1957 Virginia gubernatorial election
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 County and independent city results Almond: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90% Dalton: 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Elections in Virginia |
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In the 1957 Virginia gubernatorial election, incumbent Governor Thomas B. Stanley, a Democrat, was unable to seek re-election due to term limits. State Senator Theodore Roosevelt Dalton was again nominated by the Republican Party to run against former Democratic Attorney General J. Lindsay Almond.
Background
[edit]The preceding election had seen Dalton receive 45 percent of Virginia's limited electorate, which was the most any GOP nominee had garnered since 1885 when large numbers of subsequently disenfranchised blacks and poor whites remained enfranchised.[1] This alongside the election of three Representatives in 1952 produced expectations of a continued GOP rise in Virginia.[2]
Brown v. Board of Education
[edit]Governor Stanley did not wish to defy the federal courts against 1954's landmark Brown v. Board of Education.[3] but did urge black leaders to not press for compliance.[4] However, a year of black pressure caused the white masses to protest demanding that integration be resisted much more vigorously,[5] something Senator Byrd and his ruling machine had always urged.[6] Polls carried out by the state's highest-circulation newspaper, the Richmond Times-Dispatch, in 1956 showed that 92 percent of white Virginians supported segregation and only six percent opposed.[7] A referendum in January 1956, in which turnout of registered voters was extremely low in the whitest parts of the state, voted 304 thousand to 144 thousand in favour of a constitutional convention[note 1] with the explicit goal of maintaining segregated schools,[8] and in August Stanley presented a package of legislation that mandated closing any public school under a Federal desegregation order, which passed the legislature under a tide of "segregationist emotionalism".[9]
This severely divided and weakened the emerging Republican opposition to the Byrd Organization,[10] and also progressive state Democrats. Virginia was one of seven states whose entire Congressional delegation had signed the "Southern Manifesto" in March.[note 2]
Campaign
[edit]Several members of the ruling Byrd Organization would contemplate running for Governor in the aftermath of the "Southern Manifesto", but by December it was clear that sitting Attorney General Almond would be the organization nominee,[11] which under the extremely restricted Virginia electorate[1] was tantamount to gaining the Democratic nomination, which Almond did by a four-to-one majority in the July primary.[12]
Dalton's 45 percent of the vote in 1953 remained viewed as extremely impressive, but he was reluctant before accepting the Republican nomination a second time.[13]
School segregation was the solitary issue in the campaign, with Dalton proposing locally administered pupil assignment plans,[note 3][14] emphasising the need to keep public schools open,[15] and criticizing "Massive Resistance".[16] Despite publicly expressing doubts about his campaign promises to prevent any integration whatsoever,[11] Almond supported "Massive Resistance"[16] and vigorously exploited the ongoing Little Rock Crisis to successfully argue that Dalton's policy would be certain to result in large-scale integration. When Almond improved upon Stanley's 1953 margin by sixteen percentage points, Senator Byrd, alongside the governor-elect, said that the election was a mandate
to defend and preserve the inherent powers of Virginia's sovereign statehood.[11]
Predictions
[edit]| Source | Ranking | As of |
|---|---|---|
| Ledger-Star[17] | Certain D | September 30, 1957 |
General election
[edit]Candidates
[edit]- J. Lindsay Almond, former Attorney General (Democratic)
- Theodore Roosevelt Dalton, State Senator from Radford (Republican)
- C. Gilmer Brooks, automobile salesman[18] (Independent)
Results
[edit]| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | J. Lindsay Almond | 326,921 | 63.16% | +8.33% | |
| Republican | Theodore Roosevelt Dalton | 188,628 | 36.44% | −7.84% | |
| Independent | C. Gilmer Brooks | 2,089 | 0.40% | ||
| Majority | 138,293 | 26.72% | +16.17% | ||
| Turnout | 517,638 | ||||
| Democratic hold | Swing | ||||
Results by county or independent city
[edit]| 1957 Virginia gubernatorial election by county or independent city[19] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| James Lindsay Almond Jr. Democratic |
Theodore Roosevelt Dalton Republican |
C. Gilmer Brooks Independent |
Margin | Total votes cast | |||||
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Accomack County | 3,215 | 81.02% | 741 | 18.67% | 12 | 0.30% | 2,474 | 62.35% | 3,968 |
| Albemarle County | 2,065 | 68.13% | 959 | 31.64% | 7 | 0.23% | 1,106 | 36.49% | 3,031 |
| Alleghany County | 867 | 59.22% | 592 | 40.44% | 5 | 0.34% | 275 | 18.78% | 1,464 |
| Amelia County | 1,097 | 74.73% | 366 | 24.93% | 5 | 0.34% | 731 | 49.80% | 1,468 |
| Amherst County | 2,119 | 80.51% | 504 | 19.15% | 9 | 0.34% | 1,615 | 61.36% | 2,632 |
| Appomattox County | 1,776 | 87.70% | 247 | 12.20% | 2 | 0.10% | 1,529 | 75.51% | 2,025 |
| Arlington County | 12,368 | 46.84% | 13,660 | 51.74% | 375 | 1.42% | -1,292 | -4.89% | 26,403 |
| Augusta County | 2,106 | 57.23% | 1,569 | 42.64% | 5 | 0.14% | 537 | 14.59% | 3,680 |
| Bath County | 501 | 61.78% | 307 | 37.85% | 3 | 0.37% | 194 | 23.92% | 811 |
| Bedford County | 3,376 | 70.38% | 1,413 | 29.46% | 8 | 0.17% | 1,963 | 40.92% | 4,797 |
| Bland County | 731 | 49.49% | 740 | 50.10% | 6 | 0.41% | -9 | -0.61% | 1,477 |
| Botetourt County | 1,753 | 55.13% | 1,421 | 44.69% | 6 | 0.19% | 332 | 10.44% | 3,180 |
| Brunswick County | 2,508 | 84.84% | 447 | 15.12% | 1 | 0.03% | 2,061 | 69.72% | 2,956 |
| Buchanan County | 2,148 | 47.95% | 2,297 | 51.27% | 35 | 0.78% | -149 | -3.33% | 4,480 |
| Buckingham County | 1,190 | 81.06% | 276 | 18.80% | 2 | 0.14% | 914 | 62.26% | 1,468 |
| Campbell County | 3,276 | 77.78% | 930 | 22.08% | 6 | 0.14% | 2,346 | 55.70% | 4,212 |
| Caroline County | 1,399 | 70.66% | 577 | 29.14% | 4 | 0.20% | 822 | 41.52% | 1,980 |
| Carroll County | 1,514 | 33.72% | 2,968 | 66.10% | 8 | 0.18% | -1,454 | -32.38% | 4,490 |
| Charles City County | 295 | 36.51% | 512 | 63.37% | 1 | 0.12% | -217 | -26.86% | 808 |
| Charlotte County | 2,128 | 90.09% | 232 | 9.82% | 2 | 0.08% | 1,896 | 80.27% | 2,362 |
| Chesterfield County | 6,185 | 76.33% | 1,900 | 23.45% | 18 | 0.22% | 4,285 | 52.88% | 8,103 |
| Clarke County | 888 | 77.55% | 255 | 22.27% | 2 | 0.17% | 633 | 55.28% | 1,145 |
| Craig County | 517 | 65.11% | 277 | 34.89% | 0 | 0.00% | 240 | 30.23% | 794 |
| Culpeper County | 1,661 | 75.91% | 517 | 23.63% | 10 | 0.46% | 1,144 | 52.29% | 2,188 |
| Cumberland County | 888 | 77.69% | 253 | 22.13% | 2 | 0.17% | 635 | 55.56% | 1,143 |
| Dickenson County | 2,673 | 52.18% | 2,428 | 47.39% | 22 | 0.43% | 245 | 4.78% | 5,123 |
| Dinwiddie County | 1,773 | 83.75% | 341 | 16.11% | 3 | 0.14% | 1,432 | 67.64% | 2,117 |
| Essex County | 692 | 76.04% | 216 | 23.74% | 2 | 0.22% | 476 | 52.31% | 910 |
| Fairfax County | 10,948 | 46.25% | 12,538 | 52.97% | 184 | 0.78% | -1,590 | -6.72% | 23,670 |
| Fauquier County | 2,148 | 73.61% | 767 | 26.29% | 3 | 0.10% | 1,381 | 47.33% | 2,918 |
| Floyd County | 774 | 37.52% | 1,289 | 62.48% | 0 | 0.00% | -515 | -24.96% | 2,063 |
| Fluvanna County | 786 | 73.94% | 273 | 25.68% | 4 | 0.38% | 513 | 48.26% | 1,063 |
| Franklin County | 2,324 | 67.64% | 1,107 | 32.22% | 5 | 0.15% | 1,217 | 35.42% | 3,436 |
| Frederick County | 1,569 | 70.96% | 613 | 27.73% | 29 | 1.31% | 956 | 43.24% | 2,211 |
| Giles County | 1,871 | 54.44% | 1,526 | 44.40% | 40 | 1.16% | 345 | 10.04% | 3,437 |
| Gloucester County | 1,456 | 73.54% | 522 | 26.36% | 2 | 0.10% | 934 | 47.17% | 1,980 |
| Goochland County | 989 | 75.09% | 323 | 24.53% | 5 | 0.38% | 666 | 50.57% | 1,317 |
| Grayson County | 2,470 | 44.28% | 3,087 | 55.34% | 21 | 0.38% | -617 | -11.06% | 5,578 |
| Greene County | 276 | 56.67% | 211 | 43.33% | 0 | 0.00% | 65 | 13.35% | 487 |
| Greensville County | 1,935 | 81.30% | 433 | 18.19% | 12 | 0.50% | 1,502 | 63.11% | 2,380 |
| Halifax County | 4,303 | 86.51% | 658 | 13.23% | 13 | 0.26% | 3,645 | 73.28% | 4,974 |
| Hanover County | 2,733 | 75.90% | 857 | 23.80% | 11 | 0.31% | 1,876 | 52.10% | 3,601 |
| Henrico County | 10,736 | 76.86% | 3,211 | 22.99% | 21 | 0.15% | 7,525 | 53.87% | 13,968 |
| Henry County | 2,722 | 70.89% | 1,108 | 28.85% | 10 | 0.26% | 1,614 | 42.03% | 3,840 |
| Highland County | 430 | 58.90% | 298 | 40.82% | 2 | 0.27% | 132 | 18.08% | 730 |
| Isle of Wight County | 1,974 | 75.14% | 641 | 24.40% | 12 | 0.46% | 1,333 | 50.74% | 2,627 |
| James City County | 611 | 63.05% | 357 | 36.84% | 1 | 0.10% | 254 | 26.21% | 969 |
| King and Queen County | 599 | 71.82% | 227 | 27.22% | 8 | 0.96% | 372 | 44.60% | 834 |
| King George County | 655 | 67.81% | 304 | 31.47% | 7 | 0.72% | 351 | 36.34% | 966 |
| King William County | 861 | 73.46% | 310 | 26.45% | 1 | 0.09% | 551 | 47.01% | 1,172 |
| Lancaster County | 1,062 | 69.78% | 453 | 29.76% | 7 | 0.46% | 609 | 40.01% | 1,522 |
| Lee County | 3,693 | 53.96% | 3,110 | 45.44% | 41 | 0.60% | 583 | 8.52% | 6,844 |
| Loudoun County | 2,439 | 70.29% | 1,012 | 29.16% | 19 | 0.55% | 1,427 | 41.12% | 3,470 |
| Louisa County | 1,656 | 76.74% | 491 | 22.75% | 11 | 0.51% | 1,165 | 53.99% | 2,158 |
| Lunenburg County | 2,117 | 90.86% | 211 | 9.06% | 2 | 0.09% | 1,906 | 81.80% | 2,330 |
| Madison County | 807 | 71.61% | 319 | 28.31% | 1 | 0.09% | 488 | 43.30% | 1,127 |
| Mathews County | 894 | 71.86% | 346 | 27.81% | 4 | 0.32% | 548 | 44.05% | 1,244 |
| Mecklenburg County | 3,513 | 88.20% | 460 | 11.55% | 10 | 0.25% | 3,053 | 76.65% | 3,983 |
| Middlesex County | 887 | 74.85% | 294 | 24.81% | 4 | 0.34% | 593 | 50.04% | 1,185 |
| Montgomery County | 2,190 | 40.61% | 3,192 | 59.19% | 11 | 0.20% | -1,002 | -18.58% | 5,393 |
| Nelson County | 1,295 | 83.07% | 262 | 16.81% | 2 | 0.13% | 1,033 | 66.26% | 1,559 |
| New Kent County | 511 | 67.50% | 242 | 31.97% | 4 | 0.53% | 269 | 35.54% | 757 |
| Norfolk County | 6,215 | 77.30% | 1,803 | 22.43% | 22 | 0.27% | 4,412 | 54.88% | 8,040 |
| Northampton County | 1,618 | 82.59% | 340 | 17.36% | 1 | 0.05% | 1,278 | 65.24% | 1,959 |
| Northumberland County | 1,194 | 74.30% | 407 | 25.33% | 6 | 0.37% | 787 | 48.97% | 1,607 |
| Nottoway County | 2,453 | 84.67% | 438 | 15.12% | 6 | 0.21% | 2,015 | 69.55% | 2,897 |
| Orange County | 1,598 | 77.61% | 453 | 22.00% | 8 | 0.39% | 1,145 | 55.61% | 2,059 |
| Page County | 1,944 | 56.71% | 1,458 | 42.53% | 26 | 0.76% | 486 | 14.18% | 3,428 |
| Patrick County | 1,841 | 80.25% | 450 | 19.62% | 3 | 0.13% | 1,391 | 60.64% | 2,294 |
| Pittsylvania County | 5,570 | 87.30% | 785 | 12.30% | 25 | 0.39% | 4,785 | 75.00% | 6,380 |
| Powhatan County | 756 | 66.14% | 385 | 33.68% | 2 | 0.17% | 371 | 32.46% | 1,143 |
| Prince Edward County | 2,344 | 83.36% | 463 | 16.47% | 5 | 0.18% | 1,881 | 66.89% | 2,812 |
| Prince George County | 870 | 76.12% | 270 | 23.62% | 3 | 0.26% | 600 | 52.49% | 1,143 |
| Prince William County | 2,036 | 70.67% | 829 | 28.77% | 16 | 0.56% | 1,207 | 41.90% | 2,881 |
| Princess Anne County | 4,915 | 73.33% | 1,776 | 26.50% | 12 | 0.18% | 3,139 | 46.83% | 6,703 |
| Pulaski County | 2,099 | 47.33% | 2,330 | 52.54% | 6 | 0.14% | -231 | -5.21% | 4,435 |
| Rappahannock County | 604 | 75.41% | 196 | 24.47% | 1 | 0.12% | 408 | 50.94% | 801 |
| Richmond County | 646 | 74.86% | 215 | 24.91% | 2 | 0.23% | 431 | 49.94% | 863 |
| Roanoke County | 4,219 | 53.16% | 3,706 | 46.69% | 12 | 0.15% | 513 | 6.46% | 7,937 |
| Rockbridge County | 1,343 | 52.83% | 1,195 | 47.01% | 4 | 0.16% | 148 | 5.82% | 2,542 |
| Rockingham County | 2,084 | 51.22% | 1,960 | 48.17% | 25 | 0.61% | 124 | 3.05% | 4,069 |
| Russell County | 2,666 | 51.28% | 2,515 | 48.37% | 18 | 0.35% | 151 | 2.90% | 5,199 |
| Scott County | 2,436 | 38.87% | 3,804 | 60.70% | 27 | 0.43% | -1,368 | -21.83% | 6,267 |
| Shenandoah County | 2,318 | 49.99% | 2,308 | 49.77% | 11 | 0.24% | 10 | 0.22% | 4,637 |
| Smyth County | 2,268 | 43.14% | 2,978 | 56.65% | 11 | 0.21% | -710 | -13.51% | 5,257 |
| Southampton County | 2,711 | 80.80% | 632 | 18.84% | 12 | 0.36% | 2,079 | 61.97% | 3,355 |
| Spotsylvania County | 1,392 | 72.96% | 510 | 26.73% | 6 | 0.31% | 882 | 46.23% | 1,908 |
| Stafford County | 1,212 | 69.70% | 519 | 29.84% | 8 | 0.46% | 693 | 39.85% | 1,739 |
| Surry County | 977 | 74.18% | 334 | 25.36% | 6 | 0.46% | 643 | 48.82% | 1,317 |
| Sussex County | 1,619 | 82.48% | 341 | 17.37% | 3 | 0.15% | 1,278 | 65.10% | 1,963 |
| Tazewell County | 3,104 | 57.13% | 2,303 | 42.39% | 26 | 0.48% | 801 | 14.74% | 5,433 |
| Warren County | 1,649 | 65.41% | 859 | 34.07% | 13 | 0.52% | 790 | 31.34% | 2,521 |
| Warwick County | 5,013 | 68.90% | 2,232 | 30.68% | 31 | 0.43% | 2,781 | 38.22% | 7,276 |
| Washington County | 3,164 | 52.21% | 2,875 | 47.44% | 21 | 0.35% | 289 | 4.77% | 6,060 |
| Westmoreland County | 1,038 | 78.70% | 279 | 21.15% | 2 | 0.15% | 759 | 57.54% | 1,319 |
| Wise County | 5,024 | 67.24% | 2,423 | 32.43% | 25 | 0.33% | 2,601 | 34.81% | 7,472 |
| Wythe County | 1,866 | 48.11% | 1,961 | 50.55% | 52 | 1.34% | -95 | -2.45% | 3,879 |
| York County | 1,491 | 68.90% | 656 | 30.31% | 17 | 0.79% | 835 | 38.59% | 2,164 |
| Alexandria City | 5,081 | 56.58% | 3,844 | 42.81% | 55 | 0.61% | 1,237 | 13.78% | 8,980 |
| Bristol City | 1,385 | 65.27% | 721 | 33.98% | 16 | 0.75% | 664 | 31.29% | 2,122 |
| Buena Vista City | 527 | 67.13% | 258 | 32.87% | 0 | 0.00% | 269 | 34.27% | 785 |
| Charlottesville City | 2,839 | 61.28% | 1,788 | 38.59% | 6 | 0.13% | 1,051 | 22.69% | 4,633 |
| Clifton Forge City | 796 | 62.14% | 484 | 37.78% | 1 | 0.08% | 312 | 24.36% | 1,281 |
| Colonial Heights City | 1,322 | 89.32% | 156 | 10.54% | 2 | 0.14% | 1,166 | 78.78% | 1,480 |
| Covington City | 1,283 | 59.12% | 883 | 40.69% | 4 | 0.18% | 400 | 18.43% | 2,170 |
| Danville City | 4,215 | 80.56% | 1,004 | 19.19% | 13 | 0.25% | 3,211 | 61.37% | 5,232 |
| Falls Church City | 891 | 43.72% | 1,129 | 55.40% | 18 | 0.88% | -238 | -11.68% | 2,038 |
| Fredericksburg City | 1,414 | 62.98% | 822 | 36.61% | 9 | 0.40% | 592 | 26.37% | 2,245 |
| Galax City | 537 | 43.62% | 690 | 56.05% | 4 | 0.32% | -153 | -12.43% | 1,231 |
| Hampton City | 5,863 | 64.00% | 3,273 | 35.73% | 25 | 0.27% | 2,590 | 28.27% | 9,161 |
| Harrisonburg City | 2,084 | 51.22% | 1,960 | 48.17% | 25 | 0.61% | 124 | 3.05% | 4,069 |
| Hopewell City | 1,990 | 77.22% | 581 | 22.55% | 6 | 0.23% | 1,409 | 54.68% | 2,577 |
| Lynchburg City | 4,626 | 67.08% | 2,262 | 32.80% | 8 | 0.12% | 2,364 | 34.28% | 6,896 |
| Martinsville City | 1,774 | 60.77% | 1,142 | 39.12% | 3 | 0.10% | 632 | 21.65% | 2,919 |
| Newport News City | 3,146 | 55.92% | 2,435 | 43.28% | 45 | 0.80% | 711 | 12.64% | 5,626 |
| Norfolk City | 14,109 | 61.57% | 8,741 | 38.14% | 67 | 0.29% | 5,368 | 23.42% | 22,917 |
| Norton City | 535 | 59.25% | 365 | 40.42% | 3 | 0.33% | 170 | 18.83% | 903 |
| Petersburg City | 3,141 | 72.39% | 1,186 | 27.33% | 12 | 0.28% | 1,955 | 45.06% | 4,339 |
| Portsmouth City | 5,711 | 66.35% | 2,862 | 33.25% | 35 | 0.41% | 2,849 | 33.10% | 8,608 |
| Radford City | 1,079 | 38.54% | 1,721 | 61.46% | 0 | 0.00% | -642 | -22.93% | 2,800 |
| Richmond City | 21,177 | 64.45% | 11,665 | 35.50% | 15 | 0.05% | 9,512 | 28.95% | 32,857 |
| Roanoke City | 9,858 | 55.52% | 7,866 | 44.30% | 31 | 0.17% | 1,992 | 11.22% | 17,755 |
| South Norfolk City | 1,998 | 75.74% | 629 | 23.84% | 11 | 0.42% | 1,369 | 51.90% | 2,638 |
| Staunton City | 1,590 | 51.39% | 1,495 | 48.32% | 9 | 0.29% | 95 | 3.07% | 3,094 |
| Suffolk City | 1,677 | 72.01% | 646 | 27.74% | 6 | 0.26% | 1,031 | 44.27% | 2,329 |
| Virginia Beach City | 1,161 | 73.67% | 412 | 26.14% | 3 | 0.19% | 749 | 47.53% | 1,576 |
| Waynesboro City | 1,252 | 53.80% | 1,067 | 45.85% | 8 | 0.34% | 185 | 7.95% | 2,327 |
| Williamsburg City | 521 | 55.54% | 410 | 43.71% | 7 | 0.75% | 111 | 11.83% | 938 |
| Winchester City | 1,442 | 67.51% | 670 | 31.37% | 24 | 1.12% | 772 | 36.14% | 2,136 |
| Totals | 326,921 | 63.16% | 188,628 | 36.44% | 2,089 | 0.40% | 138,293 | 26.72% | 517,638 |
Notes
[edit]- ^ This Convention would be known as the Commission on Constitutional Government (CCG).
- ^ The others were Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina. Virginia was nonetheless unique in having two Republicans in Richard H. Poff and Joel Broyhill sign the Manifesto.
- ^ These were already being tried in North Carolina at the time of the election.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Kousser, J. Morgan (1974). The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN 0-300-01696-4.
- ^ Atkinson, Frank B. (2006). The Dynamic Dominion: Realignment and the rise of Two-Party Competition in Virginia, 1945-1980. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9780742552081.
- ^ Heinemann, Ronald L. (1982). "Thomas B. Stanley: Reluctant Resister". In Younger, Edward; Moore, James Tice (eds.). The Governors of Virginia, 1860-1978. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 340–344.
- ^ Smith, Douglas (January 1994). ""When Reason Collides with Prejudice": Armistead Lloyd Boothe and the Politics of Desegregation in Virginia, 1948-1963". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 102, no. 1. Virginia Historical Society. pp. 5–46.
- ^ Buni, Andrew (1967). "Prelude to Massive Resistance". The Negro in Virginia Politics 1902–1965. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press. pp. 175–178.
- ^ Lechner, Ira M. (Autumn 1998). "Massive Resistance: Virginia's Great Leap Backward". The Virginia Quarterly Review. 74 (4): 631–640.
- ^ Ely, James W. (1976). The Crisis of Conservative Virginia: The Byrd Organization and the Politics of Massive Resistance. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 5. ISBN 0870491881.
- ^ Muse, Benjamin (1961). Virginia's Massive Resistance. Indiana University Press. p. 19.
- ^ Hershman, Jr., James H. (Autumn 1983). "Public School Bonds and Virginia's Massive Resistance". The Journal of Negro Education. 52 (4): 398–409.
- ^ Atkinson (2006). The Dynamic Dominion. pp. 93–99.
- ^ a b c Bartley, Numan V. (1969). The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950's. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 272.
- ^ "VA Governor – D Primary, Jul 09 1957". Our Campaigns.
- ^ Muse (1961). Virginia's Massive Resistance. pp. 41–42.
- ^ Latimer, James (November 6, 1957). "Almond Is Elected Governor: Victory Margin Is About 2–1; Dalton, Sure Only of 10th, Concedes Defeat at 9:15 P.M.". Richmond Times-Dispatch. pp. 1, 2.
- ^ Lewis, George (2006). Massive Resistance: The White Response to the Civil Rights Movement. Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780340900222.
- ^ a b "Democratic Victories Rebuff to Eisenhower". The Herald-Sun. Durham, North Carolina. United Press. p. 1.
- ^ Dodson, Bob (September 30, 1957). "Gubernatorial Polls Start Light: J. Lindsay Almond Has Big Lead Over Ted Dalton in First Count". Ledger-Star. Norfolk, Virginia. p. 7.
- ^ "Auto Salesman to Seek Virginia Governor's Chair". Richmond News-Leader. July 12, 1957. p. 4.
- ^ a b "VA Governor Race — Nov 05, 1957". Our Campaigns.