47. ^ Robert Wall (27 May 2025). "Innospace Delays Hanbit-Nano Inaugural Launch". Aviation Week. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
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  49. ^ Clark, Stephen (16 January 2024). "Here's what NASA would like to see SpaceX accomplish with Starship this year". Ars Technica. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  50. ^ "H3ロケット30形態試験機の打上げ計画及び超小型衛星相乗り" (PDF). JAXA. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  51. ^ Park Si-su (5 December 2023). "한국군, 고체연료 로켓 3차 발사...한화 SAR 위성". SpaceRadar. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  52. ^ Xinhua Daily Finance (5 January 2025). "追梦2025, 苏企怎么看怎么干深蓝航天: 逐梦深空, 加速推进商业化布局". Xinhua Daily Finance. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
  53. ^ "行者证道, 向新而行 箭元科技2024年度盘点". Space Epoch. 15 January 2025. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  54. ^ China News Service (4 March 2024). "中国4米级可重复使用火箭计划2025年首飞". China News Network. Retrieved 18 January 2025.<
  55. ^ Xinhua (24 June 2024). "我国重复使用运载火箭飞行试验圆满成功". Xinhuanet. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  56. ^ Ashley Bowden (30 October 2024). "Spacetech Company Agnikul Cosmos to Commercialize in 2025". Built in Chennai. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  57. ^ From Vikram-S to Vikram-1: Two years of continued innovation, 17 November 2024, retrieved 17 January 2025
[edit]
Generic references:

Spaceflight portal
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