1460s
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The 1460s decade ran from January 1, 1460, to December 31, 1469.
Events
1460
January–March
[edit]- January 14 – After gaining a consensus at the Council of Mantua, Pope Pius II formally declares a Christian crusade against the Muslim Ottoman Empire to recapture Constantinople, which had been captured by the Ottomans in 1453.
- January 15 – At the Battle of Sandwich in England, Yorkists raid Sandwich, Kent, and capture the royal fleet.[1]
- February 29 – Johann IV and his brother Sigismund of the House of Wittelsbach become the joint rulers of "Bavaria-Munich", one of several smaller states that had been fragmented from the original Duchy of Bavaria, upon the death of their father, Albrecht III the Pious. Johann's third son, Albrecht IV, will reunite Bavaria-Munich with the other states (Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Straubing) into a single Duchy of Bavaria in 1503.[2]
- March 4 – At Rome on the Wednesday during Ember Days, Pope Pius II addresses an assembly of the College of Cardinals and criticizes most of them, declaring that "Your lifestyle is such that you would appear to have been chosen, not to govern the state, but called to enjoy pleasures. You avoid neither hunting, nor games, nor the company of women. You put together parties that are more opulent than is fitting. You wear clothes that are far too expensive. You overflow with gold and silver."[3] He then directs them to consider the qualities of new candidates for the College. The next day, six cardinals are elected, including Francesco Nanni-Todeschini-Piccolomini, the Pope's nephew, who will later become Pope Pius III.
- March 5 – King Christian I of Denmark, the various nobles of the Duchy of Schleswig and the County of Holstein agree to the Treaty of Ribe, electing King Christian as the new Duke of Schleswig and Count of Holstein, and placing both political entities under Denmark's control.[4]
- March 21 – After having control of Malbork Castle, the Polish Army begins a siege against the Prussian town of Marienburg.
April–June
[edit]- April 4 – The University of Basel is founded in Switzerland.
- May 30 – Demetrios Palaiologos, the ruler of the Byzantine despotate of Morea in southern Greece surrenders the capital, Mystras,to the Ottomans. The Ottoman sultan Mehmed II grants some islands in the Aegean Sea to Palaiologos, and he lives for several yeras in relative comfort.[5]
- June 3 – Pope Pius II re-imposes a 1454 ban against trade with the Prussian Confederation, and extends it to include a ban against trading with the Kingdom of Poland, after the Prussian states and Poland refuse to join in the proposed crusade against the Ottoman Empire.
- June 26 – Wars of the Roses: Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March (eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York) land in England at Sandwich, Kent with an army, and march on London.
July–September
[edit]- July 2 – The city of London opens its gates to the Yorkist invaders and puts up no reistance to their occupation.
- July 4 – The cannons of the Tower of London, still in Lancastrian hands, are fired on the city of London, which is mostly in Yorkist. The Tower is surrendered on July 19.[6]
- July 5 – The town of Marienburg is captured by the Polish army after a four-month siege that had been started by General Proandota Lubieszowski, who had died during the fighting.
- July 10 – Wars of the Roses – King Henry VI of England is captured as prisoner of war after his army is defeated at the Battle of Northampton by the earls of Warwick and March.[7] It is agreed that York will be Henry's heir, disinheriting the King's son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.
- July 30 – King Henry VI summons the English Parliament to assemble at Westminster on October 7.
- August 3 – King James II of Scotland is killed by the explosion of a cannon which he had purchased from Flanders as part of acquiring the most up-to-date military technology for Scotland. The King had been supervising the bombardment of Roxburgh Castle during a siege to force out the English occupation troops.[8] Historian Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie later writes "as the King stood near a piece of artillery, his thigh bone was dug in two with a piece of misframed gun that brake in shooting, by which he was stricken to the ground and died hastily.[9] He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son, who becomes King James III, with power exercised by the boy's mother, the Queen Regent Mary of Guelders.[10]
- August 8 – Sigismund, the Duke of Austria, is excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Pius II and has his domains placed under an interdict.[11]
- September 14 – The siege of Trebizond, the capital of the Empire of Trebizond, is started by the Ottoman Empire.[12] The Trebizond Emperor, David Megas Komnenos withstands the siege for almost a year
October–December
[edit]- October 7 – The 22nd parliament of Henry VI is opened, and the House of Commons elects John Green as its speaker.
- October 10 – Richard, Duke of York enters the Council Chamber, places his hand upon the throne, and announces that he is the rightful King of England. He then takes up residence at the royal palace.[13]
- October 25 – The Act of Accord, passed by the Parliament of England, is given royal assent by King Henry VI as a compromise to end the War of the Roses between King Henry's supporters (the Lancastrians) and the supporters of Richard of York (the Yorkists). Under the law, King Henry is permitted to rule England for the rest of his life, but his son, Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales is removed from the right of succession and Richard of York and his descendants are granted the right to rule upon King Henry's death.[14]
- November 7 – King James II of Cyprus orders his chief minister, George Boustronios, to travel to Larnaca, and to round up "both the serfs and emancipated peasants, both mounted and on foot", to be delivered to the King at Nicosia to be drafted into the King's army, with the promise of benefits to the peasants and emancipation to the serfs.[15]
- December 2 – In Spain, the popular Prince Carlos de Viana, heir to the throne of Navarre, is arrested at Lleida and jailed in Morella by order of his father, King Juan II, leading to an uprising in Catalonia. King Juan eventually yields and frees Prince Carlos two months later on February 25.[16]
- December 30 – Wars of the Roses – Richard of York, set to be the next King of England, is killed along with his son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, at the Battle of Wakefield as a Lancastrian army under Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland decisively defeats the Yorkists. York's son Edward becomes leader of the Yorkist faction and the heir to the English throne.[17]
Date unknown
[edit]- Ali Bey Mihaloğlu captures Michael Szilágyi.
- Portuguese navigator Pedro de Sintra reaches the coast of modern-day Sierra Leone.
- A famine breaks out in the Deccan Plateau of India.
- A monk, Leonardo da Pistoia, arrives in Florence from Macedonia, with the Corpus Hermeticum.
1461
January–March
[edit]- January 12 – John Neville, a Yorkist who betrayed Richard of York at the Battle of Wakefield and joined the Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses, leads troops on raids in northern England, pillaging Beverley[18]
- January 22 – In Japan, where the Kansho famine has led to thousands of people starving to death, the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa orders relief efforts to be coordinated by Ganami, a Buddhist monk who leads the Kōfuku-ji temple.[19]
- February 2 – After the "sun dog" (parhelion) weather phenomenon in England gives the illusion of three suns rising at dawn, Edward, Earl of March, leads the Yorkists to victory over the Lancastrians in battle at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross.[20] Edward convinces his frightened troops that the three sunrises represents the Holy Trinity and divine support for the Yorkist cause.[21] The Lancastrians, led by Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, are defeated and Owen Tudor is taken prisoner and executed.[22]
- February 17 – Second Battle of St Albans, England: The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control for her husband.[23]
- March 4 – Edward, Duke of York, son of the late Richard of York and heir to the English throne, seizes London, and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England.
- March 5 – Wars of the Roses: King Henry VI of England is deposed by Edward, Duke of York.
- March 29 – At the Battle of Towton in Yorkshire, the newly proclaimed Yorkist King Edward IV defeats the Lancastrians, led by the Duke of Somerset, to make good his claim to the English throne. The battle, which claims the lives of at least 6,000 supporters of King Henry VI and at least 3,000 of King Edward's men, remains one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on English soil.[24]
April–June
[edit]- April 17 – Skanderbeg, ruler of Albania, reaches a three-year peace agreement with the Ottoman Empire.[25]
- May 3 – Theodosius Byvaltsev is installed as the new leader of the Russian Orthodox Church as Metropolitan of Moscow and all the Russias by order of Vasily II Vasilyevich, Grand Prince of Moscow.
- May 15 – In Ireland, Fedlim Geancach Ó Conchobair becomes the last King of Connacht, now the Republic of Ireland's Province of Connaught and comprising what are now the Counties Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon, and Sligo. Upon Fedlim's death in 1475, [26]
- May 23 – King Edward IV summons the English Parliament for the first time, directing the members of the House of Lords and House of Commons to assemble at Westminster on November 4.
- May 28 – In Italy, King Ferdinand of Naples is forced to abandon the city of Venosa, the Albanian general Skanderbeg leads his cavalry in an attack on Venosa after an attack by the former king, Rene of Anjou and by General Jacopo Piccinino. Fleeing to Apulia, Ferdinand learns that the Albanian General Skanderbeg will soon arive to fight the House of Anjou.[27]
- June 28 – Edward, Richard of York's son, is crowned as Edward IV, King of England. He reigns until 1483.
July–September
[edit]- July 10 – Stephen Tomašević becomes the last King of Bosnia, on the death of his father Stephen Thomas.
- July 18 – In the Republic of Genoa in Italy, Spinetta Fregoso is elected by the republic's council as the new chief executive, the Doge. He remains in office for only six days before being forced to surrender to Lodovico di Campofregoso.[28]
- July 22 – Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483).
- July – The last remnant of the Byzantine Empire is lost to the Ottomans as General Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, the last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to invading forces after a year-long siege.
- August 7 – The Ming Dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor; after setting fire to the eastern and western gates of the Imperial City, Beijing (which are doused by pouring rains during the day-long uprising), Cao Qin finds himself hemmed in on all sides by imperial forces, loses three of his own brothers in the fight, and instead of facing execution, he flees to his home in the city, and commits suicide by jumping down a well located within his walled compound.
- August 15 –
- The Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost, falls to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II, after a 21-day siege.
- The coronation of Louis XI as King of France takes place at Reims.
- August 24 – The Angevins, led by Giovanni Orsini, lift their siege of Barletta in the Kingdom of Naples when Ivan Strez Balšić arrives with cavalry and infantry to rescue King Ferrante. Orsini's erroneous belief that Skanderbeg has accompanied the Neapolitan Army is enough to cause him to order a withdrawal.[27]
- September 4 – At Bidar, in what is now the [[Karnataka state of India, Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III becomes the new Sultan of Bahmani three days after the death of his father, Humayun Shah.[29]
- September 30 – Pembroke Castle in Wales is surrendered to William Herbert, who has been sent by England's King Edward IV to remove Jasper Tudor, uncle of the recently deposed King Henry VII. At the same time, Lord Herbert becomes the guardian of the four-year old Prince Henry Tudor, who will later become King Henry VII of England.[30]
October–December
[edit]- October 19 – With the Yorkist victory in the War of the Roses, the proposal by the new English King, Edward IV for an alliance with Scottish nobles against the former King Henry VI is approved by Scottish Highland lords at Ardtornish Castle.[31] The agreement will become the basis for the Treaty of Westminster four months later on February 13, 1462.
- November 4 – The English Parliament is opened at Westminster by King Edward IV, and the House of Commons elects James Strangeways as its Speaker.
- November 17 – The coronation of Stephen Tomašević as the King of Bosnia takes place at Saint Mary's Church at Jajce.
- November 27 – An earthquake estimated later at 6.4 magnitude occurs at L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of the Kingdom of Naples and kills more than 80 people.[32]
- December 21 – The first English Parliament under King Edward IV adjourns and the King gives royal assent to the Act titled "In eschewing of Ambiguities, Doubts, and Diversities of Opinions which may rise, ensue, or be taken of and upon judicial Acts and Eximplifications of same, made or had in the Time or Times of Henry the Fourth, Henry the Fifth His Son, and Henry the Sixth His Son or any of them, late Kings of England successively, in Deed and not of Right", designating which acts of this three immediate predecessors are repealed and which are renewed. [33]
- December 28 – General Skanderbeg of Albania recaptures the fortress of Trani for the Kingdom of Naples after finding the rebel leader Fuscia de Foxa and 16 other rebels outside the walls of the city.[27]
Date unknown
[edit]- Cirencester Grammar School is founded in southwest England by the Bishop of Durham.
- Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli become students of Verrocchio.
- Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is founded by the Ottomans.
- François Villon writes Le Grand Testament.
1462
January–March
[edit]- January 16 – The conflict in Poland over who should be the bishop of Krakow — Pope Pius II's appointee Jakub of Sienno or King Casimir IV's pick, Jan Gruszczynski — Pope Pius sends his legate, the Archbishop of Crete Hieronymus Landus, to negotiate a compromise that ultimately ends with Jakub being recognized by King Casimir as Bishop.[34]<
- January 22 – On Saint Vincent's Day, Portuguese explorer Diogo Afonso and his men become the first Europeans to discover the island of São Vicente (now part of Cape Verde) off of the coast of North Africa.[35]
- February 13 – The Treaty of Westminster is agreed upon between King Edward IV of England and the Scotland noble John of Islay, Earl of Ross and Lord of the Isles. The parties sign the treaty on March 17.
- March 27 – Ivan III of Russia becomes the ruler of Russia, following the death of his father, Vasili.[36]
April–June
[edit]- April 1 – Bishop Antony Kokkas becomes the new Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding the late Patriarch Isidore II as leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. He takes the name Ioasaf I.[37]
- April 3 – Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, come to an agreement to return the Crown of St. Stephen to Hungary in return for payment of 80,000 florins, and recognizing Matthias as King.
- April 28 – Pope Pius II issues the papal bull Cum almam nostram urbem prohibiting the destruction or removal of the ancient ruins in Rome and Campagna or the burning of ancient marble for lime, with violators subject to excommunication.[38]
- May 23 – Catalan Civil War: In the Principality of Catalonia in Spain, the Siege of Hostalric, controlled by the Kingdom of Aragon, is started by Catalan General Pere de Bell-lloc and the Hostalric castle surrenders six days later.[39]
- June 17 – The Night Attack: Vlad III Dracula attempts to assassinate Mehmed II, forcing him to retreat from Wallachia.
- June 30 – Battle of Seckenheim: Frederick I, Elector Palatine is victorious over four other opponents.[40]
July–September
[edit]- July 22 – The first siege of Chilia by Stephen the Great fails, and he is seriously wounded.
- September 17 – Thirteen Years' War – Battle of Świecino (Battle of Żarnowiec): The Kingdom of Poland defeats the Teutonic Order.[41]
- September – Siege of Mytilene: Mehmed II captures the town of Mytilene, thus conquering the island of Lesbos.
October–December
[edit]- December – After Radu III the Fair takes over the throne in Wallachia, Vlad III Dracula seeks help in Transylvannia, where he is captured by Mathias Corvinus, and imprisoned for the next 12 years, over false charges of treason.
Date unknown
[edit]- The Jews are expelled from Mainz, Germany.
- Portugal begins to settle the Cape Verde Islands, with slaves from the coast of Guinea.
1463
January–December
[edit]- January 5 – French poet François Villon receives a reprieve from death by hanging, and is banished from Paris (his further life is undocumented).
- May – The Kingdom of Bosnia falls to the Ottoman Empire.
- September 15 – Battle of Vistula Lagoon: The navy of the Prussian Confederation defeats that of the Teutonic Order.
- October 8 – The Truce of Hesdin ends French support for the House of Lancaster in England.[42]
Date unknown
[edit]- Muhammad Rumfa starts to rule in Kano.
- Corpus Hermeticum is translated into Latin, by Marsilio Ficino.
1464
January–December
[edit]- April 25 – Battle of Hedgeley Moor in England: Yorkist forces under John Neville defeat the Lancastrians under Sir Ralph Percy, who is killed.[43]
- May 1 – Edward IV of England secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville, and keeps the marriage a secret for five months afterwards.[43]
- May 15 – Battle of Hexham: Neville defeats another Lancastrian army, this one led by King Henry and Queen Margaret themselves. This marks the end of organized Lancastrian resistance for several years.[44]
- June 11 – A 15-year-truce between the kingdoms of England and Scotland is signed.[43]
- June 18 – Pope Pius II himself shoulders the cross of the Crusades, and departs for Ancona to participate in person. He names Skanderbeg general captain of the Holy See, under the title Athleta Christi. This plan forces Skanderbeg to break his ten-year peace treaty with the Ottomans signed in 1463, by attacking their forces near Ohrid.
- June 23 – Christian I of Denmark and Norway, who is also serving as King of Sweden, is declared deposed from the latter throne. His deposed predecessor Charles VIII of Sweden is re-elected to the throne on August 9.
- August 21 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan abdicates, and is succeeded by his son, Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado.
- August 30 – Pope Paul II succeeds Pope Pius II, as the 211th pope.[45]
Date unknown
[edit]- In China, a small rebellion occurs in the interior province of Huguang, during the Ming Dynasty; a subsequent rebellion springs up in Guangxi, where a rebellion of the Miao people and Yao people forces the Ming throne to respond, by sending 30,000 troops (including 1,000 Mongol cavalry) to aid the 160,000 local troops stationed in the region, to crush the rebellion that will end in 1466.[46][47]
- Jehan Lagadeuc writes a Breton-French-Latin dictionary called the Catholicon. It is the first French dictionary as well as the first Breton dictionary of world history, and it will be published in 1499.
- Tenguella, the founder of the Empire of Great Fulo, becomes chief of the Fula people.
1465
January–December
[edit]- January 24 – Chilia is conquered by Stephen the Great of Moldavia, following a second siege.
- January 29 – Amadeus IX becomes Duke of Savoy.
- January 30 – Charles VIII of Sweden is deposed. Clergyman Kettil Karlsson Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden.
- c. March – Queens' College, Cambridge, is refounded by Elizabeth Woodville.
- May 14 – The Moroccan Revolt in Fez ousts the Maranid rulers, and leads to the killing of many Jews.[48][49]
- May 26 – Elizabeth Woodville, Queen consort of Edward IV of England, is crowned in a lavish ceremony at Westminster Abbey.
- July 16 – Battle of Montlhéry: Troops of King Louis XI of France fight inconclusively against an army of great nobles, organized as the League of the Public Weal.[50]
- July 18 – Former King Henry VI of England is captured by Yorkist forces. On July 24 he is imprisoned in the Tower of London. His queen consort Margaret of Anjou and Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, have fled to France.[51]
- August 11 – In Sweden, Regent Kettil Karlsson Vasa, Bishop of Linköping, is succeeded as Regent by Archbishop Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna.
Date unknown
[edit]- Massive flooding in central and southern China motivates the initial construction of hundreds of new bridges.
- The main altar of St Martin's Church, Colmar is finished by painter Caspar Isenmann.
1466
- The Kingdom of Georgia collapses into anarchy, and fragments into rival states of Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti, Samtskhe-Saatabago and a number of principalities; this breakup is finalised in 1490, when Constantine II of Georgia has to recognize his rival monarchies.
- The Mentelin Bible, the first printed German language Bible, is produced.
- Louis XI of France introduces silk weaving to Lyon.[52]
- The first known shop specialising in eyeglasses opens in Strasbourg.
- The second largest bell of Saint Peter's Church, Fritzlar, in Hesse, is cast by Meister Goswin aus Fritzlar.
1467
January–December
[edit]- June 15 – Philip the Good is succeeded as Duke of Burgundy, by Charles the Bold.
- October 29 – Battle of Brustem: Charles the Bold defeats the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
- October 30 or November 11 – Battle of Chapakchur: Uzun Hasan defeats Jahan Shah.
- November 12 – Regent of Sweden Erik Axelsson Tott supports the re-election of deposed Charles VIII of Sweden to the throne.
- December 15 – Battle of Baia: Troops under Stephen III of Moldavia decisively defeat the forces of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, at Baia (present-day Romania). This is the last Hungarian attempt to subdue the Principality of Moldavia.
Date unknown
[edit]- Third Siege of Krujë: A few months after the failure of the second siege, Mehmed II leads another unsuccessful Ottoman invasion of Albania.
- The Ōnin War (1467–1477), which initiates the Sengoku period (1467–1615) in Japan, begins.
- While Hassan III of the Maldives is on Hajj, Sayyidh Muhammad deposes his son, acting regent. On his return, Hassan regains the throne.
- Some papal abbreviators are arrested and tortured on the orders of Pope Paul II, among them Filippo Buonaccorsi.
- King Matthias Corvinus founds the first university in Slovakia, the Universitas Istropolitana in Bratislava.
- The first European polyalphabetic cipher is invented by Leon Battista Alberti (approximate date).
- Juan de Torquemada's book, Meditationes, seu Contemplationes devotissimae, is published.[53]
1468
January–December
[edit]- June 30 – Catherine Cornaro is married by proxy to James II of Cyprus, beginning the Venetian conquest of Cyprus.
- August 26 – Baeda Maryam succeeds his father Zara Yaqob, as Emperor of Ethiopia.
- October 14 – The Treaty of Péronne is signed by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and Louis XI of France.[54]
- October 30 – Troops of Charles the Bold conduct the Sack of Liège.
Date unknown
[edit]- The Lancastrians surrender Harlech Castle to King Edward IV of England after a seven-year siege.
- The Great Council of the Republic of Venice attempts to curb the power of the Council of Ten through legislation restricting them to acting on emergency matters.
- Orkney is pledged by Christian I, in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland. As the money is never paid, the connection with the crown of Scotland becomes perpetual.
- Fire breaks out at Metz Cathedral in France.
- Sonni Ali, king of the Songhai Empire, takes power over Timbuktu.
1469
January–December
[edit]- February 4 – Battle of Qarabagh: Uzun Hasan decisively defeats the Timurids of Abu Sa'id Mirza.
- July 24 – Battle of Edgcote: Yorkists are defeated and, in the aftermath, King Edward IV of England is taken prisoner.[55]
- August–October – Caister Castle in England is besieged by John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk.
- October 19 – Ferdinand II of Aragon marries Isabella I of Castile in Valladolid, bringing about a dynastic union.[56]
Date unknown
[edit]- Sigismund of Austria sells Upper-Elsass (Alsace) to Charles the Bold, in exchange for aid in a war against the Swiss.
- Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Axayacatl.
- Anglo-Hanseatic War breaks out.
- Marsilio Ficino completes his translation of the collected works of Plato, writes Commentary on Plato's Symposium on Love, and starts to work on Platonic Theology.
Significant people
[edit]- Charles I (the Bold) (1433–1477), Duke of Burgundy, r. 1467–1477
- Jean Fouquet of France (1420–1481), painter
- Francis II (1433–1488), Duke of Brittany, r. 1458–1488
- Gendun Drup of Tibet (1391–1474), First Dalai Lama
- Diogo Gomes of Portugal (1420–1485), navigator, explorer and writer
- Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz (1395?–1468), printer and inventor of the movable type printing press
- Henry the Navigator of Portugal (1394–1460), Portuguese prince and patron of exploration
- William Herbert of Wales (1423–1469), Pro-York nobleman
- Sir Thomas Malory of England (1405?–1471), soldier, member of Parliament, political prisoner, and author of Le Morte d'Arthur
- Richard Neville of England (1428–1471), nobleman, administrator, and military commander
- Demetrios Palaiologos of Morea (1407–1470), Byzantine Prince and Despot of Morea
- Thomas Palaiologos of Morea (1409–1465), Byzantine Prince and Despot of Morea
- Philip III (the Good) (1396–1467), Duke of Burgundy, r. 1419–1467
- Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester (1452–1483), English Prince, Yorkist commander, and future King of England
- Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York of England (1411-1460), nobleman, military commander, and Yorkist claimant to the Throne of England
- Mar Shimun IV, Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East (Patriarchate then based in Mosul), held position 1437–1497
- Tlacaelel (1397-1487), Tlacochcalcatl of the Aztec Empire
- Jasper Tudor of Wales (c.1431–1495), nobleman and adventurer
- Owen Tudor of Wales (c.1400–1461), soldier and courtier at the court of the English Kings
- Andrea del Verrocchio of Florence (1435–1488), painter, sculptor, and goldsmith
Births
1460
- May 8 – Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1536)
- June 1 – Enno I, Count of East Frisia (1466–1491) (d. 1491)
- September 29 – Louis II de la Trémoille, French military leader (d. 1525)
- date unknown
- Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (d. 1524)
- Isabella Hoppringle, Scottish abbess and spy (d. 1538)
- Svante Nilsson, regent of Sweden (d. 1512)
- Ana de Mendonça, Spanish courtier (d. 1542)
- Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley, English nobleman (d. 1532)
- probable
- Antoine Brumel, Flemish composer (d. 1515)
- Tristão da Cunha, Portuguese explorer (d. 1540)
- Katarzyna Weiglowa, Jewish martyr (d. 1539)
- Gwerful Mechain, Welsh erotic poet (d. 1502)
- Konstanty Ostrogski, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (d. 1530)
- Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (d. 1531)
- Arnolt Schlick, German organist and composer (d. after 1521)
- Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, English nobleman (d. 1526)
- Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conquistador (d. 1527)
- Ponce de Leon, Spanish conquistador
1461
- February 6 – Džore Držić, Croatian poet and playwright (d. 1501)
- February 19 – Domenico Grimani, Italian nobleman (d. 1523)
- March 11 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Duke of the Infantado, Spanish noble (d. 1531)[57]
- April 3 – Anne of France, French princess regent, eldest daughter of Louis XI of France and Charlotte of Savoy (d. 1522)
- May 3 – Raffaele Riario, Italian cardinal (d. 1521)
- May 25 – Zanobi Acciaioli, librarian of the Vatican (d. 1519)
- August 5 – Alexander Jagiellon, King of Poland (d. 1506)[58]
- September 15 – Jacopo Salviati, Italian politician and son-in-law of Lorenzo de' Medici (d. 1533)
- October 1 – Amalie of Brandenburg, Countess Palatine and Duchess of Zweibruecken and Veldenz (d. 1481)
- December 28 – Louise of Savoy, Nun (d. 1503)
- date unknown
- Alessandro Alessandri, Italian jurist (d. 1523)
- Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1510)
- Nicholas West, English bishop and diplomat (d. 1533)
1462
- January 2 – Piero di Cosimo, Italian artist (d. 1522)[59]
- January 8 – Walraven II van Brederode, Dutch noble (d. 1531)
- February 1 – Johannes Trithemius, German scholar and cryptographer (d. 1516)
- February 21 – Joanna la Beltraneja, princess of Castile (d. 1530)
- May 19 – Baccio D'Agnolo, Italian woodcarver, sculptor and architect (d. 1543)
- May 31 – Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1489–1503) (d. 1504)
- June 27 – Louis XII of France, King of France (1498–1515), King of Naples (1501–1504) (d. 1515)[60]
- July 21 – Queen Jeonghyeon, Korean royal consort (d. 1530)
- September 8 – Henry Medwall, first known English vernacular dramatist (d. 1501)[61]
- September 16 – Pietro Pomponazzi, Italian philosopher (d. 1525)
- September 26 – Engelbert, Count of Nevers, younger son of John I (d. 1506)
- November 26 – Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and Count of Veldenz (1489–1514) (d. 1514)
- date unknown
- Jodocus Badius, Flemish printer (d. 1535)
- probable – Edmund Dudley, minister of Henry VII of England (d. 1510)
1463
- January 17
- Antoine Duprat, French cardinal (d. 1535)
- Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (d. 1525)
- February 24 – Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher (d. 1494)[62]
- June 14 – Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble (d. 1514)
- August 4 – Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, Florentine patron of the arts (d. 1503)
- September 29 – Louis I, Count of Löwenstein and founder of the House of Löwenstein-Wertheim (d. 1523)
- October 20 or October 29 – Alessandro Achillini, Bolognese philosopher (d. 1512)[63]
- November 29 – Andrea della Valle, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1534)
- December 25 – Johann of Schwarzenberg, German judge and poet (d. 1528)
- date unknown – Caterina Sforza, countess and regent of Forli (d. 1509)[64]
1464
- April 23
- Robert Fayrfax, English Renaissance composer (d. 1521)
- Joan of France, Duchess of Berry (d. 1505)
- May 6 – Sophia Jagiellon, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Polish princess (d. 1512)
- May 30 – Barbara of Brandenburg, Bohemian queen (d. 1515)
- June 27 – Ernst II of Saxony, Archbishop of Magdeburg (1476–1513) and Administrator of Halberstadt (1480–1513) (d. 1513)
- July 1 – Clara Gonzaga, Italian noble (d. 1503)
- November 19 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara of Japan (d. 1526)
- date unknown
- Nezahualpilli, Aztec ruler (d. 1515)
- Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers (d. 1534)
1465
- January 1 – Lachlan Cattanach Maclean, 11th Chief, Scottish clan chief (d. 1523)
- February 4 – Frans van Brederode, Dutch rebel (d. 1490)
- February 6 – Scipione del Ferro, Italian mathematician (d. 1526)[65]
- March 16 – Kunigunde of Austria, Archduchess of Austria (d. 1520)
- June 10 – Mercurino Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (d. 1530)
- June 24 – Isabella del Balzo, queen consort of Naples (d. 1533)
- July 29 – Ichijō Fuyuyoshi, Japanese court noble (d. 1514)
- August 17 – Philibert I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1482)
- September 11 – Bernardo Accolti, Italian poet (d. 1536)
- October 14 – Konrad Peutinger, German humanist and antiquarian (d. 1547)
- December 11 – Ashikaga Yoshihisa, Japanese shōgun (d. 1489)
- date unknown
- Şehzade Ahmet, oldest son of Sultan Bayezid II (d. 1513)
- Hector Boece, Scottish historian (d. 1536)[66]
- William Cornysh, English composer (d. 1523)
- George Neville, Duke of Bedford, English nobleman (d. 1483)
- Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish conquistador (d. 1524)
- probable
- Gil Vicente, Portuguese poet and playwright
- Francisco Álvares, Portuguese missionary and explorer (d. 1541))
- Mette Dyre, Danish noblewoman, nominal sheriff and chancellor
- Johann Tetzel, German Dominican priest (d. 1519)[67]
1466
- February 11 – Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII of England (d. 1503)[68]
- May – Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg, German landgravine (d. 1523)[69][70]
- May 22 – Marino Sanuto the Younger, Italian historian (d. 1536)
- June 18 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian music printer (d. 1539)
- July 5 – Giovanni Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1510)
- August 10 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (d. 1519)
- September 9 – Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shōgun (d. 1523)
- October 28 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (d. 1536)[71]
- November 16 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Florentine philosopher (d. 1522)
- November 26 – Edward Hastings, 2nd Baron Hastings, English noble (d. 1506)
- November 30 – Andrea Doria, Genoese condottiero and admiral (d. 1560)[72]
- Probable – Moctezuma II, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán (modern Mexico City), 1502–1520, son of Axayacatl (d. 1520)[73]
1467
- January – John Colet, English churchman and educational pioneer (d. 1519)
- January 1
- Philip of Cleves, Bishop of Nevers, Amiens, Autun (d. 1505)
- Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (d. 1548)
- January 4
- Henry the Younger of Stolberg, Stadtholder of Friesland (1506–1508) (d. 1508)
- Bodo VIII, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (1511–1538) (d. 1538)
- January 26 – Guillaume Budé, French scholar (d. 1540)
- February 2 – Columba of Rieti, Italian Dominican tertiary Religious Sister (d. 1501)
- March 19 – Bartolomeo della Rocca, Italian scholar (d. 1504)
- March 21 – Caritas Pirckheimer, German nun (d. 1532)
- May 8 – Adalbert of Saxony, Administrator of Mainz (1482–1484) (d. 1484)
- May 31 – Sibylle of Brandenburg, Duchess of Jülich and Berg (d. 1524)
- August 11 – Mary of York, daughter of King Edward IV of England (d. 1482)
- August 25 – Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 2nd Duke of Alburquerque, Spanish duke (d. 1526)
- October 21 – Giovanni il Popolano, Italian diplomat (d. 1498)
- November 9
- Charles II, Duke of Guelders, Count of Zutphen from 1492 (d. 1538)
- Philippa of Guelders, twin sister of Charles, Duke of Guelders, Duchess consort of Lorraine (d. 1547)
- November 25 – Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre, Knight of Henry VIII of England (d. 1525)
- date unknown
- John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, English translator (d. 1553)
- Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, Polish nobleman (d. 1532)
- John Yonge, English ecclesiastic and diplomatist (d. 1516)
- probable – William Latimer, English churchman and scholar (d. 1545)
1468
- February 29 – Pope Paul III (d. 1549)[74]
- March 28 – Charles I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1490)
- April 27 – Frederick Jagiellon, Primate of Poland (d. 1503)
- May 31 – Philip, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (d. 1500)
- June 30 – John, Elector of Saxony (1525–1532) (d. 1532)[75]
- July 24 – Catherine of Saxony, Archduchess of Austria (d. 1524)
- August 3 – Albert I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko (d. 1511)
- August 26 – Bernardo de' Rossi, Italian bishop (d. 1527)
- December 21 – William Conyers, 1st Baron Conyers, English baron (d. 1524)
- date unknown
- Marino Ascanio Caracciolo, Italian cardinal (d. 1538)
- Mir Chakar Khan Rind, Baloch chieftain (d. 1565)
- Juan de Zumárraga, Spanish Franciscan prelate and first bishop of Mexico (d. 1548)
- probable – Alonso de Ojeda, Spanish conquistador and explorer (d. 1515)
1469
- February 13 – Elia Levita, Renaissance Hebrew grammarian (d. 1549)
- February 20 – Thomas Cajetan, Italian philosopher (d. 1534)
- March 20 – Cecily of York, English princess (d. 1507)
- November 29 – Guru Nanak, Sikh guru (d. 1539)[76]
- April 29 – William II, Landgrave of Hesse (d. 1509)
- May 3 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian historian and political author (d. 1527)[77]
- May 31 – King Manuel I of Portugal (d. 1521)
- June 20 – Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1494)
- August 4 – Margaret of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1528)
- August 26 – King Ferdinand II of Naples (d. 1496)
- date unknown
- John III of Navarre (d. 1516)
- Silvio Passerini, Italian politician (d. 1529)
- Laura Cereta, Italian humanist and feminist (d. 1499)
- probable – Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (d. 1524)
Deaths
1460
- February 29 – Albert III, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (b. 1401)
- July 10
- Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English military leader (b. 1402)
- John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury (b. c. 1413)
- Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont, English baron (b. 1422)
- July 19 – Lord Scales, English commander (b. 1397)
- August 3 – King James II of Scotland (b. 1430)[8]
- September 20 – Gilles Binchois, Flemish composer (b. c. 1400)
- September 25 – Katharina of Hanau, German countess regent (b. 1408)
- November 13 – Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese patron of exploration (b. 1394)
- December 14 – Guarino da Verona, Italian humanist (b. 1370)
- December 30
- Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (b. 1443)
- Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (in battle) (b. 1411)[78]
- December 31 – Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician (executed) (b. 1400)
- date unknown
- Francesco II Acciaioli, last Duke of Athens (murdered by consent)
- Israel Isserlein, Austrian Jewish scholar (b. 1390)
- Reginald Pecock, deposed Welsh bishop and writer (b. c. 1392)
1461
- February 2 – Owen Tudor, Welsh founder of the Tudor dynasty (executed)
- March 28 – John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford (in battle)
- March 29
- April 8 – Georg von Peuerbach, Austrian astronomer (b. 1423)
- May 15 – Domenico Veneziano, Italian painter (b. c. 1410)
- July 22 – King Charles VII of France (b. 1403)[79]
- September 21 – Sophia of Halshany, queen consort of Poland (b. 1405)
- September 23 – Charles, Prince of Viana, King of Navarre (b. 1421)
- October 7 – Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, follower of Joan of Arc (b. c. 1390)
- November 6 – John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (b. 1415)
- probable – Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow
1462
- February 23 – Thomas Tuddenham, English landowner (b. 1401)
- February 26 – John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford (b. 1408)[80]
- February 27 – Władysław II of Płock, Polish noble (b. 1448)
- March 27 – Vasily II of Moscow, Grand Prince of Moscow (b. 1415)
- March 31 – Isidore II of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
- April 26 – William Percy, medieval Bishop of Carlisle (b. 1428)
- April 28 – Oldřich II of Rosenberg, Bohemian nobleman (b. 1403)
- August 26 – Catherine Zaccaria, Despotess of the Morea
- September 17 – Anna of Saxony, Landgravine of Hesse, German royalty (b. 1420)
- November 11 – Anne of Cyprus, Italian noble (b. 1418)
- November 13 – Anne of Austria, Landgravine of Thuringia, consort of William III, Landgrave of Thuringia (b. 1432)
- November 25 – John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton, English baron (b. 1400)
- date unknown
- King Esen Buqa II of Moghulistan
- Niccolò Gattilusio, last Prince of Lesbos
- Dài Jìn, Chinese painter (b. 1388)
1463
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.jpg)
- March 9 – Catherine of Bologna, Italian Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1413)[81]
- May 25 – King Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia (beheaded)
- June 4 – Flavio Biondo, Italian humanist (b. 1392)
- June 17 – Infanta Catherine of Portugal, religious sister (b. 1436)
- September 23 – Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, Italian noble (b. 1421)
- November 1 – Emperor David of Trebizond (b. c. 1408)
- November 15 – Giovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini, Prince of Taranto and Constable of Naples (b. 1393)
- November 18 – John IV, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1437)
- November 29 – Marie of Anjou, queen of France, spouse of Charles VII of France (b. 1404)[82]
- December 2 – Albert VI, Archduke of Austria (b. 1418)
- December 16 – Sir Philip Courtenay, British noble (b. 1404)
- date unknown
- Jacob Gaón, Jewish Basque tax collector (beheaded by the mob)
- Ponhea Yat, last king of the Khmer Empire and first king of Cambodia (b. 1394)
1464
- January – Desiderio da Settignano, Italian sculptor (b. c. 1428 or 1430)
- February 23 – Zhengtong Emperor of China (b. 1427)
- March 8 – Catherine of Poděbrady, Hungarian queen consort (b. 1449)
- May 15 – Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset (executed) (b. 1436)
- May 17 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English politician (executed) (b. 1427)
- May 25 – Charles I, Count of Nevers (b. 1414)
- June 18 – Rogier van der Weyden, Flemish painter (b. 1399 or 1400)
- August 1 – Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1389)
- August 11 – Nicholas of Cusa, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1401)
- August 12 – John Capgrave, English historian and theologian (b. 1393)
- August 14 – Pope Pius II (b. 1405)[45]
- September 7 – Otto III, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (1460–1464) (b. 1444)
- September 23 – Bernardo Rossellino, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1409)
- September 26 – Benedetto Accolti the Elder, Italian jurist and historian (b. 1415)
- November 16 – John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (b. 1406)
- November 23 – Blessed Margaret of Savoy (b. 1382 or 1390)
- December 2 – Blanche II of Navarre (b. 1424)
- date unknown – Fra Mauro, Venetian Camaldolese monk, cartographer and accountant (b. c. 1400)
1465
- January 5 – Charles, Duke of Orléans, French poet (b. 1394)[83]
- January 14 – Thomas Beckington, English statesman and prelate
- January 29 – Louis, Duke of Savoy (b. 1413)
- March 30 – Isabella of Clermont, queen consort of Naples (b. c. 1424)
- April 30 – Jacob of Juterbogk, German theologian (b. c. 1381)
- May 12 – Thomas Palaiologos, claimant to Byzantine throne (b. 1409)[84]
- August 11 – Kettil Karlsson, regent of Sweden and Bishop of Linköping (plague; b. 1433)
- August 14 – Abd al-Haqq II, last Marinid Sultan of Morocco (b.1419)
- September 25 – Isabella of Bourbon, countess consort of Charolais, spouse of Charles the Bold (b. c. 1434)
- November 20 – Malatesta Novello, Italian condottiero (b. 1418)
- date unknown – John Hardyng, English chronicler (b. 1378)
1466
- February 23 – Girishawardhana Dyah Suryawikrama, 9th Maharaja of Majapahit
- March 6 – Alvise Loredan, Venetian admiral and statesman (b. 1393)
- March 8 – Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1401)[85]
- August – Hacı I Giray, first ruler of the Crimean Khanate (b. 1397)
- October 30 – Johann Fust, German printer (b. c. 1400)
- December 13 – Donatello, Italian artist (b. 1386)[86]
- Date unknown
- Barbara Manfredi, Italian noblewoman (b. 1444)
- Isotta Nogarola, Italian writer and intellectual (b. 1418)[87]
- Nicolaus Zacharie, Italian composer (b. c. 1400)
1467
- March 13 – Vettore Cappello, Venetian statesman
- March 29 – Matthew Palaiologos Asen, Byzantine aristocrat and official
- April 20 – Dorotea Gonzaga, Italian noble (b. 1449)
- April 30 – John, Count of Angoulême (b. 1399)
- June 15 – Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1396)
- September 3 – Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1434)
- December 12 – Jošt of Rožmberk, Bishop of Breslau, Grand Prior of the Order of St. John (b. 1430)
- December 15 – Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, archbishop and Regent of Sweden (b. 1417)
- date unknown
- Maria of Tver, Grand Princess consort of Muscovy, spouse of Ivan III of Russia (b. 1447)
- Peter III Aaron, prince of Moldavia
- Jahan Shah, leader of Turkmen
- Khan Xälil of Kazan
1468
- February 3 – Johannes Gutenberg, inventor of printing press with replaceable letters (b. c.1398)[88]
- March 12 – Astorre II Manfredi, Italian noble (b. 1412)
- September 23 – Sejo of Joseon, King of Joseon (b. 1417)
- June 10 – Idris Imad al-Din, supreme leader of Tayyibi Isma'ilism, scholar and historian (b. 1392)[89]
- June 14 – Margaret Beauchamp, countess of Shrewsbury
- June 30 – Lady Eleanor Talbot, English noblewoman
- July 5 – Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (b. 1453)
- September 26 – Juan de Torquemada, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1388)[90]
- October 7 – Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (b. 1417)
- October 28 – Bianca Maria Visconti, Duchess of Milan (b. 1425)
- November 24 – Jean de Dunois, French soldier (b. 1402)
- December 6 – Zanobi Strozzi, Italian painter (b. 1412)
- date unknown
- Joanot Martorell, Spanish writer (b. 1419)[91]
- Francesco Squarcione, Italian artist (b. ca. 1395)
- Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1399)
- Pomellina Fregoso, Monegaque regent (b. 1388
1469
- May 30 – Lope de Barrientos, powerful Castilian bishop and statesman (b. 1382)
- August 12 – Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers (executed) (b. 1405)
- September 25 – Margaret of Brittany, Breton duchess consort (b. 1443)
- October 8/10 – Filippo Lippi, Italian artist (b. 1406)[92]
- December 2 – Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1416)
- December 31 – King Yejong of Joseon (b. 1450)
- date unknown
- Abu Sa'id Mirza, ruler of Persia and Afghanistan (b. 1424)
- Niccolò Da Conti, Italian merchant and explorer (b. 1395)
- Andrew Gray, 1st Lord Gray (b. c. 1390)
- Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, son of Huitzilihuitl (b. 1390)[93]
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