2025 Japanese House of Councillors election

2025 Japanese House of Councillors election
125 of the 248 seats in the House of Councillors; 125 seats needed for a majority
	Opinion polls
Registered	103,591,806 (0.28%)
Turnout	58.51% (6.46%)
President before election; Masakazu Sekiguchi; LDP	Elected President ; Masakazu Sekiguchi; LDP

Elections to the House of Councillors of Japan were held on 20 July 2025,^[3] with 124 of the 248 members of the upper house of the National Diet to be elected for a term of six years.^[4]^[5]^[6]

The election took place about 10 months into the premiership of Shigeru Ishiba, who has governed Japan as Prime Minister since he won the leadership of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in September 2024. Shortly after he became Prime Minister, Ishiba announced snap elections to the House of Representatives for 27 October, which saw the LDP lose its majority for the first time since 2009. Since November 2024, Ishiba has governed as the leader of a minority government, struggling to pass legislation and budget agreements without the support of opposition parties. Growing dissatisfaction with the LDP and a scandal involving gift vouchers given to MPs by Ishiba have hurt his approval ratings. Simultaneously, opposition parties have attempted to unite in an effort to deny the LDP a majority in the election; the Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP) and Ishin no Kai Party in particular formulated plans to hold "opposition primaries" in several prefectures.^[7] The 17-day campaign began on 3 July, with 518 total candidates running. Measures to combat the rising cost of living and immigration were the key issues of the election.^[8]

Similar to the outcome of the 2024 general election, the ruling coalition of the LDP and Komeito lost its majority in the House of Councillors. The LDP’s national vote share fell to 21.6%, the lowest result in the party’s history. The coalition’s decline was driven by growing support for smaller opposition parties. Parties making major gains included the center-right Democratic Party for the People, which displaced Komeito to become the third-largest party in the chamber and fourth-largest in the Diet overall, and the right-wing populist Sanseitō, whose anti-immigrant rhetoric drew significant media attention during the campaign period. In addition, a record number of women won seats in the Diet. Following the election, Ishiba faced calls to resign from some members within his party.^[9]^[10]

Electoral system

Elections to the House of Councillors are held every three years. Councillors serve six-year terms and half of the house is elected in each election. The councillors up for election in 2025 were last elected in 2019.

Similar to the House of Representatives, elections for the House of Councillors are contested via mixed-member majoritarian representation. In this parallel voting 74 of the 124 councillors up in this election are elected in single-member or multi-member districts corresponding to the prefectures of Japan using first-past-the-post (FPTP) voting in the single-member districts and the single non-transferable vote (SNTV) system in the multi-member prefectural districts. The remaining 50 councillors are elected in a single nationwide district using open-list party proportional representation via the D'Hondt method. Each prefectural district elects at least one councillor each election, meaning each district has at least two councillors in total. The number of councillors allotted to each prefectural district is based on population; for example, Tokyo has a total of twelve councillors, with six being elected each election. It should also be noted that certain prefectures are "combined" into one to correct the disparity in the value of one vote. Since 2016, Tottori and Shimane Prefectures and Tokushima and Kochi Prefectures, respectively, have been combined into single electoral districts. Although voters may cast preference votes for specific candidates in the proportional election, since 2018, parties may prioritize certain candidates to receive allocated seats ahead of their most-voted candidates.^[11] There is no electoral threshold that parties must meet to be allocated seats in the proportional component.

Political parties

Parties		Leader	Ideology	Seats		Status
Parties		Leader	Ideology	Last election	Before election	Status
	Liberal Democratic Party	Shigeru Ishiba	Conservatism Japanese nationalism	119 / 248	115 / 248	Governing coalition
	Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan	Yoshihiko Noda	Liberalism	39 / 248	38 / 248	Opposition
	Komeito	Tetsuo Saito	Buddhist democracy Social conservatism	27 / 248	27 / 248	Governing coalition
	Japan Innovation Party	Hirofumi Yoshimura Seiji Maehara	Right-wing populism Economic liberalism	21 / 248	20 / 248	Opposition
	Japanese Communist Party	Tomoko Tamura	Communism Democratic socialism	11 / 248	11 / 248
	Democratic Party For the People	Yuichiro Tamaki	Conservatism	10 / 248	9 / 248
	Reiwa Shinsengumi	Tarō Yamamoto	Progressivism Left-wing populism	5 / 248	5 / 248
	Collaborative Party (also known as the NHK Party)	Ayaka Otsu/ Takashi Tachibana (disputed)	Varies by internal faction	2 / 248	2 / 248
	Social Democratic Party	Mizuho Fukushima	Social democracy	1 / 248	2 / 248
	Okinawa Social Mass Party	Tetsumi Takara	Social democracy	2 / 465	2 / 248	Unaffiliated
	Sanseitō	Sohei Kamiya	Ultraconservatism Right-wing populism	1 / 248	2 / 248	Unaffiliated

Background

Previous election

The October 2024 general election resulted in the loss of majority of the Liberal Democratic Party-Komeito governing coalition in the House of Representatives under Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba,^[12]^[13] with the possibility of the ruling coalition suffering another "major defeat" at the House of Councillors election if opposition parties unite their candidates.^[14]

Multi-party cooperation

Opposition unification attempts

According to Jiji Press, if five opposition parties, including the main opposition Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP), make deals in the 32 single-seat constituencies, the ruling LDP-Komeito coalition is projected to win 10 seats against the opposition camp's 22, and only three if the Nippon Ishin no Kai, also known as the Japan Innovation Party, joins the opposition alliance.^[14]

In January 2025 Ishin introduced a plan to the CDP that would seek to "unify" the opposition in single-member districts against the LDP; their proposal involves the use of online polls and holding primary elections. Reiwa, the Social Democratic Party, and the Democratic Party For the People (DPP) cast doubt on the plan while the Communists declined to participate entirely.^[15]

Later in February, Ishin announced that a decision on whether or not to hold opposition primaries would be made within the month; party Secretary General Ryohei Iwatani commented that every party except the Communist Party had been "quite positive" about the plan. He also said the party was open to reforms to their plan by the CDP.^[16]

In early March, Ishin co-leader Seiji Maehara proposed running a primary system with the CDP in the prefectures of Shiga, Nara and Wakayama (1 seat each) for election; all of them are in the area of influence of Osaka, Ishin's stronghold.^[17]

Speaking on the prospect of uniting the opposition CDP leader Yoshihiko Noda stated "I generally support the plan, but I have told Maehara that we need the participation of all opposition parties, so we should make an appeal for them to participate, and that if the only opposition candidates in a constituency are from the Constitutional Democratic Party and the Japan Innovation Party [Ishin], then we should settle it through a primary election."^[18]

On 1 April, Ichirō Ozawa announced an agreement between the CDP and Ishin no Kai to have an unified single candidate in Shiga, Nara and Wakayama Prefectures.^[19]^[20]

On 6 March, the DPP began working on a policy agreement with the CDP.^[21] In March, the Mainichi Shimbun reported that the CDP and DPP were expected to sign a basic policy agreement ahead of the election that would likely cover the Constitution, foreign policy and security, economy, energy, and diversity.^[22]

Sankei Shimbun reported in early April that cooperation between the CDP and DPP cooperation was in doubt ahead of the election, with the former viewing the latter as an insincere "cocky upstart," while the DPP viewed CDP members as not garnering support because it "only cares about elections."^[23] The two parties continued to struggle with election cooperation.^[24]

CDP leader Noda said on 10 May that there is a "great possibility" that a general election could be held either on the same day or around the same time of the upper house election.^[25]

LDP-Komeito alliance

The ruling LDP signed an agreement with the Komeito (their coalition partner since 2012) in February regarding cooperation in the election, which stated that the LDP would support Komeito candidates in five districts and set conditions for Komeito support of those implicated in the slush fund scandal.^[26]

At the LDP’s party convention on 9 March, Ishiba said the party should aim to unify and return to its roots of “people-friendly politics.”^[27] The day earlier Ishiba stated he wanted to “win at all costs.”^[28]

Ishiba’s former leadership rival Takayuki Kobayashi criticized Ishiba’s speech, claiming he did not get a sense of a string message from the Prime Minister; others believed the part’s minority status in the Diet hurt the LDP, and Ishiba's efforts to shape the country’s national agenda.^[29]^[30] Sanae Takaichi, also a former LDP leadership rival, was critical of Ishiba's speech as well.^[31]

Kobayashi would later advise the party to assess Ishiba's presidential election manifesto & the party's previous general election manifesto ahead of the summer upper house election, arguing that the party should check on progress.^[32]

On the same day as Ishiba's speech, Mio Sugita was revealed as an endorsed candidate for proportional representation in the election.^[33] In 2022 and 2023, Sugita had been found guilty of human rights violations by the Sapporo Legal Affairs Bureau for posting discriminatory statements against ethnic Koreans, LGBT people and others on her blog.^[34] Sugita's remarks, for which she apologized, were largely considered to be racist.^[35]

The Asahi Shimbun reported that the LDP's decision to endorse the controversial former lawmaker was likely due to requests from the conservative wing of the faction close to the late Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, whom Sugita was said to be close to.^[36]

On 11 April 2025, LDP Chief Advisor Tarō Asō described the election situation as an "emergency" for the LDP, and stated that the ruling parties had to maintain their majority in the upper house.^[37]

The Komeito published a draft manifesto centered around lowering gas prices and getting rid of provisional gas taxes.^[38] Regarding tariffs imposed by the United States, Chief Representative Tetsuo Saito argued that "the most effective [economic response] would be a tax cut," and said that a cash handout should be distributed in the meantime until tax cut are implemented so as to provide relief to citizens.^[39]

Mainichi reported that the coalition could only afford to lose 16 seats to avoid losing their majority in the upper house.^[40]

Government reactions and low approval ratings

Prime Minister Ishiba's cabinet has faced consistently low approval ratings since taking office in October 2024, succeeding former Prime Minister Fumio Kishida who had also suffered from sub-20% approval ratings in July 2025, saw the rise of LDP rebels and Sanseito known as the "Summer of Discontent".^[41]^[42]

Meanwhile, the low approval ratings and the government's situation in the election put immense pressure on the ruling coalition (LDP and Komeito). Having already lost their majority in the lower house election in October 2024, the July 20 upper house election was a crucial test for Ishiba's leadership.^[43] Failing to secure the necessary 50 seats to maintain a majority in the House of Councillors could intensify calls for his resignation.^[44]

The party reportedly gained support from those who had supported the LDP during Shinzo Abe's incumbency, but were strongly dissatisfied with the succeeding prime ministers.^[45]^[46] The sudden growth of the party was dubbed the "Eye of the storm".^[47]

Other developments

The “partial coalition” between the LDP-Komeito coalition and the opposition Ishin party reached an agreement in February that ensued the passage of the fiscal year 2025 budget.^[48]^[49] The budget included provisions that called free high school education and social insurance premium fee cuts.^[50] The budget was finalized in March 2025 after several revisions.^[51]

The ruling LDP-Komeito coalition and the opposition DPP later agreed to maintain political donations to party branches under certain conditions and to strengthen information disclosures.^[52]

In March, reinstated DPP leader Yuichiro Tamaki stated that the party's goal was to win 21 or more seats in the Upper House.^[53] Tamaki later clarified that the party would "field as many candidates as possible..." on 25 March.^[54]^[55]

That same month, the DPP nominated university professor and conservative commentator Yamada Yoshihiko as a candidate in the proportional representation block.^[56]

Yasushi Adachi, a former member of Ishin who left the party in 2024, announced he would run as a candidate of the DPP in Osaka Prefecture, Ishin's regional stronghold.^[57] If he wins he might be the first non-Ishin non-government member since 2013.

Sanseito announced they would aim for six seats.^[58]

The Social Democratic Party said they would attempt to win more than three seats in the chamber.^[59]

Ishiba gift certificate scandal

On 13 March 2025, The Asahi Shimbun revealed that several LDP members of parliament who were elected for the first time in the 2024 general election received gift certificates from the office of Ishiba in early March.^[60] Ishiba’s office later confirmed that he had distributed gift certificates worth approximately ¥100,000 ($676) each to about a dozen lawmakers as "souvenirs” intended to be used to purchase new suits.^{[citation needed]}

Ishiba claimed the certificates were paid from his personal funds and were not intended for political activities but as a supplement for living expenses.^[61]

According to the Yomiuri Shimbun, most of the lawmakers decided to return the gift certificates instead of using them. The incident took place while discussions were underway in the Diet on the transparency of political funds, particularly regarding corporate and organizational donations.^[62]

Ishiba had met with Komeito Chief Representative Tetsuo Saito the day before, who pledged his party's support for him; earlier in the week upper house LDP lawmaker Shoji Nishida publicly stated that Ishiba should be replaced by a new party President.^[63]^[64]

Ishiba, who was elected as LDP President on a reformist platform, was widely criticized by opposition lawmakers. CDP leader Yoshihiko Noda promised to pursue inquiries over the incident in the Diet.^[65] Osaka Governor and co-leader of the Ishin party Hirofumi Yoshimura criticized Ishiba’s actions.^[66]

The Political Funds Control Act prohibits donations of cash or securities to individual politicians; the 100,000 yen in gift certificates in this case could have been considered a 'donation’ in this case.^[61]^[67]

Unrealized motions of no-confidence

Leader of the Opposition and CDP leader Yoshihiko Noda stated during a press conference on 21 March that his party would "comprehensively determine" whether to submit a no-confidence motion, suggesting that the scandal alone could not lead to submission. Earlier that month, The Asahi Shimbun reported that the CDP had shifted towards a "wait and see" tactic instead of pressuring Ishiba to step down immediately, likely to avoid a simple change in leaders that could play to the LDP's advantage ahead of the election.^[68]

DPP leader Yuichiro Tamaki said on 17 that his party would "consider a range of options" including a no-confidence motion in dealing with the scandal; he encouraged Ishiba should testify in front of the Ethics Committee.^[69]

Ishin's co-leader Seiji Maehara later told the Sankei Shimbun in an exclusive interview that the party could vote in favor of a no-confidence motion, stating that "everything is on the table" despite the party's cooperation with the LDP on the annual budget.^[70]

Tamaki later encouraged the CDP to seriously consider proposing a no-confidence motion against the government if its policies did not align with "national interests."^[71]

After tariffs were announced by the Trump administration in the United States, the CDP said they would temporarily cease pursuing political scandals during Diet deliberation to instead work with the government on responding to tariffs, with Noda saying he would use the leaders' debate in April for such discussions.^[72]

Election date

According to the Public Offices Election Act, the House of Councillors election is to be held within 30 days after the Diet is closed, starting from 24 June. On the same day, the government decided that the election would be held on 20 July, a Sunday. Official campaigning began on 3 July.^[73]

Campaign issues

Foreign relations and Trump tariffs

The re-election of Donald Trump in the 2024 United States presidential election led to a renewed focus on trade imbalances and the imposition of tariffs. The US implemented a 10% baseline tariff on nearly all imports, and a potential 24% reciprocal tariff on most Japanese goods, with higher tariffs on vehicles, auto parts, steel, and aluminum already in effect.^[74]^[75]

Prime Minister Ishiba's government was under pressure to secure a favorable trade deal, but public trust in the US reportedly declined. While politicians tried to make tariffs a key issue, many Japanese voters prioritized immediate economic concerns over the longer-term effects of tariffs. However, any worsening of the Japanese economy due to tariffs could lead to falling wages, which is a major concern.^[76]

The LDP-Komeito coalition had not reached an agreement with the Trump administration over the tariffs imposed against Japan.^[77] While Ishiba promised voters that the talks will succeed,^[78] opposition parties criticized the lack of progress made from the repeated visits to the United States by Ryosei Akazawa.^[79]

Rice crisis

The spikes in rice prices from around summer of 2024, dubbed "The raging rice riots [ja] of Reiwa"^[a] resulted in the LDP pushing for the increase of the rice production.^[80]^[81]

The rice crisis has highlighted concerns about food security and has led to a call for stronger political leadership to combat cost-of-living crisis, as inflation and rising rice prices disproportionately affect vulnerable populations.^[82]^[83]

Taxes

In April, the CDP proposed lowering the consumption tax rate to 5%; a party study group advised raising corporate and income taxes.^[84] At a press conference on 2 May, Noda indicated that he was not particular about the one-year tax cut period for the proposed constitutional plan to lower the consumption tax rate on food to 0%.^[85]

The Communist party also supported lowering the consumption tax rate to 5% (with the aim of eventually abolishing it), as well as wage increases for "small and medium-sized" enterprises.^[86]^[87]

Social issues

These issues are among the top concerns for many voters, reflecting Japan's rapidly aging population and the strain on social welfare systems than other Western countries.^[88]^[89]

Political parties are divided over social issues such as the introduction of a selective dual surname system for married couples and broader gender equality. There is a growing public desire for the option of separate surnames.^[90]

With the raging rice crisis and inflation, the issue of poverty and the increasing economic gap is a significant concern, with calls for political leadership to address these challenges.^[91]^[92]

The Social Democratic Party advocated for abolishing the consumption tax rate completely, particularly for food items. The party also promised to increase the wages of care workers, suspend all nuclear power plants, pass legislation for optional separate surnames for married couples and same-sex marriage, and ratifying of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.^[93]^[94]

Immigration

The treatment of foreign immigrants living in Japan became a highly debated topic during the election.^[95]^[96]^[97]^[98] Beliefs that foreign immigrants are being treated more favorably compared to native Japanese people, some backed by misinformation, spread throughout social media.^[95]

The LDP supported stricter controls against property ownership and advocated for reducing the number of illegal immigrants to zero. The DPFP proposed taxing properties owned for reasons other than housing. Sanseito advocated for tighter controls related to the purchase of land.^[95] The Mainichi Shimbun described the situation as "Many candidates trying to seek attention by emphasizing restrictions on foreigners".^[99]^[100]

Seats up for election

124 seats are up for their regularly-scheduled election. However, in the Tokyo constituency, one non-reelection seat will be filled (for a merged election; term of office is three years), bringing the number of seats up for election in Tokyo to seven, and the total number of seats up for election to 125.

124+1:
- House of Councillors electoral districts: 74+1
- National proportional representation block: 50

Number of seats up for election in each electoral district
Hokkaido 3 Aomori 1 Iwate 1 Miyagi 1 Akita 1 Yamagata 1 Fukushima 1 Ibaraki 2 Tochigi 1 Gunma 1 Saitama 4 Chiba 3 Tokyo 6+1 Kanagawa 4 Niigata 1 Toyama 1 Ishikawa 1 Fukui 1 Yamanashi 1 Nagano 1 Gifu 1 Shizuoka 2 Aichi 4 Mie 1 Shiga 1 Kyoto 2 Osaka 4 Hyogo 3 Nara 1 Wakayama 1 Tottori-Shimane 1 Okayama 1 Hiroshima 2 Yamaguchi 1 Tokushima-Kochi 1 Kagawa 1 Ehime 1 Fukuoka 3 Saga 1 Nagasaki 1 Kumamoto 1 Oita 1 Miyazaki 1 Kagoshima 1 Okinawa 1

Campaign

Third anniversary of the assassination of Shinzo Abe

On 8 July 2025, the third anniversary of the assassination of Shinzo Abe culminated in anti-government protests and riots, with the suspect to go on trial in October in a case that shed light on ruling lawmakers' links to the controversial Unification Church.^[101] The Mainichi Shimbun reported that Prime Minister Ishiba laid bouquets at the memorial, and a floral tribute stand was set up in front of Yamato-Saidaiji Station in Nara, where the incident occurred.^[102] Campaigning officially began on 3 July, although a debate hosted by the Japan National Press Club between the party leaders had already been held the day earlier.^[103]^[104]

The far-right Sanseitō Party had rapidly risen in opinion polls, which was a detriment to the ruling conservative LDP and the more centrist-leaning DPFP.^[105] Promises of tax cuts, wage rises, and increased benefits dominated the early stages of the campaign.^[106]

Debate

The only debate was hosted by the Japan National Press Club on 2 July. The leaders of the Conservatives and the Social Democrats were not invited.^[103]

2024 Japanese general election debates
Date	Host	Format	Venue	P Present I Invited S Surrogate NI Not invited A Absent N No debate
				LDP	CDP	Ishin	Komei	JCP	DPP	Reiwa	SDP	Sansei

2 July	Japan National Press Club	Debate	Japan National Press Club, Tokyo^[103]	P Ishiba	P Noda	P Yoshimura	P Saito	P Tamura	P Tamaki	P Yamamoto	NI	P Kamiya

Opinion polls

Proportional voting intention

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	LDP	CDP	Ishin	DPP	Komei	Reiwa	JCP	Sansei	CPJ	SDP	Others	None/Und.	No ans.	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size											Others	None/Und.	No ans.	Lead
20 Jul 2025	Election results	58.51%^[b]	21.6	12.5	7.4	12.9	8.8	6.6	4.8	12.5	5	2.1	5.8^[c]	–		8.7
12–13 Jul 2025	Senkyo.com/JX^[107]	991	28.6	19.5	6.3	5.5	5.8	3.6	5.2	8.4	3.1	2.5	2.5	8.9	–	9.1
5–6 Jul 2025	ANN^[108]	1,048	23.6	11	4.2	5.4	5.6	2.4	4.1	6.2	1.4	0.4	1.7^[d]	19	14.9	4.6
5–6 Jul 2025	Kyodo News^[e]^[109]	1,253	18.2	6.6	3.4	6.8	5	3.7	2.5	8.1	2.5	0.9	0.7	40.8^[f]	0.8	22.6
5–6 Jul 2025	JNN^[110]	1,010	25	12	6	8	5	6	3	9	2	1	5	19		6
28–29 Jun 2025	Kyodo News^[e]^[111]	1,254	17.9	9.8	2.5	6.4	3.6	3.4	2.7	5.8	1.1	0.8	0.6^[g]	44.4^[h]	1	24.5
28–29 Jun 2025	Mainichi/SSRC^[112]	2,050	18	11	4	10	3	4	3	7	2	1	–	37	–	19
27–29 Jun 2025	Nikkei/TV Tokyo^[113]^[114]	775	29	12	6	12	5	5	3	7	2	1	–	12	8	17
27–29 Jun 2025	Yomiuri/NNN^[115]^[116]	1,061	24	11	5	9	5	4	5	6	1	0	1	23	8	1
26–27 Jun 2025	Agricultural News^[117]		35	13.5	1	5.8	1.7	3.3	3.9	1.4	1	1.3	0.7	30.7	0.7	4.3
21–22 Jun 2025	ANN^[118]	1,031	22	10.7	3.4	7.5	4.2	5.1	4.2	3.3	0.9	0.6	0.8^[i]	37.3^[j]		15.3
21–22 Jun 2025	Kyodo News^[119]	1,050	26.7	11.1	4.8	10.6	5.1	6.8	3.1	4.3	1.8	1.6	0.4^[k]	23.7		3
13–16 Jun 2025	Jiji Press^[120]	1,162	24.5	8.3	4.4	6	4	3.1	2.2	3.5	0.7	0.5	–	42.8		18.3
14–15 Jun 2025	Sankei/FNN^[121]^[122]	1,027	24.5	9.6	3.8	8.8	4.1	4.1	3	3.6	1.2	0.2	0.7	36.4^[l]		11.9
14–15 Jun 2025	Asahi^[123]	1,256	26	12	7	10	5	7	4	4	1	1	2	21		5
14–15 Jun 2025	Senkyo.com/JX^[124]	990	30.4	18.8	5.6	7.4	4.7	3.8	5.9	3.1	3.2	1.1	1.8^[m]	14.1	–	11.6
14–15 Jun 2025	Kyodo News^[125]	1,049	25.9	9.2	5.1	11.5	3.7	4.3	3.2	4.3	2	1.1	1.3^[n]	28.4		2.5
7–8 Jun 2025	ANN^[126]	1,025	26.2	9.8	4.6	6.9	5.1	2.9	3.4	2.3	0.7	0.5	1	36.4^[o]		10.2
24–25 May 2025	Kyodo News^[127]	1,064	28.6	13.6	6.3	14.3	4.4	5.2	2.3	2.6	1.6	1	0.7^[p]	19.4		9.2
23–25 May 2025	Nikkei/TV Tokyo^[128]^[129]	892	26	12	7	12	5	7	2	3	2	0	–	14	8	12
16–19 May 2025	Jiji Press^[130]	1,176	19.7	9.4	4.1	11.2	4.4	3.7	1.7	2	0.9	0.7	–	42.2		22.5
17–18 May 2025	Sankei/FNN^[131]^[132]	1,025	23.5	8.3	3.8	11.4	4.4	4.1	3.2	1.7	0.9	0.6	0.7	37.4^[q]		13.9
17–18 May 2025	Asahi^[133]	1,209	26	13	6	13	5	7	4	3	2	1	3	17		9
17–18 May 2025	Senkyo.com/JX^[134]	986	25.8	19.2	6	10.9	5.5	3	6	2.1	2.6	1.3	2.1^[r]	15.4	–	6.6
17–18 May 2025	Kyodo News^[135]	1,064	20.2	14.2	6	12.4	5.7	5.9	3.8	2.4	1.2	1.3	0.7^[s]	26.2		6
17–18 May 2025	Mainichi/SSRC^[136]	2,045	15	10	4	14	3	5	3	3	2	1	–	40	–	25
16–18 May 2025	Yomiuri/NNN^[137]^[138]	1,072	26	10	6	14	4	7	2	2	1	1	–	22	5	4
10–11 May 2025	ANN^[139]	1,016	25.8	8.9	2.9	10.6	4	3.9	2.7	0.8	1	0.8	1	37.6^[t]		11.8
3–4 May 2025	JNN^[140]	1,026	26	11	9	15	6	7	3	2	1	1	4	16		10
19–21 Apr 2025	Nikkei/TV Tokyo^[141]^[142]	799	29	14	6	15	4	6	3	1	2	1	–	12	7	14
19–20 Apr 2025	Sankei/FNN^[143]^[144]	1,015	23.7	8.8	3.8	13.3	2.9	2.9	2.8	1.7	1	0.6	0.9	37.8^[u]		14.1
19–20 Apr 2025	Asahi^[145]	1,240	23	12	7	17	4	7	5	2	1	1	2	19		4
19–20 Apr 2025	ANN^[146]	1,030	27.2	10.6	3.6	11.8	3.5	3	3.4	0.5	0.9	1.6	1.1	32.9^[v]		5.7
11–14 Apr 2025	Jiji Press^[147]	1,140	20.6	7.8	4.9	10.6	4.3	5.6	1.8	1.6	0.9	0.6	–	41.3		20.7
12–13 Apr 2025	Senkyo.com/JX^[148]	995	25.3	16.6	7.9	11.6	5	4.5	6.6	1.6	1.4	1.1	3.5^[w]	14.8	–	8.7
12–13 Apr 2025	Kyodo News^[149]	1,051	24.6	12.3	3.9	18.5	3.9	4.1	3.2	1	1.7	0.8	–	26		1.4
12–13 Apr 2025	Mainichi/SSRC^[150]	2,040	16	11	4	16	3	5	3	1	1	1	–	38	–	22
11–13 Apr 2025	Yomiuri/NNN^[151]^[152]	1,026	27	10	5	15	4	6	4	1	2	0	–	19	7	8
22–23 Mar 2025	Sankei/FNN^[153]^[154]	1,013	19.3	8.5	3.2	12	2.6	5.3	2.6	1	0.9	0.4	–	44.2^[x]		24.9
22–23 Mar 2025	ANN^[155]	1,025	24.1	11.1	4.6	11.2	3.2	3.6	3.9	0.5	1.3	0.3	0.5	35.7^[y]		11.6
22–23 Mar 2025	Kyodo News^[156]	1,046	24.3	12.5	6.4	13.4	4.1	7.3	3.6	1.2	0.3	1.1	0.4^[z]	25.4		1.1
21–23 Mar 2025	Nikkei/TV Tokyo^[157]^[158]	847	29	13	9	14	3	8	3	1	1	0	1	11	8	18
15–16 Mar 2025	Senkyo.com/JX^[159]	998	23.7	20.6	6.2	13.9	4.4	3.4	6.8	1.2	1.7	1.3	2.4	14.2	–	3.1
15–16 Mar 2025	Asahi^[160]	1,137	24	12	7	17	5	7	3	1	2	1	3	19		5
15–16 Mar 2025	Mainichi/SSRC^[161]	2,047	16	13	5	17	2	5	2	1	1	0	1	38	–	21
14–16 Mar 2025	Yomiuri/NNN^[162]^[163]	1,023	25	11	6	17	4	5	3	1	1	0	0	20	6	5
22–23 Feb 2025	ANN^[164]	1,034	23.6	10.7	6.2	9.6	5.2	3.7	3.6	1	0.4	0.8	0.8	34.4^[aa]		10.8
21–23 Feb 2025	Nikkei/TV Tokyo^[165]^[166]	847	29	13	7	14	4	8	3	1	1	0	1^[ab]	10	9	15
15–16 Feb 2025	Senkyo.com/JX^[167]	1,004	25.7	20.8	8.3	9.8	4.2	4.6	5.6	0.6	2.2	1.5	2.3^[ac]	14.5	–	4.9
15–16 Feb 2025	Asahi^[168]	1,111	26	11	5	16	5	9	4	2	2	1	1	18		8
15–16 Feb 2025	Kyodo News^[169]	1,063	24.9	11.3	6.8	11.5	3.5	5.9	2.5	1.8	1.9	0.5	0.7^[ad]	28.7		3.8
15–16 Feb 2025	Mainichi/SSRC^[170]	2,043	16	11	5	15	3	5	2	0	2	0	–	38	3	22
6–9 Feb 2025	Jiji Press^[171]	1,126	22	9.7	3.6	10.2	5.1	3.5	2.5	1.3	0.4	0.4	–	40.2		18.2
25–26 Jan 2025	Kyodo News^[172]	1,064	26	12.9	5.8	14.9	3.8	4.4	4.1	1	1.4	0.3	0.4^[ae]	25		1
24–26 Jan 2025	Nikkei/TV Tokyo^[173]^[174]	946	32	13	8	15	3	5	3	2	2	1	–	11	8	17
18–19 Jan 2025	Asahi^[175]	1,103	25	15	8	15	6	6	3	1	1	2	2	16		9
18–19 Jan 2025	Mainichi/SSRC^[176]	2,042	17	14	6	16	2	4	2	1	2	0	1	35	–	18
11–12 Jan 2025	Senkyo.com/JX^[177]	996	27	21.2	8	8.8	4.5	4.2	7	1.3	2.2	0.8	2^[af]	12.9	–	5.8
14–15 Dec 2024	Senkyo.com/JX^[178]	996	23.8	22.7	9.1	10.3	4.5	2.7	5.3	1.5	2	1.5	1.3^[ag]	15.2	–	1.1
16–17 Nov 2024	Senkyo.com/JX^[179]	1,003	26.3	21.0	7.8	10.8	5.3	2.7	6.4	1.9	2.6	0.7	2.1^[ah]	12.5	–	5.3
27 Oct 2024	HoR election	53.84%^[b]	26.7	21.2	9.4	11.3	10.9	7	6.2	3.4	2.1	1.7	–	–	–	5.5

Voting intention (district vote)

Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size	Government	Opposition	Others	None/Und.	No ans.	Lead
Fieldwork date	Polling firm	Sample size			Others	None/Und.	No ans.	Lead
5–6 Jul 2025	Kyodo News^[e]^[109]	1,253	20.5	36.6	–	41.8	1.1	5.2
28–29 Jun 2025	Kyodo News^[e]^[111]	1,254	19.9	32.6	–	46.3	1.2	13.7

Seat projections

Color key: Exit poll

Seat projections from analysts (district seats + proportional representation)
Fieldwork date	Publication/ Newspapers	Analysts	LDP	CDP	Ishin	DPP	Komei	Reiwa	JCP	Sansei	CPJ	SDP	Ind./ Oth.	Gov.	Opp.	Gov. Majority
Fieldwork date	Publication/ Newspapers	Analysts											Ind./ Oth.			Gov. Majority
20 Jul 2025	Election results		39 (27+12)	22 (15+7)	7 (3+4)	17 (10+7)	8 (4+4)	3 (0+3)	3 (1+2)	14 (7+7)	2 (0+2)	1 (0+1)	9^[ai] (8+1)	47	78	-31
20 Jul 2025	NHK^[180]		27–41	18–30	6–9	14–21	5–12	2–4	3–5	10–22	1–3	0–1	8–11^[aj]	32–53	62–106	–
20 Jul 2025	JNN^[181]		33	26	7	17	8	3	3	16	2	1	9	41	84	–43
17 Jul 2025	FNN^[182]		~30	~30	5–8	>16	<13	3	3-6	~20	1–3	0–1	–	~43	~84	–41
15 Jul 2025	Sankei Shimbun	Takashi Arimoto	33	28	7	14	10	3	5	14	2	1	8	43	82	–39
12–15 Jul 2025	Yomiuri^[183]		24–39	24–32	3–9	12–25	7–13	2–5	2–5	5–19	1–5	0–1	8–9	31–52	57-104	–
12–15 Jul 2025	NNN^[184]		~35	~30	–	>16	~10	>2	<7	>10	>1	>1	0	~45	67	–
13 Jul 2025	JNN^[185]		28–44	24–32	–	11–21	5–11	–	–	8–18	–	–	–	33–55	43–71	–
12–13 Jul 2025	Asahi^[186]		34	27	6	17	9	3	4	7	–	1	3	43	68	–25
3–4 Jul 2025	Asahi^[187]		32–46	23–33	5–9	9–17	4–10	3–5	3–4	9–17	1–2	0–1	8	36–56	61–96	–
3 Jul 2025	JNN^[185]		35–50	20–31	–	9–18	8–13	–	–	7–16	–	–	–	–	–	–
2 Jul 2025	Shūkan Bunshun^[188]	Masashi Kubota	35	30	7	19	11	3	5	4	0	0	11	46	79	–33
1 Jul 2025	AERA^[189]	Koichi Kakutani	45 (32+13)	24 (16+8)	9 (4+5)	12 (6+6)	13 (6+7)	5 (1+4)	7 (3+4)	2 (0+2)	1 (0+1)	0 (0+0)	7 (7+0)	58	67	–9
1 Jul 2025	AERA^[189]	Kazuhiro Aoyama	42 (28+14)	28 (18+10)	7 (4+3)	18 (11+7)	12 (6+6)	3 (0+3)	5 (1+4)	2 (0+2)	1 (0+1)	0 (0+0)	7 (7+0)	54	71	–17
30 Jun 2025	Rakumachi^[190]	Kunikazu Suzuki	36–43	25–31	5–8	16–20	10–13	3–4	4–5	3–5	0–1	0–1	6–9	46–56	62–84	–
7 Apr 2025	Weekly Post^[191]	Tadaoki Nogami	34 (21+13)	30 (21+9)	9 (5+4)	22 (12+10)	11 (6+5)	5 (1+4)	4 (1+3)	1 (0+1)	1 (0+1)	0 (0+0)	7 (7+0)	45	79	–34
10 Jul 2022	2022 Election		63	17	12	5	13	3	4	1	–	1	6	76	49	27

Results



Party		National			Constituency			Seats
Party		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Won	Not up	Total after	+/–
	Liberal Democratic Party	12,808,307	21.64	12	14,470,017	24.46	27	39	62	101	–13
	Democratic Party For the People	7,620,493	12.88	7	7,180,653	12.14	10	17	5	22	+13
	Sanseitō	7,425,054	12.55	7	9,264,284	15.66	7	14	1	15	+14
	Constitutional Democratic Party	7,397,456	12.50	7	9,119,656	15.42	15	22	16	38	0
	Komeito	5,210,569	8.80	4	3,175,791	5.37	4	8	13	21	–6
	Japan Innovation Party	4,375,927	7.39	4	3,451,834	5.84	3	7	12	19	+1
	Reiwa Shinsengumi	3,879,914	6.56	3	1,881,606	3.18	0	3	3	6	+1
	Conservative Party of Japan	2,982,093	5.04	2	652,266	1.10	0	2	0	2	New
	Japanese Communist Party	2,864,738	4.84	2	2,831,672	4.79	1	3	4	7	–4
	Team Mirai	1,517,890	2.56	1	956,674	1.62	0	1	0	1	New
	Social Democratic Party	1,217,823	2.06	1	302,775	0.51	0	1	1	2	0
	NHK Party	682,626	1.15	0	740,740	1.25	0	0	1	1	–1
	The Path to Rebirth	524,788	0.89	0	128,746	0.22	0	0	0	0	New
	Japan Seishinkai	333,263	0.56	0	223,067	0.38	0	0	0	0	New
	Independents Coalition	289,222	0.49	0	341,437	0.58	0	0	0	0	New
	Japan Reform Party	55,232	0.09	0	74,274	0.13	0	0	0	0	New
	Genzei Nippon				254,938	0.43	0	0	0	0	New
	Conservative Party of Nippon [ja]				129,130	0.22	0	0	0	0	New
	Association for the Protection of Japanese Families				23,686	0.04	0	0	0	0	New
	Collaborative Party				6,292	0.01	0	0	0	0	New
	Party for Tax Reduction				5,387	0.01	0	0	0	0	New
	New Party Kunimori				4,832	0.01	0	0	0	0	New
	New Party Yamato				3,885	0.01	0	0	0	0	New
	Saigo Party				1,805	0.00	0	0	0	0	New
	Nuclear Fusion Party				1,611	0.00	0	0	0	0	0
	World Peace Party				1,494	0.00	0	0	0	0	New
	Savior-Making Party				1,292	0.00	0	0	0	0	New
	Independents				3,923,802	6.63	8	8	5	13	+1
Total		59,185,395	100.00	50	59,153,646	100.00	75	125	123	248	0

Valid votes		59,185,735	97.65		59,153,646	97.59
Invalid/blank votes		1,422,497	2.35		1,460,129	2.41
Total votes		60,608,232	100.00		60,613,775	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		103,591,806	58.51		103,591,806	58.51
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

By constituency

Constituency	Total seats	Seats won
		LDP	CDP	DPP	Sansei	Komei	Ishin	JCP	Reiwa	CPJ	Mirai	SDP	Ind.

Aichi	4	1	1	1	1
Akita	1												1
Aomori	1		1
Chiba	3	1	1	1
Ehime	1												1
Fukui	1	1
Fukuoka	3	1			1	1
Fukushima	1	1
Gifu	1	1
Gunma	1	1
Hiroshima	2	1	1
Hokkaido	3	2	1
Hyōgo	3	1				1							1
Ibaraki	2	1			1
Ishikawa	1	1
Iwate	1		1
Kagawa	1			1
Kagoshima	1												1
Kanagawa	4	1	1	1	1
Kumamoto	1	1
Kyoto	2	1					1
Mie	1		1
Miyagi	1		1
Miyazaki	1		1
Nagano	1		1
Nagasaki	1	1
Nara	1	1
Niigata	1		1
Ōita	1		1
Okinawa	1												1
Okayama	1	1
Osaka	4				1	1	2
Saga	1	1
Saitama	4	1	1	1	1
Shiga	1	1
Shizuoka	2	1		1
Tochigi	1	1
Tokushima–Kōchi	1												1
Tokyo	7	1	1	2	1	1		1
Tottori–Shimane	1	1
Toyama	1			1
Wakayama	1												1
Yamagata	1												1
Yamaguchi	1	1
Yamanashi	1			1
National	50	12	7	7	7	4	4	2	3	2	1	1
Total	125	39	22	17	14	8	7	3	3	2	1	1	8

Aftermath

Following the election, the Conservative Party of Japan met both requirements (two seats, more than 5% votes in national elections) to become a party.^[192] The DPFP and Sanseito both saw their seats multiply as a result of the election.^[193] Ishiba expressed his intention to keep his position and not resign.^[194] A record 42 women were also elected to the chamber, which exceeded the 35 elected in 2020. However, their proportion in the chamber, which reached 29.1%, was less than the government's target of 35% for the election.^[195]

LDP

Shortly after the polls closed at 20:00 (JST) on 20 July 2025, members of the ruling LDP discussed whether Ishiba should remain as the head of the party, including former Prime Minister and current LDP lawmaker Tarō Asō, whom proclaimed he "couldn't accept" Ishiba remaining as prime minister.^[196]

Ishiba said in a post-election press conference that the LDP "received an extremely harsh judgment from the people", and said the loss could be attributed to "political reform, inflation, [and] foreigner-related issues" and a failure to "present sharp, impactful policies to the voters". Ishiba also said he felt "the grave responsibility for the results of this election", but had no plans to resign, saying he "must continue to fulfill my duties to the nation and its people so as not to bring politics to a standstill".^[197]

On 23 July 2025, the Mainichi Shimbun and the Sankei Shimbun reported that Ishiba planned to formally resign as Prime Minister and LDP President in late August, after the 80th Anniversary of the end of World War II.^[198]^[199] Jiji reported that an unnamed senior LDP leadership member indicated that Ishiba would step down after the party conducted its review of the election results in August.^[200] However, Ishiba denied the reports on the same day during a press conference at LDP Headquarters.^[201]

CDP

At a press conference on July 21, Constitutional Democratic Party leader Yoshihiko Noda expressed his appreciation to supporters after what he described as "17 days of intense campaigning."

Noda highlighted the 18 victories in single-member districts as a result of effective opposition coordination, and stated that the electorate had clearly voiced its discontent with the ruling party. Moving forward, he pledged to work with other parties to realize concrete policy proposals, including the abolition of the provisional gasoline tax, and said: "Based on the premise that we have actual power as the second largest party in the House of Representatives and the Senate, we will call on other opposition parties to unite".^[202]

Regarding rumors that Prime Minister Ishiba may resign, Noda told the media on July 23 that if the prime minister could clearly specify a resignation timeline, “discussions between opposition parties could proceed more swiftly.”^[203]

On July 30, after inspecting drought-affected rice paddies in Niigata Prefecture, Noda stated that if there were to be calls for the prime minister’s resignation, “Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Hiroyoshi Sasagawa should step down first.” He criticized the Liberal Democratic Party for focusing on internal political struggles while neglecting real issues affecting citizens. Noda stressed that political parties should prioritize disaster response and public livelihood over political infighting at this time.^[204]

DPP

At the vote-counting press conference on the evening of July 21, 2025, Democratic Party for the People (DPP) leader Yuichiro Tamaki announced that the party had secured 16 seats in the election. Including seats not up for re-election, the party now holds 21 seats—enough to propose budget legislation in the Upper House.^[205]

Tamaki noted that voters widely hoped for higher take-home pay. However, policies such as raising income deduction thresholds and abolishing the temporary gasoline tax—previously agreed upon—were never implemented. Instead, the government opted for one-time cash handouts, revealing a policy imbalance.

Tamaki emphasized that the DPP had positioned itself as an alternative to both the LDP and the CDP, appealing particularly to working-age and younger voters by advocating pragmatic centrist reform. He stated, “Regardless of party affiliation, we will work with any group that shares policy goals. What matters is not who we work with, but what we can achieve.”^[206]

On July 22, Tamaki announced that the DPP had ultimately secured 17 seats, making it the third-largest party in the Upper House. He pledged to fully implement the party’s campaign pledges and respond to the expectations of the electorate.^[207]

Amid growing calls for Prime Minister Ishiba to resign following the election, Tamaki stated in a Diet interview that he could not understand Ishiba’s insistence on staying in office, likening it to a denial of the election outcome. He criticized the administration for failing to honor policy agreements made with the DPP and for decision-making that was overly insular and disconnected from public opinion. Tamaki firmly declared, “We will not cooperate with a government that breaks its promises.”^[208]

Komei

On July 21, following the close of polling, Komeito leader Saito acknowledged at a press conference at party headquarters that the party had failed to retain its 14 seats as hoped. He expressed a strong sense of responsibility for the results and stated that a comprehensive review of campaign strategies and grassroots mobilization was necessary. He did not indicate whether he intended to remain in his position.^[209]

At an internal party meeting on July 24, Saito issued another public apology, admitting responsibility for the loss of capable individuals within the party. He pledged to initiate nationwide consultations and gather wide-ranging input from party members to advance internal reforms and rebuild what he called a “renewed Komeito.”^[210]

At a Komeito executive meeting on July 31, Saito announced that a full review of the election outcome would be completed by August, with the party’s revival plan to be presented in September.^[211]

After meeting with Prime Minister Ishiba on July 21, Saito stated that from the perspective of addressing national crises, Komeito hoped to continue its cooperation with the Ishiba administration. He emphasized the importance of working with the Liberal Democratic Party to realize Komeito’s priority policy of scholarship tax relief in the upper house elections. “We hope the LDP will act as a true coalition partner in achieving this,” he said, reaffirming Komeito’s intention to remain part of the governing alliance, especially in matters of policy and international negotiations.^[212]

Responding to internal LDP speculation about Prime Minister Ishiba’s resignation, Saito stated at a July 25 press conference that the LDP should form a unified structure to support Ishiba and push forward in negotiations with the United States on tariffs. As cross-party talks on U.S.-Japan trade continued, he called for Prime Minister Ishiba to meet directly with President Trump to finalize an agreement.^[213]

Notes

^ The original text, "令和の米騒動" literally translates to this if their meaning is directly taken.
^ ^a ^b Election turnout.
^ Team Mirai: 2.6%; Others: 3.2%
^ NHK Party: 0.3%; Others: 1.4%
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Trend Survey
^ Undecided: 37%; None: 3.8%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.1%; Others: 0.5%
^ Undecided: 40.3%; None: 4.1%
^ NHK Party: 0.1%; Others: 0.7%
^ Undecided/no answer: 35.8%; None: 1.5%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.2%; Others: 0.2%
^ Undecided/no answer: 31.4%; None: 5%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.1%; Others: 1.7%
^ The Collaborative Party: 1.1%; Others: 0.2%
^ Undecided/no answer: 32.1%; None: 4.3%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.3%; Others: 0.4%
^ Undecided/no answer: 29.1%; None: 8.3%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.3%; Others: 1.8%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.4%; Others: 0.3%
^ Undecided/no answer: 33.9%; None: 3.7%
^ Undecided/no answer: 31.6%; None: 6.2%
^ Undecided/no answer: 29.5%; None: 3.4%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.5%; Others: 3%
^ Undecided/no answer: 36.6%; None: 7.6%
^ Undecided/no answer: 33.1%; None: 2.6%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.1%; Others: 0.3%
^ Undecided/no answer: 31%; None: 3.4%
^ The Collaborative Party: 1%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.4%; Others: 1.9%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.5%; Others: 0.2%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.1%; Others: 0.3%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.2%; Others: 1.8%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.3%; Others: 1.0%
^ The Collaborative Party: 0.7%; Others: 1.4%
^ Team Mirai: 1 (0+1) seat; Independents: 8 (8+0) seats
^ NHK Party: 0–1 seat; Team Mirai: 1–2 seats; Independents: 7–8 seats

References

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^ "石破首相側が15人の議員側に商品券配布 10万円ずつか、複数証言：朝日新聞". 朝日新聞 (in Japanese). 13 March 2025. Archived from the original on 19 March 2025. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
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^ "規制？共生？高まる"外国人政策"への関心背景に日本人の"経済的な不安"か、外国人による犯罪件数どう捉える【Nスタ解説】". TBS CROSS DIG with Bloomberg (in Japanese). 17 July 2025. Archived from the original on 18 July 2025.
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^ "なぜいま自民党が「違法外国人ゼロ」を公約に？　治安悪化の数字を示さず、一般ウケを競うようでいいのか". 東京新聞 (in Japanese). 8 July 2025. Archived from the original on 11 July 2025.
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^ ^a ^b ^c 日本放送協会 (2 July 2025). "【全編動画も】参院選前に党首討論会日本記者クラブ主催". NHKニュース (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 7 July 2025.
^ "The Rising Force of Japan's Ultra-Nationalist, Anti-Immigration Sanseito Party". The Diplomat. 8 July 2025. Archived from the original on 12 July 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
^ "2025 POLLS: Sanseito Aims to Attract LDP's Core Supporters". nippon.com. 2 July 2025. Archived from the original on 9 July 2025. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
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^ 自民党、立憲民主党に次いで、参政党が3番手に躍進！参院選比例投票先調査の結果は？2025年7月電話×ネット意識調査 [Sanseito has jumped to third place after the Liberal Democratic Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan! What are the results of the proportional voting survey for the House of Councillors election? Telephone and online opinion survey conducted in July 2025]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 15 July 2025. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
^ 参院選の比例投票先　自民トップ維持　参政が3位に　ANN参議院選挙に関する調査 [Proportional voting for the House of Councillors election: LDP maintains top position, PDP in third place – ANN House of Councillors election survey]. TV Asahi News (in Japanese). 7 July 2025. Archived from the original on 9 July 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2025.
^ ^a ^b 参院選比例投票先に自民18%、参政伸長8%　共同通信世論調査 [Kyodo News poll: LDP 18% in favor of pro-rata vote in Upper House election, 8% in favor of increased participation in the upper house election]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 6 July 2025. Archived from the original on 8 July 2025. Retrieved 6 July 2025.
^ 外国人の入国管理や不動産取得「規制強化すべき」78％　7月JNN世論調査 [July JNN poll: 78% of respondents say "restrictions on immigration and real estate purchases by foreigners should be strengthened"]. Japan News Network (in Japanese). 6 July 2025. Archived from the original on 11 July 2025. Retrieved 6 July 2025.
^ ^a ^b 「与党の過半数割れ望む」50％　共同通信・参院選トレンド調査 [Kyodo News House of Councillors Election Trend Survey: 50% Hope the Ruling Party Loses Its Majority]. Kyodo News (in Japanese). 29 June 2025. Archived from the original on 30 June 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
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^ 参院選投票先は自民29%、立民･国民各12%　内閣支持37%に回復日経世論調査 [Upper House election voters vote for the LDP at 29%, the CDP and the People's Party at 12% each, and support for the Cabinet recovers to 37% – Nikkei opinion poll]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 29 June 2025. Archived from the original on 30 June 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
^ 参院選の投票先　自民29％　立民と国民民主が同率12％　テレ東・日経　6月世論調査 [TV Tokyo/Nikkei June poll: LDP 29% voters in Upper House election, CDP and Democratic Party for the People tied at 12%]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 29 June 2025. Archived from the original on 9 July 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
^ ２０２５年６月　電話全国世論調査　質問と回答 [June 2025 National Telephone Poll Questions and Answers]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 30 June 2025. Archived from the original on 29 June 2025. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
^ 自民支持23%　政権復帰後“最低”　国民民主“半減”5%　参政党5%で並ぶ　【NNN・読売新聞　世論調査】 [Support for the LDP at 23%, the lowest since the return to power; Democratic Party for the People down by half at 5%, tied with the Democratic Party of Japan at 5% [NNN/Yomiuri Shimbun opinion poll]]. Nippon News Network (in Japanese). 29 June 2025. Archived from the original on 29 June 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
^ 本紙モニター調査結果（２０２５年６月） [Results of our monitor survey (June 2025)]. The Japan Agricultural News (in Japanese). 27 June 2025. Archived from the original on 26 June 2025. Retrieved 4 July 2025.
^ 自民が比例代表の投票先トップに　参院選に関する調査　石破内閣支持率は29.1％ [LDP tops proportional representation voting polls: Ishiba Cabinet approval rating 29.1% in Upper House election survey]. TV Asahi News (in Japanese). 23 June 2025. Archived from the original on 28 June 2025. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
^ 2025年6月世論調査（緊急）（共同通信データ） [June 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Emergency) (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 23 June 2025. Archived from the original on 9 July 2025. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
^ 参院比例投票先、国民民主が急落　自民、２４％へアップ―時事世論調査 [In the House of Councillors proportional vote, the Democratic Party for the People drops sharply, while the Liberal Democratic Party rises to 24% – Jiji Public Opinion Poll]. Jiji Press (in Japanese). 19 June 2025. Archived from the original on 21 June 2025. Retrieved 19 June 2025.
^ 石破内閣「支持する」38・2％　世論調査の設問と回答（6月14～15日） [38.2% "support" the Ishiba Cabinet: Questions and answers in opinion poll (June 14–15)]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 16 June 2025. Archived from the original on 17 June 2025. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
^ 石破内閣支持率38.2％で先月比5ポイント急上昇　小泉農水相の政府備蓄米放出「評価する」が7割【FNN世論調査】 [Approval rating for the Ishiba Cabinet jumps 5 points from last month to 38.2%; 70% approve of Agriculture Minister Koizumi's release of government rice stockpiles [FNN poll]]. Fuji News Network (in Japanese). 16 June 2025. Archived from the original on 16 June 2025. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
^ 質問と回答〈6月14、15日〉朝日世論調査 [Questions and Answers (June 14th and 15th) Asahi Public Opinion Poll]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 16 June 2025. Archived from the original on 17 June 2025. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
^ 【速報】国民民主党の支持率が電話・ネット調査ともに下落！自民・内閣支持率は回復！2025年6月電話×ネット意識調査 [[Breaking News] Support for the Democratic Party for the People drops in both telephone and online surveys! Support for the Liberal Democratic Party and Cabinet recovers! June 2025 telephone and online opinion survey]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 17 June 2025. Archived from the original on 17 June 2025. Retrieved 17 June 2025.
^ 2025年6月世論調査（共同通信データ） [June 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 16 June 2025. Archived from the original on 17 June 2025. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
^ 2025年6月調査 [June 2025 survey]. TV Asahi (in Japanese). 9 June 2025. Archived from the original on 11 June 2025. Retrieved 11 June 2025.
^ 2025年5月世論調査（緊急）（共同通信データ） [May 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Emergency) (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 26 May 2025. Archived from the original on 6 June 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
^ 石破内閣支持率、横ばい34%　「小泉農相に期待」65% 日経世論調査 [Approval rating for Ishiba Cabinet remains stable at 34%; 65% have high hopes for Agriculture Minister Koizumi – Nikkei opinion poll]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 25 May 2025. Archived from the original on 25 May 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
^ 小泉農水大臣に期待する65％　　石破内閣支持、ほぼ横ばい34％テレ東・日経　5月世論調査　 [65% have high hopes for Agriculture Minister Koizumi, while support for Ishiba Cabinet remains stable at 34% – TV Tokyo/Nikkei May opinion poll]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 25 May 2025. Archived from the original on 18 July 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
^ 内閣支持２０．９％、最低更新　日米関税交渉「期待せず」５割超―時事世論調査 [Approval for Cabinet hits new low of 20.9%, while over 50% have no hope for Japan-U.S. tariff negotiations – Jiji Public Opinion Poll]. Jiji Press (in Japanese). 22 May 2025. Archived from the original on 3 June 2025. Retrieved 22 May 2025.
^ 世論調査の質問と回答（5月17～18日） [Poll Questions and Answers (May 17–18)]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
^ 石破内閣支持率32.9%横ばい、消費税の減税・廃止を7割超、“次の首相”は高市早苗氏・小泉進次郎氏ら【FNN世論調査5月】 [Approval rating for Ishiba Cabinet remains stable at 32.9%, over 70% in favor of reducing or abolishing the consumption tax, Takaichi Sanae, Koizumi Shinjiro, and others selected as "next prime minister" [FNN opinion poll, May]]. Fuji News Network (in Japanese). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
^ 質問と回答〈5月17、18日〉朝日世論調査 [Questions and Answers (May 17th and 18th) Asahi Public Opinion Poll]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 22 May 2025. Retrieved 22 May 2025.
^ 立憲民主党がネット調査でも支持伸ばす！石破内閣の不支持率が過去最高に　2025年5月電話×ネット意識調査 [Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan gains support in online surveys! Disapproval rate for Ishiba Cabinet hits record high – May 2025 telephone and online opinion survey]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 20 May 2025. Archived from the original on 25 May 2025. Retrieved 20 May 2025.
^ 2025年5月世論調査（共同通信データ） [May 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 6 June 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
^ 毎日新聞世論調査　質問と回答 [Mainichi Shimbun opinion poll questions and answers]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
^ ２０２５年５月　電話全国世論調査　質問と回答 [May 2025 National Telephone Poll Questions and Answers]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
^ 参院で自公過半数“よいと思わない”50％　政権交代“望む”48％【NNN・読売新聞　世論調査】 [In the House of Councillors, the majority of the LDP and Komeito are "not good" at 50%, while 48% "want" a change of government [NNN/Yomiuri Shimbun opinion poll]]. Nippon News Network (in Japanese). 18 May 2025. Archived from the original on 22 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
^ 2025年5月調査 [May 2025 survey]. TV Asahi (in Japanese). 12 May 2025. Archived from the original on 13 May 2025. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
^ 消費税の減税「食料品にかかる税率下げるべき」35％で最多　石破内閣の支持率33.3％前回調査から2.7ポイント上昇　5月JNN世論調査 [Consumption tax cut: "Tax rate on food should be reduced" – Most popular at 35% Approval rating for Ishiba Cabinet at 33.3% – Up 2.7 points from previous survey – May JNN opinion poll]. Japan News Network (in Japanese). 5 May 2025. Archived from the original on 4 May 2025. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
^ 石破内閣支持、ほぼ横ばい33%　優先課題「物価対策」が半数超す日経世論調査 [Support for Ishiba Cabinet remains stable at 33%; price control is a priority for over half – Nikkei opinion poll]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 21 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
^ 石破内閣支持過去最低の33％優先処理｢物価対策｣が5カ月連続トップ [Support for Ishiba Cabinet at record low of 33%; Price control measures top the list for fifth consecutive month]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 21 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
^ 石破首相「夏の参院選まで」38％　世論調査の質問と回答（4月19～20日） [38% of respondents said they would remain in power until the Upper House elections in the summer. Questions and answers from a public opinion poll (April 19–20)]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 21 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
^ 石破内閣支持33.3%・不支持61.5%　トランプ政権との関税交渉に期待40％・期待しない58.7％　消費税減税に賛成68%・反対28%【FNN世論調査】 [33.3% support the Ishiba Cabinet, 61.5% disapprove; 40% have high hopes for tariff negotiations with the Trump administration, 58.7% have no hopes; 68% support a consumption tax cut, 28% oppose [FNN poll]]. Fuji News Network (in Japanese). 21 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
^ 質問と回答〈4月19、20日〉　朝日世論調査 [Questions and Answers (April 19th and 20th) Asahi Public Opinion Poll]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 21 April 2025. Archived from the original on 3 May 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
^ 2025年4月調査 [April 2025 survey]. TV Asahi (in Japanese). 21 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
^ 参院比例投票先、自民２０．６％　国民民主１０．６％、立民７．８％―時事世論調査 [In the House of Councillors proportional vote, the LDP gets 20.6%, the Democratic Party for the People gets 10.6%, and the CDP gets 7.8% – Jiji Public Opinion Poll]. Jiji Press (in Japanese). 17 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 17 April 2025.
^ 【速報】ネットの比例投票先で国民民主党が自民党を抜いてトップに！2025年4月電話×ネット意識調査 [[Breaking News] The Democratic Party for the People overtakes the LDP to take the top spot in online proportional voting! April 2025 telephone and online opinion survey]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 18 March 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 18 April 2025.
^ 2025年4月世論調査（共同通信データ） [April 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 14 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
^ 毎日新聞世論調査　質問と回答 [Mainichi Shimbun opinion poll questions and answers]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 14 April 2025. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
^ ２０２５年４月　電話全国世論調査　質問と回答 [April 2025 National Telephone Poll Questions and Answers]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 14 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
^ “トランプ関税”影響を懸念する88％【NNN・読売新聞　世論調査】 [88% of Americans are concerned about the impact of Trump tariffs [NNN/Yomiuri Shimbun opinion poll]]. Nippon News Network (in Japanese). 13 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 13 April 2025.
^ 石破首相「辞める必要ない」62・6％　世論調査の質問と回答（3月22～23日） [62.6% of people say Prime Minister Ishiba "doesn't need to resign" Questions and answers from opinion poll (March 22–23)]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 24 March 2025. Archived from the original on 25 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
^ 支持率30.4％に急落　石破内閣として過去最低…政党支持率も自民は急落、国民、れいわが過去最高水準【FNN世論調査】 [Approval rating plummets to 30.4%, the lowest ever for the Ishiba Cabinet... Party approval ratings also plummet for the LDP, while People's Party and Reiwa Party are at their highest levels ever [FNN poll]]. Fuji News Network (in Japanese). 24 March 2025. Archived from the original on 27 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
^ 2025年3月調査 [March 2025 survey]. TV Asahi (in Japanese). 24 March 2025. Archived from the original on 24 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
^ 2025年3月世論調査（共同通信データ） [March 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 24 March 2025. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
^ 内閣支持35%、5ポイント低下　商品券｢説明納得せず｣7割日経世論調査 [Cabinet approval falls by 5 percentage points to 35%; 70% "not convinced" by explanation regarding gift certificates – Nikkei opinion poll]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 23 March 2025. Archived from the original on 23 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
^ 石破内閣支持35％　初の40％割れ　　テレ東・日経　3月世論調査 [Approval for Ishiba Cabinet falls below 40% for the first time at 35% – TV Tokyo/Nikkei March opinion poll]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 24 March 2025. Archived from the original on 23 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
^ 【速報】石破内閣の不支持が過去最多に！国民民主党が電話調査でも政党支持率増！2025年3月電話×ネット意識調査 [[Breaking News] Disapproval of the Ishiba Cabinet reaches record high! Democratic Party for the People sees increase in party support even in telephone survey! March 2025 telephone and online opinion survey]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 18 March 2025. Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
^ 質問と回答＜3月15、16日＞　朝日世論調査 [Questions and Answers (March 15th and 16th) Asahi Public Opinion Poll]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2025. Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
^ 毎日新聞世論調査　質問と回答 [Mainichi Shimbun opinion poll questions and answers]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2025. Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
^ ２０２５年３月　電話全国世論調査　質問と回答 [March 2025 National Telephone Poll Questions and Answers]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2025. Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
^ 石破内閣支持率31% 発足以来“最低”【NNN・読売新聞　世論調査】 [Ishiba Cabinet's approval rating is 31%, the lowest since its inauguration [NNN/Yomiuri Shimbun opinion poll]]. Nippon News Network (in Japanese). 16 March 2025. Archived from the original on 20 March 2025. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
^ 2025年2月調査 [February 2025 survey]. TV Asahi (in Japanese). 24 February 2025. Archived from the original on 24 February 2025. Retrieved 24 February 2025.
^ 内閣支持40%､3ポイント低下　日米首脳会談「評価」47% 日経世論調査 [Cabinet approval falls 3 points to 40%; Japan-US summit meeting "approved" by 47% – Nikkei opinion poll]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 23 February 2025. Archived from the original on 23 February 2025. Retrieved 24 February 2025.
^ 石破内閣支持40％　3ポイント低下　　テレ東・日経　2月世論調査 [Approval for Ishiba Cabinet drops 3 points to 40% in TV Tokyo/Nikkei February opinion poll]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 23 February 2025. Archived from the original on 23 February 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
^ 【速報】ネット比例投票先で自民党に立憲民主党と国民民主党が迫る！2025年2月電話×ネット意識調査 [[Breaking News] The Constitutional Democratic Party and the Democratic Party for the People are closing in on the LDP in online proportional voting! February 2025 telephone and online opinion survey]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 18 February 2025. Archived from the original on 18 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
^ 質問と回答＜2月15、16日＞　朝日世論調査 [Questions and Answers (February 15th and 16th) Asahi Public Opinion Poll]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 February 2025. Archived from the original on 16 February 2025. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
^ 2025年2月世論調査（共同通信データ） [February 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 February 2025. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
^ 毎日新聞世論調査　質問と回答 [Mainichi Shimbun opinion poll questions and answers]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 February 2025. Archived from the original on 17 February 2025. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
^ 参院比例投票先、自民２２％　国民民主が野党トップ―時事世論調査 [Liberal Democratic Party gets 22% of Upper House proportional votes, Democratic Party for the People tops opposition party – Jiji Public Opinion Poll]. Jiji Press (in Japanese). 13 February 2025. Archived from the original on 6 March 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
^ 2025年1月世論調査（共同通信データ） [January 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 27 January 2025. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
^ 石破内閣支持、横ばい43%　日銀追加利上げ「評価」54% 日経世論調査 [Support for Ishiba Cabinet remains stable at 43%; 54% approve of additional interest rate hike by the Bank of Japan – Nikkei opinion poll]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 26 January 2025. Archived from the original on 12 March 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
^ 石破内閣支持43％　2ポイント上昇 [Support for Ishiba Cabinet rises 2 points to 43%]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 26 January 2025. Archived from the original on 26 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
^ 質問と回答＜1月18、19日＞　朝日世論調査 [Questions and Answers (January 18th and 19th) Asahi Public Opinion Poll]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 January 2025. Archived from the original on 16 February 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
^ 内閣支持率、参院選比例・投票はどこへ?　世論調査・質問と回答 [Where is the Cabinet's approval rating and the proportional representation and voting for the House of Councillors election heading? Opinion poll, questions and answers]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 January 2025. Archived from the original on 10 February 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
^ 【速報】比例投票先ネット調査で自民党が首位奪還！国民民主党が立憲民主党超え！2025年1月選挙ドットコムリサーチ [[Breaking News] The LDP regains the lead in an online survey of proportional voting! The Democratic Party for the People surpasses the Constitutional Democratic Party! January 2025 Election.com Research]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 15 January 2025. Archived from the original on 18 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
^ 【速報】次期比例投票先（ネット調査）で自民を上回った2党は？2024年12月選挙ドットコムリサーチ [[Breaking News] Which two parties will surpass the LDP in the next proportional vote (online survey)? December 2024 Election.com Research]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 17 December 2024. Archived from the original on 26 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
^ 【速報】衆院選後初の支持率調査で、自民党と立憲民主党の差が縮まる！国民民主党が野党第2党に！2024年11月選挙ドットコムリサーチ [[Breaking News] In the first approval rating survey since the House of Representatives election, the gap between the LDP and the Constitutional Democratic Party narrows! The Democratic Party for the People becomes the second largest opposition party! November 2024 Election.com Research]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 19 November 2024. Archived from the original on 19 November 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
^ 【速報】参議院選挙自民・公明過半数割れ確実 50議席届かず [[Breaking News] Upper House Election: LDP and Komeito certain to lose majority, failing to reach 50 seats]. NHK (in Japanese). 20 July 2025. Archived from the original on 20 July 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
^ 【速報】自民が歴史的大敗自公で過半数割れの見通し国民・参政が躍進【参議院選挙2025】 [[Breaking News] Historic defeat for LDP, LDP-Komeito expected to lose majority, People's Democratic Party and Party of Councillors advance [2025 House of Councillors Election]]. TBS NEWS DIG (in Japanese). 20 July 2025. Archived from the original on 24 July 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
^ 【最新】選挙戦終盤の情勢は？自公40議席台で過半数割れか「立憲」30議席台「国民」16議席以上視野「参政」2桁公算【参院選2025】｜FNNプライムオンライン. FNNプライムオンライン. 18 July 2025. Archived from the original on 19 July 2025. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
^ 自公の過半数厳しく、立民堅調・国民大幅増…参院選終盤情勢. 読売新聞オンライン (in Japanese). 15 July 2025. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
^ 日本テレビ. 与党過半数確保「厳しい情勢」国民民主・参政、勢い維持｜日テレNEWS NNN. 日テレNEWS NNN (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
^ ^a ^b 【参議院選挙】最新情勢自公“過半数割れ”の可能性若者中心に自民党離れか【選挙の日、そのまえに】. TBS NEWS DIG (in Japanese). 14 July 2025. Archived from the original on 14 July 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
^ 自公、参院過半数は困難か自民は比例区でも苦戦朝日終盤情勢調査：朝日新聞. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 14 July 2025. Archived from the original on 14 July 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
^ 自公、参院過半数は微妙な情勢　自民は1人区で不振　朝日序盤調査 [LDP and Komeito in delicate position to win majority in Upper House; LDP performing poorly in single-seat districts, Asahi Shimbun early survey]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 4 July 2025. Archived from the original on 4 July 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2025.
^ 参院選「完全予測」【全45選挙区当落リスト付き】一人区11勝21敗で自民壊滅の衝撃結果 [Complete predictions for the Upper House election [with a list of winners and losers in all 45 electoral districts] The shocking result of 11 wins and 21 losses in single-seat districts shows the LDP's collapse]. Shūkan Bunshun (in Japanese). 2 July 2025. Archived from the original on 2 July 2025. Retrieved 4 July 2025.
^ 【参院選「全選挙区当落予測」つき】東北地方は立憲の圧勝！　東京は「国民」元NHK女性アナウンサーの動向がカギ [[Upper House Election: Predictions for all electoral districts] The Constitutional Democratic Party wins a landslide victory in the Tohoku region! In Tokyo, the actions of a former female NHK announcer who is a "national" party are key]. Weekly Post (in Japanese). 1 July 2025. Archived from the original on 2 July 2025. Retrieved 2 July 2025.
^ Suzuki, Kunikazu (1 July 2025). 【参政党が自民党を喰う⁉︎】参院選「全政党」議席予想！選挙ドットコム編集長が徹底分析 [[Will the Upper House Party eat the LDP?!] Predictions for seats for all parties in the Upper House election! A thorough analysis by the editor-in-chief of Senkyo.com] (in Japanese). 楽待 RAKUMACHI. Archived from the original on 5 July 2025. Retrieved 2 July 2025 – via Youtube.
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[80] The original text, "令和の米騒動" literally translates to this if their meaning is directly taken.

[Election-108] Election turnout.

[109] Team Mirai: 2.6%; Others: 3.2%

[112] NHK Party: 0.3%; Others: 1.4%

[TS-113] Trend Survey

[115] Undecided: 37%; None: 3.8%

[118] The Collaborative Party: 0.1%; Others: 0.5%

[119] Undecided: 40.3%; None: 4.1%

[127] NHK Party: 0.1%; Others: 0.7%

[128] Undecided/no answer: 35.8%; None: 1.5%

[130] The Collaborative Party: 0.2%; Others: 0.2%

[134] Undecided/no answer: 31.4%; None: 5%

[137] The Collaborative Party: 0.1%; Others: 1.7%

[139] The Collaborative Party: 1.1%; Others: 0.2%

[141] Undecided/no answer: 32.1%; None: 4.3%

[143] The Collaborative Party: 0.3%; Others: 0.4%

[149] Undecided/no answer: 29.1%; None: 8.3%

[152] The Collaborative Party: 0.3%; Others: 1.8%

[154] The Collaborative Party: 0.4%; Others: 0.3%

[159] Undecided/no answer: 33.9%; None: 3.7%

[165] Undecided/no answer: 31.6%; None: 6.2%

[168] Undecided/no answer: 29.5%; None: 3.4%

[171] The Collaborative Party: 0.5%; Others: 3%

[178] Undecided/no answer: 36.6%; None: 7.6%

[180] Undecided/no answer: 33.1%; None: 2.6%

[182] The Collaborative Party: 0.1%; Others: 0.3%

[191] Undecided/no answer: 31%; None: 3.4%

[194] The Collaborative Party: 1%

[196] The Collaborative Party: 0.4%; Others: 1.9%

[199] The Collaborative Party: 0.5%; Others: 0.2%

[203] The Collaborative Party: 0.1%; Others: 0.3%

[209] The Collaborative Party: 0.2%; Others: 1.8%

[211] The Collaborative Party: 0.3%; Others: 1.0%

[213] The Collaborative Party: 0.7%; Others: 1.4%

[214] Team Mirai: 1 (0+1) seat; Independents: 8 (8+0) seats

[216] NHK Party: 0–1 seat; Team Mirai: 1–2 seats; Independents: 7–8 seats

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[Senkyo.com_2025-07-110] 自民党、立憲民主党に次いで、参政党が3番手に躍進！参院選比例投票先調査の結果は？2025年7月電話×ネット意識調査 [Sanseito has jumped to third place after the Liberal Democratic Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan! What are the results of the proportional voting survey for the House of Councillors election? Telephone and online opinion survey conducted in July 2025]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 15 July 2025. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 15 July 2025.

[ANN_2025-07-111] 参院選の比例投票先　自民トップ維持　参政が3位に　ANN参議院選挙に関する調査 [Proportional voting for the House of Councillors election: LDP maintains top position, PDP in third place – ANN House of Councillors election survey]. TV Asahi News (in Japanese). 7 July 2025. Archived from the original on 9 July 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2025.

[Kyodo_News_2025-07-TS1-114] 参院選比例投票先に自民18%、参政伸長8%　共同通信世論調査 [Kyodo News poll: LDP 18% in favor of pro-rata vote in Upper House election, 8% in favor of increased participation in the upper house election]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 6 July 2025. Archived from the original on 8 July 2025. Retrieved 6 July 2025.

[JNN_2025-07-116] 外国人の入国管理や不動産取得「規制強化すべき」78％　7月JNN世論調査 [July JNN poll: 78% of respondents say "restrictions on immigration and real estate purchases by foreigners should be strengthened"]. Japan News Network (in Japanese). 6 July 2025. Archived from the original on 11 July 2025. Retrieved 6 July 2025.

[Kyodo_News_2025-06-TS-117] 「与党の過半数割れ望む」50％　共同通信・参院選トレンド調査 [Kyodo News House of Councillors Election Trend Survey: 50% Hope the Ruling Party Loses Its Majority]. Kyodo News (in Japanese). 29 June 2025. Archived from the original on 30 June 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025.

[Mainichi_2025-06-120] 毎日新聞世論調査　質問と回答 [Mainichi Shimbun opinion poll questions and answers]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 29 June 2025. Archived from the original on 9 July 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025.

[Nikkei_2025-06-121] 参院選投票先は自民29%、立民･国民各12%　内閣支持37%に回復日経世論調査 [Upper House election voters vote for the LDP at 29%, the CDP and the People's Party at 12% each, and support for the Cabinet recovers to 37% – Nikkei opinion poll]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 29 June 2025. Archived from the original on 30 June 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025.

[TV_Tokyo_2025-06-122] 参院選の投票先　自民29％　立民と国民民主が同率12％　テレ東・日経　6月世論調査 [TV Tokyo/Nikkei June poll: LDP 29% voters in Upper House election, CDP and Democratic Party for the People tied at 12%]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 29 June 2025. Archived from the original on 9 July 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025.

[Yomiuri_2025-06-123] ２０２５年６月　電話全国世論調査　質問と回答 [June 2025 National Telephone Poll Questions and Answers]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 30 June 2025. Archived from the original on 29 June 2025. Retrieved 30 June 2025.

[NNN_2025-06-124] 自民支持23%　政権復帰後“最低”　国民民主“半減”5%　参政党5%で並ぶ　【NNN・読売新聞　世論調査】 [Support for the LDP at 23%, the lowest since the return to power; Democratic Party for the People down by half at 5%, tied with the Democratic Party of Japan at 5% [NNN/Yomiuri Shimbun opinion poll]]. Nippon News Network (in Japanese). 29 June 2025. Archived from the original on 29 June 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025.

[Agrinews_2025-06-125] 本紙モニター調査結果（２０２５年６月） [Results of our monitor survey (June 2025)]. The Japan Agricultural News (in Japanese). 27 June 2025. Archived from the original on 26 June 2025. Retrieved 4 July 2025.

[ANN_2025-06-2-126] 自民が比例代表の投票先トップに　参院選に関する調査　石破内閣支持率は29.1％ [LDP tops proportional representation voting polls: Ishiba Cabinet approval rating 29.1% in Upper House election survey]. TV Asahi News (in Japanese). 23 June 2025. Archived from the original on 28 June 2025. Retrieved 24 June 2025.

[Kyodo_News_2025-03-E-129] 2025年6月世論調査（緊急）（共同通信データ） [June 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Emergency) (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 23 June 2025. Archived from the original on 9 July 2025. Retrieved 23 June 2025.

[Jiji_Press_2025-06-P-131] 参院比例投票先、国民民主が急落　自民、２４％へアップ―時事世論調査 [In the House of Councillors proportional vote, the Democratic Party for the People drops sharply, while the Liberal Democratic Party rises to 24% – Jiji Public Opinion Poll]. Jiji Press (in Japanese). 19 June 2025. Archived from the original on 21 June 2025. Retrieved 19 June 2025.

[Sankei_2025-06-132] 石破内閣「支持する」38・2％　世論調査の設問と回答（6月14～15日） [38.2% "support" the Ishiba Cabinet: Questions and answers in opinion poll (June 14–15)]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 16 June 2025. Archived from the original on 17 June 2025. Retrieved 16 June 2025.

[FNN_2025-06-133] 石破内閣支持率38.2％で先月比5ポイント急上昇　小泉農水相の政府備蓄米放出「評価する」が7割【FNN世論調査】 [Approval rating for the Ishiba Cabinet jumps 5 points from last month to 38.2%; 70% approve of Agriculture Minister Koizumi's release of government rice stockpiles [FNN poll]]. Fuji News Network (in Japanese). 16 June 2025. Archived from the original on 16 June 2025. Retrieved 16 June 2025.

[Asahi_2025-06-135] 質問と回答〈6月14、15日〉朝日世論調査 [Questions and Answers (June 14th and 15th) Asahi Public Opinion Poll]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 16 June 2025. Archived from the original on 17 June 2025. Retrieved 16 June 2025.

[Senkyo.com_2025-06-136] 【速報】国民民主党の支持率が電話・ネット調査ともに下落！自民・内閣支持率は回復！2025年6月電話×ネット意識調査 [[Breaking News] Support for the Democratic Party for the People drops in both telephone and online surveys! Support for the Liberal Democratic Party and Cabinet recovers! June 2025 telephone and online opinion survey]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 17 June 2025. Archived from the original on 17 June 2025. Retrieved 17 June 2025.

[Kyodo_News_2025-06-138] 2025年6月世論調査（共同通信データ） [June 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 16 June 2025. Archived from the original on 17 June 2025. Retrieved 16 June 2025.

[ANN_2025-06-140] 2025年6月調査 [June 2025 survey]. TV Asahi (in Japanese). 9 June 2025. Archived from the original on 11 June 2025. Retrieved 11 June 2025.

[Kyodo_News_2025-05-E2-142] 2025年5月世論調査（緊急）（共同通信データ） [May 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Emergency) (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 26 May 2025. Archived from the original on 6 June 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025.

[Nikkei_2025-05-144] 石破内閣支持率、横ばい34%　「小泉農相に期待」65% 日経世論調査 [Approval rating for Ishiba Cabinet remains stable at 34%; 65% have high hopes for Agriculture Minister Koizumi – Nikkei opinion poll]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 25 May 2025. Archived from the original on 25 May 2025. Retrieved 26 May 2025.

[TV_Tokyo_2025-05-145] 小泉農水大臣に期待する65％　　石破内閣支持、ほぼ横ばい34％テレ東・日経　5月世論調査　 [65% have high hopes for Agriculture Minister Koizumi, while support for Ishiba Cabinet remains stable at 34% – TV Tokyo/Nikkei May opinion poll]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 25 May 2025. Archived from the original on 18 July 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.

[Jiji_Press_2025-05-146] 内閣支持２０．９％、最低更新　日米関税交渉「期待せず」５割超―時事世論調査 [Approval for Cabinet hits new low of 20.9%, while over 50% have no hope for Japan-U.S. tariff negotiations – Jiji Public Opinion Poll]. Jiji Press (in Japanese). 22 May 2025. Archived from the original on 3 June 2025. Retrieved 22 May 2025.

[Sankei_2025-053-147] 世論調査の質問と回答（5月17～18日） [Poll Questions and Answers (May 17–18)]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.

[FNN_2025-053-148] 石破内閣支持率32.9%横ばい、消費税の減税・廃止を7割超、“次の首相”は高市早苗氏・小泉進次郎氏ら【FNN世論調査5月】 [Approval rating for Ishiba Cabinet remains stable at 32.9%, over 70% in favor of reducing or abolishing the consumption tax, Takaichi Sanae, Koizumi Shinjiro, and others selected as "next prime minister" [FNN opinion poll, May]]. Fuji News Network (in Japanese). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.

[Asahi_2025-05-150] 質問と回答〈5月17、18日〉朝日世論調査 [Questions and Answers (May 17th and 18th) Asahi Public Opinion Poll]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 22 May 2025. Retrieved 22 May 2025.

[Senkyo.com_2025-053-151] 立憲民主党がネット調査でも支持伸ばす！石破内閣の不支持率が過去最高に　2025年5月電話×ネット意識調査 [Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan gains support in online surveys! Disapproval rate for Ishiba Cabinet hits record high – May 2025 telephone and online opinion survey]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 20 May 2025. Archived from the original on 25 May 2025. Retrieved 20 May 2025.

[Kyodo_News_2025-053-153] 2025年5月世論調査（共同通信データ） [May 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 6 June 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.

[Mainichi_2025-053-155] 毎日新聞世論調査　質問と回答 [Mainichi Shimbun opinion poll questions and answers]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.

[Yomiuri_2025-053-156] ２０２５年５月　電話全国世論調査　質問と回答 [May 2025 National Telephone Poll Questions and Answers]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 May 2025. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.

[NNN_2025-053-157] 参院で自公過半数“よいと思わない”50％　政権交代“望む”48％【NNN・読売新聞　世論調査】 [In the House of Councillors, the majority of the LDP and Komeito are "not good" at 50%, while 48% "want" a change of government [NNN/Yomiuri Shimbun opinion poll]]. Nippon News Network (in Japanese). 18 May 2025. Archived from the original on 22 May 2025. Retrieved 19 May 2025.

[ANN_2025-05-158] 2025年5月調査 [May 2025 survey]. TV Asahi (in Japanese). 12 May 2025. Archived from the original on 13 May 2025. Retrieved 12 May 2025.

[JNN_2025-05-160] 消費税の減税「食料品にかかる税率下げるべき」35％で最多　石破内閣の支持率33.3％前回調査から2.7ポイント上昇　5月JNN世論調査 [Consumption tax cut: "Tax rate on food should be reduced" – Most popular at 35% Approval rating for Ishiba Cabinet at 33.3% – Up 2.7 points from previous survey – May JNN opinion poll]. Japan News Network (in Japanese). 5 May 2025. Archived from the original on 4 May 2025. Retrieved 5 May 2025.

[Nikkei_2025-04-161] 石破内閣支持、ほぼ横ばい33%　優先課題「物価対策」が半数超す日経世論調査 [Support for Ishiba Cabinet remains stable at 33%; price control is a priority for over half – Nikkei opinion poll]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 21 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.

[TV_Tokyo_2025-04-162] 石破内閣支持過去最低の33％優先処理｢物価対策｣が5カ月連続トップ [Support for Ishiba Cabinet at record low of 33%; Price control measures top the list for fifth consecutive month]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 21 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.

[Sankei_2025-04-163] 石破首相「夏の参院選まで」38％　世論調査の質問と回答（4月19～20日） [38% of respondents said they would remain in power until the Upper House elections in the summer. Questions and answers from a public opinion poll (April 19–20)]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 21 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.

[FNN_2025-04-164] 石破内閣支持33.3%・不支持61.5%　トランプ政権との関税交渉に期待40％・期待しない58.7％　消費税減税に賛成68%・反対28%【FNN世論調査】 [33.3% support the Ishiba Cabinet, 61.5% disapprove; 40% have high hopes for tariff negotiations with the Trump administration, 58.7% have no hopes; 68% support a consumption tax cut, 28% oppose [FNN poll]]. Fuji News Network (in Japanese). 21 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.

[Asahi_2025-04-166] 質問と回答〈4月19、20日〉　朝日世論調査 [Questions and Answers (April 19th and 20th) Asahi Public Opinion Poll]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 21 April 2025. Archived from the original on 3 May 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.

[ANN_2025-04-167] 2025年4月調査 [April 2025 survey]. TV Asahi (in Japanese). 21 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.

[Jiji_Press_2025-04-P-169] 参院比例投票先、自民２０．６％　国民民主１０．６％、立民７．８％―時事世論調査 [In the House of Councillors proportional vote, the LDP gets 20.6%, the Democratic Party for the People gets 10.6%, and the CDP gets 7.8% – Jiji Public Opinion Poll]. Jiji Press (in Japanese). 17 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 17 April 2025.

[Senkyo.com_2025-04-170] 【速報】ネットの比例投票先で国民民主党が自民党を抜いてトップに！2025年4月電話×ネット意識調査 [[Breaking News] The Democratic Party for the People overtakes the LDP to take the top spot in online proportional voting! April 2025 telephone and online opinion survey]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 18 March 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 18 April 2025.

[Kyodo_News_2025-04-172] 2025年4月世論調査（共同通信データ） [April 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 14 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2025.

[Mainichi_2025-04-173] 毎日新聞世論調査　質問と回答 [Mainichi Shimbun opinion poll questions and answers]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 14 April 2025. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2025.

[Yomiuri_2025-04-174] ２０２５年４月　電話全国世論調査　質問と回答 [April 2025 National Telephone Poll Questions and Answers]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 14 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2025.

[NNN_2025-042-175] “トランプ関税”影響を懸念する88％【NNN・読売新聞　世論調査】 [88% of Americans are concerned about the impact of Trump tariffs [NNN/Yomiuri Shimbun opinion poll]]. Nippon News Network (in Japanese). 13 April 2025. Archived from the original on 22 April 2025. Retrieved 13 April 2025.

[Sankei_2025-03-176] 石破首相「辞める必要ない」62・6％　世論調査の質問と回答（3月22～23日） [62.6% of people say Prime Minister Ishiba "doesn't need to resign" Questions and answers from opinion poll (March 22–23)]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 24 March 2025. Archived from the original on 25 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.

[FNN_2025-03-177] 支持率30.4％に急落　石破内閣として過去最低…政党支持率も自民は急落、国民、れいわが過去最高水準【FNN世論調査】 [Approval rating plummets to 30.4%, the lowest ever for the Ishiba Cabinet... Party approval ratings also plummet for the LDP, while People's Party and Reiwa Party are at their highest levels ever [FNN poll]]. Fuji News Network (in Japanese). 24 March 2025. Archived from the original on 27 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.

[ANN_2025-03-179] 2025年3月調査 [March 2025 survey]. TV Asahi (in Japanese). 24 March 2025. Archived from the original on 24 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.

[Kyodo_News_2025-03-181] 2025年3月世論調査（共同通信データ） [March 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 24 March 2025. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 25 March 2025.

[Nikkei_2025-03-183] 内閣支持35%、5ポイント低下　商品券｢説明納得せず｣7割日経世論調査 [Cabinet approval falls by 5 percentage points to 35%; 70% "not convinced" by explanation regarding gift certificates – Nikkei opinion poll]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 23 March 2025. Archived from the original on 23 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.

[TV_Tokyo_2025-03-184] 石破内閣支持35％　初の40％割れ　　テレ東・日経　3月世論調査 [Approval for Ishiba Cabinet falls below 40% for the first time at 35% – TV Tokyo/Nikkei March opinion poll]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 24 March 2025. Archived from the original on 23 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.

[Senkyo.com_2025-03-185] 【速報】石破内閣の不支持が過去最多に！国民民主党が電話調査でも政党支持率増！2025年3月電話×ネット意識調査 [[Breaking News] Disapproval of the Ishiba Cabinet reaches record high! Democratic Party for the People sees increase in party support even in telephone survey! March 2025 telephone and online opinion survey]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 18 March 2025. Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 18 March 2025.

[Asahi_2025-03-186] 質問と回答＜3月15、16日＞　朝日世論調査 [Questions and Answers (March 15th and 16th) Asahi Public Opinion Poll]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2025. Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 17 March 2025.

[Mainichi_2025-03-187] 毎日新聞世論調査　質問と回答 [Mainichi Shimbun opinion poll questions and answers]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2025. Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 17 March 2025.

[Yomiuri_2025-03-188] ２０２５年３月　電話全国世論調査　質問と回答 [March 2025 National Telephone Poll Questions and Answers]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2025. Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 17 March 2025.

[NNN_2025-03-189] 石破内閣支持率31% 発足以来“最低”【NNN・読売新聞　世論調査】 [Ishiba Cabinet's approval rating is 31%, the lowest since its inauguration [NNN/Yomiuri Shimbun opinion poll]]. Nippon News Network (in Japanese). 16 March 2025. Archived from the original on 20 March 2025. Retrieved 16 March 2025.

[ANN_2025-02-190] 2025年2月調査 [February 2025 survey]. TV Asahi (in Japanese). 24 February 2025. Archived from the original on 24 February 2025. Retrieved 24 February 2025.

[Nikkei_2025-02-192] 内閣支持40%､3ポイント低下　日米首脳会談「評価」47% 日経世論調査 [Cabinet approval falls 3 points to 40%; Japan-US summit meeting "approved" by 47% – Nikkei opinion poll]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 23 February 2025. Archived from the original on 23 February 2025. Retrieved 24 February 2025.

[TV_Tokyo_2025-02-193] 石破内閣支持40％　3ポイント低下　　テレ東・日経　2月世論調査 [Approval for Ishiba Cabinet drops 3 points to 40% in TV Tokyo/Nikkei February opinion poll]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 23 February 2025. Archived from the original on 23 February 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.

[Senkyo.com_2025-02-195] 【速報】ネット比例投票先で自民党に立憲民主党と国民民主党が迫る！2025年2月電話×ネット意識調査 [[Breaking News] The Constitutional Democratic Party and the Democratic Party for the People are closing in on the LDP in online proportional voting! February 2025 telephone and online opinion survey]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 18 February 2025. Archived from the original on 18 February 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.

[Asahi_2025-02-197] 質問と回答＜2月15、16日＞　朝日世論調査 [Questions and Answers (February 15th and 16th) Asahi Public Opinion Poll]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 February 2025. Archived from the original on 16 February 2025. Retrieved 17 February 2025.

[Kyodo_News_2025-02-198] 2025年2月世論調査（共同通信データ） [February 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 February 2025. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 17 February 2025.

[Mainichi_2025-02-200] 毎日新聞世論調査　質問と回答 [Mainichi Shimbun opinion poll questions and answers]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 February 2025. Archived from the original on 17 February 2025. Retrieved 17 February 2025.

[Jiji_Press_2025-02-P-201] 参院比例投票先、自民２２％　国民民主が野党トップ―時事世論調査 [Liberal Democratic Party gets 22% of Upper House proportional votes, Democratic Party for the People tops opposition party – Jiji Public Opinion Poll]. Jiji Press (in Japanese). 13 February 2025. Archived from the original on 6 March 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.

[Kyodo_News_2025-01-202] 2025年1月世論調査（共同通信データ） [January 2025 Public Opinion Poll (Kyodo News data)]. Chunichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 27 January 2025. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.

[Nikkei_2025-01-204] 石破内閣支持、横ばい43%　日銀追加利上げ「評価」54% 日経世論調査 [Support for Ishiba Cabinet remains stable at 43%; 54% approve of additional interest rate hike by the Bank of Japan – Nikkei opinion poll]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). 26 January 2025. Archived from the original on 12 March 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.

[TV_Tokyo_2025-01-205] 石破内閣支持43％　2ポイント上昇 [Support for Ishiba Cabinet rises 2 points to 43%]. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). 26 January 2025. Archived from the original on 26 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.

[Asahi_2025-01-206] 質問と回答＜1月18、19日＞　朝日世論調査 [Questions and Answers (January 18th and 19th) Asahi Public Opinion Poll]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 January 2025. Archived from the original on 16 February 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.

[Mainichi_2025-01-207] 内閣支持率、参院選比例・投票はどこへ?　世論調査・質問と回答 [Where is the Cabinet's approval rating and the proportional representation and voting for the House of Councillors election heading? Opinion poll, questions and answers]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 19 January 2025. Archived from the original on 10 February 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.

[Senkyo.com_2025-01-208] 【速報】比例投票先ネット調査で自民党が首位奪還！国民民主党が立憲民主党超え！2025年1月選挙ドットコムリサーチ [[Breaking News] The LDP regains the lead in an online survey of proportional voting! The Democratic Party for the People surpasses the Constitutional Democratic Party! January 2025 Election.com Research]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 15 January 2025. Archived from the original on 18 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.

[Senkyo.com_2024-12-210] 【速報】次期比例投票先（ネット調査）で自民を上回った2党は？2024年12月選挙ドットコムリサーチ [[Breaking News] Which two parties will surpass the LDP in the next proportional vote (online survey)? December 2024 Election.com Research]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 17 December 2024. Archived from the original on 26 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.

[Senkyo.com_2024-112-212] 【速報】衆院選後初の支持率調査で、自民党と立憲民主党の差が縮まる！国民民主党が野党第2党に！2024年11月選挙ドットコムリサーチ [[Breaking News] In the first approval rating survey since the House of Representatives election, the gap between the LDP and the Constitutional Democratic Party narrows! The Democratic Party for the People becomes the second largest opposition party! November 2024 Election.com Research]. Senkyo.com (in Japanese). 19 November 2024. Archived from the original on 19 November 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2025.

[215] 【速報】参議院選挙自民・公明過半数割れ確実 50議席届かず [[Breaking News] Upper House Election: LDP and Komeito certain to lose majority, failing to reach 50 seats]. NHK (in Japanese). 20 July 2025. Archived from the original on 20 July 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.

[217] 【速報】自民が歴史的大敗自公で過半数割れの見通し国民・参政が躍進【参議院選挙2025】 [[Breaking News] Historic defeat for LDP, LDP-Komeito expected to lose majority, People's Democratic Party and Party of Councillors advance [2025 House of Councillors Election]]. TBS NEWS DIG (in Japanese). 20 July 2025. Archived from the original on 24 July 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2025.

[218] 【最新】選挙戦終盤の情勢は？自公40議席台で過半数割れか「立憲」30議席台「国民」16議席以上視野「参政」2桁公算【参院選2025】｜FNNプライムオンライン. FNNプライムオンライン. 18 July 2025. Archived from the original on 19 July 2025. Retrieved 18 July 2025.

[219] 自公の過半数厳しく、立民堅調・国民大幅増…参院選終盤情勢. 読売新聞オンライン (in Japanese). 15 July 2025. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 18 July 2025.

[220] 日本テレビ. 与党過半数確保「厳しい情勢」国民民主・参政、勢い維持｜日テレNEWS NNN. 日テレNEWS NNN (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 15 July 2025.

[JNN-221] 【参議院選挙】最新情勢自公“過半数割れ”の可能性若者中心に自民党離れか【選挙の日、そのまえに】. TBS NEWS DIG (in Japanese). 14 July 2025. Archived from the original on 14 July 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.

[222] 自公、参院過半数は困難か自民は比例区でも苦戦朝日終盤情勢調査：朝日新聞. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 14 July 2025. Archived from the original on 14 July 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.

[223] 自公、参院過半数は微妙な情勢　自民は1人区で不振　朝日序盤調査 [LDP and Komeito in delicate position to win majority in Upper House; LDP performing poorly in single-seat districts, Asahi Shimbun early survey]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 4 July 2025. Archived from the original on 4 July 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2025.

[224] 参院選「完全予測」【全45選挙区当落リスト付き】一人区11勝21敗で自民壊滅の衝撃結果 [Complete predictions for the Upper House election [with a list of winners and losers in all 45 electoral districts] The shocking result of 11 wins and 21 losses in single-seat districts shows the LDP's collapse]. Shūkan Bunshun (in Japanese). 2 July 2025. Archived from the original on 2 July 2025. Retrieved 4 July 2025.

[225] 【参院選「全選挙区当落予測」つき】東北地方は立憲の圧勝！　東京は「国民」元NHK女性アナウンサーの動向がカギ [[Upper House Election: Predictions for all electoral districts] The Constitutional Democratic Party wins a landslide victory in the Tohoku region! In Tokyo, the actions of a former female NHK announcer who is a "national" party are key]. Weekly Post (in Japanese). 1 July 2025. Archived from the original on 2 July 2025. Retrieved 2 July 2025.

[226] Suzuki, Kunikazu (1 July 2025). 【参政党が自民党を喰う⁉︎】参院選「全政党」議席予想！選挙ドットコム編集長が徹底分析 [[Will the Upper House Party eat the LDP?!] Predictions for seats for all parties in the Upper House election! A thorough analysis by the editor-in-chief of Senkyo.com] (in Japanese). 楽待 RAKUMACHI. Archived from the original on 5 July 2025. Retrieved 2 July 2025 – via Youtube.

[227] 永田町で囁かれる7月の「衆参ダブル選挙」　参院選詳細シミュレーションでは自公惨敗で参院過半数割れの可能性、国民民主大躍進で与野党逆転へ [Rumors in Nagatacho of a "double election for the House of Representatives and House of Councillors" in July: A detailed simulation of the House of Councillors election shows the possibility of a crushing defeat for the LDP and Komeito, resulting in a loss of a majority in the House of Councillors, while a major advance for the Democratic Party for the People could see a reversal in the ruling and opposition parties' positions]. Weekly Post (in Japanese). 7 April 2025. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 7 April 2025.

[228] "日本保守党衆参5議席＆得票率2％獲得で政党要件両方満たす百田代表「一人前の国政政党になった」（スポニチアネックス）". Yahoo!ニュース (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 20 July 2025. Retrieved 21 July 2025.

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[230] "Japan's PM vows to stay on despite bruising election loss". BBC. 21 July 2025. Archived from the original on 24 July 2025.

[231] "Record 42 women win seats in Japan upper house election". Kyodo News. 22 July 2025. Archived from the original on 24 July 2025.

[232] "Japan PM vows to stay on after bruising election defeat". Reuters. 21 July 2025. Archived from the original on 24 July 2025.

[233] "石破首相、続投正式表明も「ありえない」　公明は支持も党内から退陣要求噴出　地方からも". 産経新聞 (in Japanese). 21 July 2025. Archived from the original on 21 July 2025. Retrieved 21 July 2025.

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[244] 國民民主黨 (29 July 2025). "国民民主党代表定例会見（2025年7月29日）". https://new-kokumin.jp/ (in Japanese). Retrieved 31 July 2025. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)

[245] 公明黨 (21 July 2025). "参院選　約束した政策必ず実現". https://www.komei.or.jp/ (in Japanese). Retrieved 31 July 2025. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)

[246] 公明黨 (24 July 2025). "党再生へ結果分析・総括". https://www.komei.or.jp/ (in Japanese). Retrieved 31 July 2025. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)

[247] メニュー (31 July 2025). "「9月に党再生の新方針を打ち出したい」公明・斉藤代表　参院選の総括「8月にまとめる」". dメニュー (in Japanese). Retrieved 31 July 2025.

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v t e Elections in Japan
General elections	1890 1892 1894 (Mar) 1894 (Sep) 1898 (Mar) 1898 (Aug) 1902 1903 1904 1908 1912 1915 1917 1920 1924 1928 1930 1932 1936 1937 1942 1946 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1958 1960 1963 1967 1969 1972 1976 1979 1980 1983 1986 1990 1993 1996 2000 2003 2005 2009 2012 2014 2017 2021 2024 Next
Councillors elections	1947 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025 2028
Unified local elections	1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023
Supreme Court retention elections	1949 1952 1955 1958 1960 1963 1967 1969 1972 1976 1979 1980 1983 1986 1990 1993 1996 2000 2003 2005 2009 2012 2014 2017 2021 2024
See also: Gubernatorial elections Prefectural Assembly elections