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Tutkheperre Shoshenq

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Shoshenq IIb
Sheshonq
Pharaoh
Reignuncertain
PredecessorUnknown
SuccessorUnknown
Royal titulary
Praenomen
Tutkheperre Setpenre/amun
twt-ḫpr-rʿ stp/mr-n-rʿ/jmn/ptḥ
The very image of the manifestation of Ra, Chosen by Ra/Amun/Ptah[1]
M23L2
N5twtL1HASH
Nomen
Shoshenq Meryamun
ššnq mrj-jmn
Shoshenq, Beloved of Amun[2]
G39N5
M17Y5
N35
N36		 M8
M8		 N35
N29
Dynasty22nd Dynasty

Tutkheperre Shoshenq (Egyptian: twt-ḫpr-rʿ stp/mr-n-rʿ/jmn/ptḥ ššnq mrj-jmn[3]), arbitrarily designated Shoshenq IIb,[4] is an obscure Third Intermediate Period ancient Egyptian pharaoh whose existence was only recently confirmed, based on attestations from Abydos and Bubastis.

Evidence and interpretation

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This king's name was first attested on Ostracon Louvre E 31886 discovered by Émile Amélineau in his 1897–1898 excavations at Abydos in Upper Egypt.[5] This ostracon was found amid New Kingdom and later votive deposits around the "Tomb of Osiris" and is now in the Louvre Museum.[6] While Amélineau read the royal name as Tutkheperre [...]amun [...]-meryamun and noted it as previously unknown,[7] in 1995 Marie-Ange Bonhême revealed that the king's birth name (nomen) on the ostracon was read as Shoshenq-meryamun by Jean Yoyotte.[8] On this basis, Bonhême concluded that this was a new king belonging sometime in the 22nd Dynasty.[9] Subsequently, in 2004, Eva Lange published additional evidence for the existence of King Tutkheperre Shoshenq, based on the attestation of his names on a stone block from the Temple of Bastet at Bubastis.[10] Lange compared the new attestation to that discovered by Amélineau and interpreted by Yoyotte and Bonhême and restored the throne name as Tutkheperre-setepenamun, while noting an additional fragmentary royal name from Bubastis with the variant [Tut]kheperre-setepenre Shoshenq-[meryamun].[11] In a subsequent study, Frédéric Payraudeau read the throne name on the Louvre ostracon as Tutkheperre-setepenptah or Tutkheperre-merenptah, but agreed that this is indeed an attestation of a King Tutkheperre Shoshenq.[12] The reconstruction of the epithet attached to the throne name (prenomen) thus remains disputed among scholars, but could have varied in different inscriptions.

The relatively original throne name of Tutkheperre Shoshenq suggested to Lange and Karl Jansen-Winkeln that he probably reigned early in the 22nd Dynasty.[13] Jansen-Winkeln restated the case for viewing Tutkheperre Shoshenq as a king of the early 22nd Dynasty, ruling the entire country, since he was attested in both the north and the south, and tentatively placed his reign between those of Sekhemkheperre Osorkon I and Hedjkheperre Takelot I, just like the similarly tentative placement of another obscure king, Heqakheperre Shoshenq IIa.[14] David Aston and Thomas Schneider considered Heqakheperre Shoshenq IIa, Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb, and Maatkheperre Shoshenq IIc attractive candidates for the three kings mentioned as intervening between Osorkon I and Takelot I for upward of two decades in the epitome of Manetho by Sextus Julius Africanus.[15] Gerard Broekman had reservations on this approach, doubting the existence Maatkheperre and believing Heqakheperre and Tutkheperre to have reigned for a very short time.[16] Payraudeau considered that Tutkheperre Shoshenq could not have been a son of Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I, Sekhemkheperre Osorkon I, or Usermaatre Osorkon II-sibaste, because the succession of Osorkon I to Shoshenq I was immediate, Osorkon I already had a son Shoshenq Q who failed to become a king, and there was no room for an additional king Shoshenq in the period of divided kingship following Osorkon II's reign. Instead, Frédéric Payraudeau proposed that Tutkheperre Shoshenq could have been a son and ephemeral successor of King Akheperre Osorkon in the 21st Dynasty.[17] In a more recent work, Payraudeau envisaged Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb as king between Takelot I and Osorkon II, placing him as a predecessor of Heqakheperre Shoshenq IIa,[18] whom he tentatively identified as a son of Takelot I and brother and predecessor of Osorkon II.[19]

In addition to scholars who sought to place Tutkheperre Shoshenq as a discrete individual at some point in the line of kings, other scholars have considered whether this royal name was not an alternative name of a king better known by a different name. Thus, Aidan Dodson proposed that Tutkheperre was the original throne name (prenomen) of Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I, used sometime before the first documented attestation of the familiar throne name in his Year 5 and supported by the circumstantial evidence of attestations at Abydos, also associated with his predecessor Tytkheperre Psusennes II.[20] Similarly, Kenneth Kitchen suggested Shoshenq I went through three throne names, starting as Maatkheperre, changing it to Tutkheperre, and finally settling on Hedjkheperre by Year 5.[21] Andrzej Niwiński proposed that Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I varied his royal names over time and in different places, and that the throne names Heqakheperre, Tutkheperre, and Maatkheperre all applied to him.[22]

Depending on the historical scenario and identity of Tutkheperre Shoshenq—son of Osorkon the Elder, an early name of Shoshenq I, or a king reigning between Osorkon I and Osorkon II—his reign would fall either in the mid-10th century BC or in the early 9th century BC.

References

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  1. ^ Leprohon 2013: 146; Payraudeau 2014: 51.
  2. ^ Leprohon 2013: 146.
  3. ^ Leprohon 2013: 146.
  4. ^ Kaper 2008: 38–39.
  5. ^ Amélineau 1904: 147.
  6. ^ Bonhême 1995: 53.
  7. ^ Amélineau 1904: 147.
  8. ^ Bonhême 1995: 53; Jansen-Winkeln 2007: 75.
  9. ^ Bonhême 1995: 53-54.
  10. ^ Lange 2004: 65-67; Jansen-Winklen 2007: 75.
  11. ^ Lange 2004: 69.
  12. ^ Payraudeau 2014: 51-52.
  13. ^ Lange 2004: 71 and n. 20, citing Jansen-Winkeln's opinion.
  14. ^ Jansen-Winkeln in Hornung et al. 2006: 237-238, listing Tutkheperre Shoshenq as the immediate successor of Heqakheperre Shoshenq.
  15. ^ Aston 2009: 21-22, 26-27; Schneider 2010: 376-377; for a different approach to this issue, see Beckerath 1997: 95, working with only one Shoshenq II; on the fragment from Manetho, see Waddell 1940: 158-159.
  16. ^ Broekman 2011: 50; Broekman 2012/2013.
  17. ^ Payraudeau 2014: 52 and n. 66.
  18. ^ Payraudeau 2020: 113-114, 255.
  19. ^ Payraudeau 2020: 561.
  20. ^ Dodson 2009: 109-110; Dodson 2012: 83-84.
  21. ^ Kitchen 2009: 172.
  22. ^ Niwiński 2013.

Further reading

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  • Amélineau, Émile 1904, Les nouvelles fouilles d'Abydos, seconde campagne 1897–1898, Paris online.
  • Aston, David 2009, "Takeloth II, A King of the Herakleopolitan/Theban Twenty-Third Dynasty Revisited," in: G. P. F. Broekman, R. J. Demarée and O. E. Kaper (eds.), The Libyan Period in Egypt: Historical and Cultural Studies into the 21st–24th Dynasties, Leiden: 1-28. online
  • Beckerath, Jürgen von 1997, Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten, Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
  • Bonhême, Marie-Ange 1995, "Les Chechanquides: Qui, Combien?," Bulletin de la société française d'Égyptologie 134: 50-71. ISSN 0037-9379
  • Broekman, Gerard P. F. 2011, "The Egyptian Chronology from the Start of the Twenty-Second until the End of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty: Facts, Suppositions and Arguments," Journal of Egyptian History 4: 40-80.
  • Broekman, Gerard P. F. 2012/2013, "Manetho's 'Three other kings' between Osorthôn and Takelôthis and their importance for the chronology of the Third Intermediate Period and the New Kingdom," Ägypten und Levante 22/23: 349-351.
  • Dodson, Aidan 2009, "The Transition between the 21st and 22nd Dynasties revisited," in: G. P. F. Broekman, R. J. Demarée and O. E. Kaper (eds.), The Libyan Period in Egypt: Historical and Cultural Studies into the 21st–24th Dynasties, Leiden: 103-112. online
  • Dodson, Aidan 2012, Afterglow of Empire: Egypt from the Fall of the New Kingdom to the Saite Renaissance, Cairo.
  • Hornung, Erik, Rolf Krauss, and David Warburton (eds.) 2006, Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Leiden: Brill.
  • Jansen-Winkeln, Karl 2007, Inschriften der Spätzeit. Teil II: Die 22.–24. Dynastie, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Kaper, Olaf E. 2008, "The Libyan Period in Egypt," Egyptian Archaeology 32: 38-39.
  • Kitchen, Kenneth A. 2009: "The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt: An Overview of Fact & Fiction," in: G. P. F. Broekman, R. J. Demarée and O. E. Kaper (eds.), The Libyan Period in Egypt: Historical and Cultural Studies into the 21st–24th Dynasties, Leiden: 161-202.
  • Lange, Eva R. 2004, "Ein Neuer König Schoschenk in Bubastis", Göttinger Miszellen 203: 65–72. online
  • Leprohon, Ronald J. 2013, The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary, Society of Biblical Literature: Atlanta.
  • Niwiński, Andrzej 2013, "Multiplicity of Shoshenqs in the Early Twenty-second Dynasty: A Good Reason to Apply Ockham’s Razor Principle," Études et travaux, Institut des cultures méditerranéennes et orientales de l'Académie polonaise des sciences 26: 488-499. online
  • Payraudeau, Frédéric 2014, Administration, société et pouvoir à Thèbes sous la XXIIe dynastie bubastide, Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale.
  • Payraudeau, Frédéric 2020, L'Égypte et la vallée du Nil Tome 3: Les époques tardives (1069–332 av. J.-C.), Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
  • Schneider, Thomas 2010, "Contributions to the Chronology of the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period," Ägypten und Levante 20: 373-403.
  • Waddell, W. G. (transl.) 1940, Manetho, Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library.
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