Jump to content

Tisza

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Tisza River)
For other uses, see Tisa (disambiguation) and Tisza (disambiguation).
Tisza
The Tisza in Szeged, Hungary
Map of the Tisza
Map
Native name
Location
Countries
Towns
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationEastern Carpathians, Ukraine
 • elevation2,020 m (6,630 ft)
MouthDanube
 • location
Downstream of Novi Sad, Serbia
 • coordinates
45°8′17″N 20°16′39″E / 45.13806°N 20.27750°E / 45.13806; 20.27750[3]
 • elevation
70 m (230 ft)
Length966 km (600 mi)[1]
Basin size157,186 km2 (60,690 sq mi)[1][4][2]
Discharge 
 • locationNovi Slankamen (near mouth)
 • average(Period: 1971–2000)920.1 m3/s (32,490 cu ft/s)[2]
 • minimum160 m3/s (5,700 cu ft/s)
 • maximum4,500 m3/s (160,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge 
 • locationSzeged
 • average(Period: 1971–2000)890.5 m3/s (31,450 cu ft/s)[2] (Period: 2011–2020)784.7 m3/s (27,710 cu ft/s)[5]
Discharge 
 • locationSzolnok
 • average(Period: 1971–2000)578.9 m3/s (20,440 cu ft/s)[2]
Discharge 
 • locationTokaj
 • average(Period: 1971–2000)468.8 m3/s (16,560 cu ft/s)[2]
Discharge 
 • locationVásárosnamény
 • average(Period: 1971–2000)340.6 m3/s (12,030 cu ft/s)[2] (Period: 2011–2020)321.18 m3/s (11,342 cu ft/s)[5]
Basin features
ProgressionDanube→ Black Sea
River systemDanube River
Tributaries 
 • leftVișeu, Iza, Tur, Someș, Crasna, Körös, Mureș, Bega
 • rightTarac, Talabor, Rika, Borzhava, Bodrog, Sajó, Eger, Zagyva

The Tisza, Tysa or Tisa (see below) is one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe. It was once called "the most Hungarian river" because it used to flow entirely within the Kingdom of Hungary. Today, it crosses several national borders.

The Tisza begins near Rakhiv in Ukraine, at the confluence of the White Tisza [uk] and Black Tisza [uk], which is at coordinates 48°4′29″N 24°14′40″E / 48.07472°N 24.24444°E / 48.07472; 24.24444 (the former springs in the Chornohora mountains; the latter in the Gorgany range). From there, the Tisza flows west, roughly following Ukraine's borders with Romania and Hungary, then briefly as the border between Slovakia and Hungary, before entering into Hungary, and finally into Serbia. The Tisza enters Hungary at Tiszabecs, traversing the country from north to south. A few kilometers south of the Hungarian city of Szeged, it enters Serbia. Finally, it joins the Danube near the village of Stari Slankamen in Vojvodina, Serbia.

The Tisza drains an area of about 156,087 km2 (60,266 sq mi)[4] and has a length of 966 km (600 mi)[6] Its mean annual discharge is seasonally 792 m3/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 1,050 m3/s (37,000 cu ft/s). It contributes about 13% of the Danube's total runoff.[4]

Attila the Hun is said to have been buried under a diverted section of the river Tisza.[7]

Names and etymology

[edit]

The river was known as the Tisia in antiquity; other ancient names for it included Pathissus (Ancient Greek: Πάθισσος; later Latin: Tissus).[8] It may be referred to as the Theiss in older English references, after the German name for the river, Theiß. It is known as the Tibisco in Italian, and in older French references (as for instance in relation to the naval battles on the Danube between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries) it is often referred to as the Tibisque.[citation needed]

Another theory is that it is derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic *teišus meaning 'still, quiet, silent' to describe the river.[citation needed]

Modern names for the Tisza in the languages of the countries it flows through include:

Regulation

[edit]

The length of the Tisza in Hungary used to be 1,419 km (882 mi). It flowed through the Great Hungarian Plain, which is one of the largest flat areas in central Europe. Since plains can cause a river to flow very slowly, the Tisza used to follow a path with many curves and turns, which led to many large floods in the area.

After several small-scale attempts, István Széchenyi organised the "regulation of the Tisza" (Hungarian: a Tisza szabályozása) which started on August 27 1846, and substantially ended in 1880. The new length of the river in Hungary was reduced to 966 km (600 mi) in total, with 589 km (366 mi) of dead channels and 136 km (85 mi) of new riverbed.[9]

Lake Tisza

[edit]

In the 1970s, the building of the Tisza Dam at Kisköre started with the purpose of helping to control floods as well as storing water for drought seasons. However, the resulting Lake Tisza became one of the most popular tourist destinations in Hungary since it had similar features to Lake Balaton at drastically cheaper prices and was not crowded.

[edit]

The Tisza is navigable over much of its course. The river opened up for international navigation only recently; before, Hungary distinguished "national rivers" and "international rivers", indicating whether non-Hungarian vessels were allowed or not. After Hungary joined the European Union, this distinction was lifted and vessels were allowed on the Tisza.[10]

Conditions of navigation differ with the circumstances: when the river is in flood, it is often unnavigable, just as it is at times of extreme drought.[11]

Wildlife

[edit]

The Tisza has a rich and varied wildlife. Over 200 species of birds reside in the bird reserve of Tiszafüred. The flood plains along the river boast large amounts of diverse plant and animal life. In particular, the yearly "flowering" of the Tisza is considered a local natural wonder. The flowering attracts vast numbers of mayflies which is a well known spectacle.[12][13]

In September 2020, colonies of magnificent bryozoans were discovered in the river.[14]

Pollution

[edit]
Main article: 2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill

In early 2000, there was a sequence of serious pollution incidents originating from accidental industrial discharges in Romania. The first, in January 2000, occurred when there was a release of sludge containing cyanide from a Romanian mine and killed 2000 tons of fish. The second, from a mine pond at Baia Borsa, northern Romania, resulted in the release of 20,000 m3 (710,000 cu ft) of sludge containing zinc, lead and copper occurred in early March 2000. A week later, the third spill occurred at the same mining site at Baia Borsa, staining the river black, possibly including heavy metals.[15]

This series of incidents were described at the time as the most serious environmental disaster to hit central Europe since the Chernobyl disaster. Usage of river water for any purpose was temporarily banned and the Hungarian government pressed the Romanians and the European Union to close all installations that could lead to further pollution.[15]

Examination of river sediments indicates that pollution incidents from mines have occurred for over a century.[16]

Geography

[edit]

Drainage basin

[edit]

The Tisza River is part of the Danube River catchment area. It is the tributary with the largest catchment area (~157,000 km2). It accounts for more than 19% of the Danube river basin. The Tisza water system is shared by five countries: Ukraine (8%), Slovakia (10%), Hungary (29%), Romania (46%) and Serbia (7%).

The Tisza River Basin area and average discharge (period from 1946–2006) by country[17]

Country Area by country Discharge by country
(km2) (%) (m3/s) (km3) (%)
Hungary Hungary 46,213 29.4 47 1.5 5.7
Romania Romania 72,620 46.2 468 14.8 56.4
Serbia Serbia 10,374 6.6 4.0 0.1 0.5
Slovakia Slovakia 15,247 9.7 90 2.8 10.8
Ukraine Ukraine 12,732 8.1 221 7.0 26.6
Tisza River Basin 157,186 100.0 830 26.2 100.0

The 1800–2500 m high ridge of the Carpathian Mountains create in a semi circle the northern, eastern and southeastern boundary of the Tisza catchment. The western - southwestern reach of the watershed is comparatively low in some places – on its Hungarian and Serbian parts it is almost flat. The area is divided roughly along the centreline by the Carpathians Mountains, east of which lies the 400–600 m high plateau of the Transylvanian Basin, and the plains to the west. The highest summits of the river basin reach 1948 m in the Low Tatras (Kráľova hoľa), 2061 m in the Chornogora Mountains (Hoverla), 2303 m in the Rodna Mountains (Pietrosul Rodnei) and even higher in the Retezat Mountains of the Southern Carpathians (Peleaga, 2509 m). Areas above elevations higher than 1600 m occupy only 1% of the total; 46% of the territory lies below 200 m. The Tisza River Basin in the Slovak Republic is predominantly hilly area and the highest mountain peak in Kráľova hoľa - in the Low Tatras Mountain Range at 1948 m. The lowland area lies in the south, forming the northern edge of the Hungarian Lowland. The lowest point in the Slovak Republic is the village of Streda nad Bodrogom in the eastern Slovak lowland (96 m) in the Bodrog River Basin. The Hungarian and Vojvodina (Serbia) part of the Tisza River Basin is a flat area bordered by small ranges of hills and mountains from the north and dominated by the Hungarian lowland.[17]

Important hydrographic stations along the Tisza River (full list)[18][19][2]

Station River

kilo-meter

(rkm)

Eleva-

tion (m)

Basin size

(km2)

Average discharge

(m3/s)*

Left Right
Lower Tisza
Near mouth 0 70 154,073.1 920.11
Titel 8.7 70 153,965 920.28
Novi Bečej 66 70 144,007.8 893.72
Bečej 73 71 143,994.6 892.81
Bačko Petrovo Selo 87 72 143,585 891,29
Mol 103 72 142,373.4 889.98
Ada 104 72 142,373.4 889.98
Senta 123.5 73 140,849.9 886.98
Adorjan 137 73 140,746 886.73
Novi Kneževac 144.5 73 139,717.5 885.36
Kanjiža 148.3 73 139,376.8 886.5
Srpski Krstur 156.8 73 138,857.7 888.69
Szeged 172 74 138,857.7 890.45
Middle Tisza
Maros 176 75 108,436.1 703.43
Algyő 192 76 107,941 703.85
Mindszent 217.7 77 105,881.5 703.33
Körös 244 78 102,643.7 698.78
Csongrád 246.2 78 75,520.5 583.04
Tiszaug 267.5 79 75,517 583.58
Tiszakécske 274 79 75,056.1 583.42
Martfű 306.9 80 74,462.2 582.64
Vezseny 314 80 73,895.9 581.43
Tiszavárkony 322 80 73,895.9 581.33
Szolnok 334.6 81 72,889.4 578.92
Zagyva 336 81 67,325 562.04
Szajol 344 81 66,713.4 560.39
Nagykörű 363.7 82 66,581.2 559.85
Tiszabő 366 82 66,464.6 559.58
Kőtelek 373.8 82 66,315.7 559.42
Tiszaroff 379.3 83 66,315.7 559.42
Tiszasüly 384 83 66,315.7 559.42
Tiszabura 395.6 83 65,840.4 558.14
Kisköre 403.5 83 65,624.9 557.58
Tiszafüred 430.5 88 63,967.2 553.34
Tiszabábolna 442 88 63,346 551.54
Tiszadorogma 446.2 88 63,346 551.14
Tiszacsege 453.9 89 63,164.8 550.87
Ároktő 454.9 89 63,164.8 550.87
Tiszakeszi 464.3 89 63,164.8 550.66
Tiszapalkonya 484.7 90 62,557.7 549.31
Tiszaújváros 486 90 62,557.7 549.11
Polgár 487.3 90 62,557.7 549.11
Sajó 492 90 49,688.1 470.49
Tiszadob 500.2 91 49,600.6 470.25
Tiszadada 508.4 91 49,600.6 470.06
Tiszalök 518.2 93 49,443 469.85
Tokaj 543.1 94 49,167.1 468.86
Bodrog 544 94 34,856.5 353.75
Timár 549.4 95 34,810.3 353.66
Szabolcs 555 95 34,810.3 352.7
Balsa 557.7 96 34,810.3 353.31
Tiszabercel 569 97 34,713.3 352.7
Cigánd 592 98 32,964.1 346.06
Dombrád 593.1 98 32,964.1 346.06
Tiszakanyár 597.3 98 32,964.1 346.06
Záhony 627.8 100 31,304.7 340.39
Chop 630 100 31,304.7 340.39
Vásáros-namény 682 103 30,978.9 340.62
Upper Tisza
Szamos 686 104 11,870.1 202.13
Jánd 690 105 11,870.1 201.96
Kisar Tivadar 704 107 11,689.7 201.51
Tiszabecs 744.3 114 9,950 185.86
Vylok 746 115 9,588.3 180.91
Vynohradiv 767 137 9,366 180.91
Khust 783 157 7,877.8 153.54
Bushtyno 802 188 6,802 130.66
Tiachiv 814 210 6,657.9 126.81
Teresva 820 225 5,205.7 101.04
Sighetu Marmației 837 265 3,451 75.73
Dilove 885 346 1,294.4 26.65
Rakhiv 897 437 1,256.3 22.13

*Period: 1971–2000

Discharge

[edit]

Average, minimum and maximum discharge of the Tisza River at Tiszabecs (Upper Tisza), Szolnok (Middle Tisza) and Senta (Lower Tisza).[20][18][19][21][22]

Year Discharge (m3/s)
Senta Szolnok Tiszabecs
Min Mean Max Min Mean Max Min Mean Max
1991 118 368 1,550
1992 132 689 2,415 58.7 424 1,460
1993 90 537 1,860 61.6 363 1,510
1994 90 662 1,743 66.9 462 1,500
1995 251 800 1,768 101 557 1,450 286
1996 188 769 2,174 440 173
1997 306 884 1,952 509 204
1998 360 1,125 2,308 625 288
1999 326 1,170 2,820 136 704 2,360 60.4 255 1,510
2000 242 929 3,400 93 563 2,600 26.7 187 2,050
2001 272 949 2,150 184 649 1,990 41.8 262 3,190
2002 284 817 1,760 98.3 517 1,440 44.5 237 1,390
2003 160 580 1,420 317 109.2
2004 213 867 2,570 525 232.7
2005 373 1,100 2,580 639 190.5
2006 312 1,230 3,720 136 740 2,440 47.3 232 1,980
2007 193 757 1,820 469 215
2008 265 825 2,070 527 258
2009 180 649 1,740 400 172
2010 541 1,420 2,830 1,083 272
2011 151 736 2,490 79.5 454 1,710 142
2012 120 443 1,310 86 207 820 135
2013 135 742 2,450 523 176
2014 222 497 918 91.2 298 760 45.7 111.7 415
2015 137 532 1,350 63.5 317 1,130 27.5 141 1,610
2016 210 708 1,880 87 439 1,500 32.6 160.8 1,160
2017 187 624 1,630 416 190.8
2018 200 698 2,060 121 414 1,096 156.7
2019 168 581 1,860 90.6 370 853 165.1
2020 200 582 1,890 120 405 744 174
2021 200 777 1,890 512 187.8
2022 125 597 1,610 65.6 403.5 1,263 192
2023 190 906 2,020 216.8
2024

Szeged

[edit]

Water discharge of the Tisza River at the Szeged gauging station. Complete series from starting 1921.

Average, minimum and maximum discharge (m3/s)
Year Min Mean Max Year Min Mean Max
2025 1972 268 593 2,000
2024 1971 224 697 1,660
2023 190 906 2,020 1970 406 1,559 3,820
2022 125 597 1,610 1969 240 800 2,080
2021 200 777 1,890 1968 127 799 1,980
2020 200 582 1,890 1967 212 988 2,900
2019 168 598 1,860 1966 397 1,160 2,940
2018 200 669 2,060 1965 228 1,060 2,690
2017 187 611 1,630 1964 155 673 2,770
2016 174 731 1,890 1963 138 585 1,930
2015 128 527 1,340 1962 138 735 3,100
2014 189 503 1,010 1961 110 381 1,280
2013 135 737 2,450 1960 276 804 1,900
2012 120 452 1,310 1959 172 502 1,410
2011 151 759 2,490 1958 205 932 2,600
2010 541 1,422 2,830 1957 167 748 2,000
2009 180 666 1,740 1956 166 794 2,410
2008 265 859 2,070 1955 321 1,140 2,220
2007 193 722 1,820 1954 133 508 1,520
2006 296 1,230 3,790 1953 132 763 2,510
2005 373 1,099 2,580 1952 133 791 2,040
2004 213 825 2,570 1951 181 674 1,480
2003 160 604 1,420 1950 112 536 1,160
2002 217 806 1,980 1949 171 540 1,010
2001 275 921 2,340 1948 186 823 1,920
2000 145 931 3,570 1947 132 579 1,810
1999 301 1,161 2,970 1946 109 574 1,450
1998 355 1,255 2,670 1945 282 806 1,630
1997 306 884 1,952 1944 249 1,058 1,960
1996 188 769 2,174 1943 147 391 675
1995 150 919 2,660 1942 216 961 2,380
1994 174 770 2,180 1941 818 1,784 3,260
1993 82.1 598 2,220 1940 312 1,305 3,060
1992 87.3 650 1,890 1939 170 721 1,340
1991 189 650 2,280 1938 302 825 1,780
1990 73.3 520 1,180 1937 302 864 2,060
1989 228 812 2,310 1936 355 707 1,120
1988 222 816 2,470 1935 169 605 1,560
1987 125 689 2,390 1934 278 543 1,400
1986 101 713 2,070 1933 210 919 1,840
1985 241 990 2,310 1932 211 992 3,490
1984 163 607 2,030 1931 288 845 1,690
1983 146 618 1,880 1930 191 672 1,170
1982 123 540 1,640 1929 230 604 1,290
1981 334 1,106 3,180 1928 163 630 1,640
1980 353 1,318 2,910 1927 359 736 1,210
1979 285 1,150 3,130 1926 478 1,154 2,220
1978 277 1,130 2,430 1925 142 749 1,350
1977 209 1,046 2,640 1924 160 914 3,090
1976 200 819 2,200 1923 144 834 1,720
1975 350 981 2,340 1922 230 1,070 2,790
1974 251 1,166 2,790 1921 118 436 776
1973 174 542 1,520
Source:[19][23]

Szolnok

[edit]

Water discharge of the Tisza River at the Szolnok gauging station. Period 1953–2022.

Average, minimum and maximum discharge (m3/s)
Year Min Mean Max Year Min Mean Max
2025 1988 85.1 490 1,550
2024 1987 80.6 387 1,660
2023 1986 65.5 485 1,390
2022 65.6 403.5 1,263 1985 127 653 1,500
2021 512 1984 68.3 382 1,320
2020 120 405 744 1983 82.7 430 1,510
2019 90.6 370 853 1982 123 540 1,640
2018 121 414 1,096 1981 154 626 2,130
2017 416 1980 170 877 2,030
2016 87 439 1,500 1979 129 797 2,660
2015 63.5 317 1,130 1978 121 709 1,650
2014 91.2 298 760 1977 150 727 2,490
2013 523 1976 89.8 521 1,850
2012 86 207 820 1975 124 565 1,760
2011 79.5 454 1,710 1974 125 742 2,000
2010 1,083 1973 61 293 944
2009 400 1972 123 347 1,220
2008 527 1971 102 465 1,310
2007 469 1970 219 907 2,440
2006 136 740 2,440 1969 108 480 1,460
2005 639 1968 54.5 515 1,500
2004 525 1967 89 666 3,030
2003 317 1966 224 769 2,750
2002 98.3 517 1,440 1965 128 694 2,190
2001 184 649 1,990 1964 77.5 456 2,730
2000 93 563 2,600 1963 60 388 1,560
1999 136 704 2,360 1962 74.5 499 2,560
1998 215 808 2,060 1961 59 243 878
1997 509 1960 173 527 1,290
1996 440 1959 105 346 1,070
1995 101 557 1,450 1958 150 628 1,650
1994 66.9 462 1,500 1957 112 519 1,630
1993 61.6 363 1,510 1956 109 548 1,800
1992 58.7 424 1,460 1955 171 788 1,640
1991 118 368 1,550 1954 99 316 1,300
1990 69.8 336 858 1953 94.8 534 2,600
1989 80.6 387 1,660
Source:[19][23]

Tributaries

[edit]
The rivers of Tisza and Bodrog at Tokaj, from above
The Tisza joins the Danube.

The following rivers are tributaries to the river Tisza:

The main tributaries of the Tisza River:[24][25]

Left

tributary

Right

tributary

Length

(km)

Basin size

(km2)

Average discharge

(m3/s)*

Lower Tisza
Bega 254.8 6,249.6 19.01
Jegrička 65.4 616 1.62
Čik (Csík) 95 629.7 1.39
Budzak 146.2 0.31
Zlatica (Aranca) 117 1,430.2 2.03
Kiriš (Keres-patak) 862.3 1.84
Köröséri főcsatorna 77.3 804.8 0.29
Gyálaréti Holt-Tisza 18.6 481.8 0.93
Szegedi csatorna 17.8 79 0.12
Maros 754.1 30,331.8 190.3
Middle Tisza
Kósdi-csatorna 37 416.4
Algyői főcsatorna 42.6 1,370.8 2.79
Percsorai főcsatorna 16.2 92.1 0.1
Kurca 36.9 1,266.3 2.7
Dong-ér 84.4 1,672.2 2.97
Vidre-ér 22 246.7 0.28
Körös 363.4 27,537.4 115.86
Alpár–Nyárlőrinci csatorna 41 271.3 0.2
Peitsik-ér 9.5 199 0.15
Körös-ér 56.4 564.5 1.07
Gerje–Perje főcsatorna 60.5 903.9 2.17
Zagyva 179.4 5,676.6 16.85
Görbe-ér 358.5 1.11
Millér-ér 60.4 505.9 1.84
Dobai főcsatorna 18.2 139.7 0.21
Saj-foki főcsatorna 1.1
Hanyi-ér 22 331.5 0.97
Laskó 69.2 367.5 1.11
Tiszafüredi főcsatorna 0.12
Eger (Rima) 87.4 1,378.6 3.24
Tiszavalki főcsatorna 20.4 299 0.53
Sulymos főcsatorna 17.3 105.4 0.39
Rigós 39.3 148.3 0.48
Hejő 44 293.3 0.66
Sajó 229.4 12,708.3 78.62
Bodrog 266.9 13,578.9 119.62
Upper Tisza
Lónyai főcsatorna 91.4 1,957.8 4.4
Tiszakarádi főcsatorna 38.9 324.8 0.5
Belfő csatorna 53 636 1.58
Szipa csatorna 37.6 225.2 0.49
Kraszna 193.4 3,142.3 8.22
Szamos 415.1 15,881.4 135.37
Túr főcsatorna 65.2 614.9
Túr 94.6 1,261.8 14.03
Borzhava (Borsa) 103.5 1,417.9 18.78
Batar (Batár-patak) 53.8 395.6 3.87
Rika (Nagyág) 92.8 1,161.4 20.19
Khustets (Husztica) 1.52
Bailova 134.8 2.04
Tereblia (Talabor) 91 769.5 13.47
Martos 13 23.6 0.27
Tyachivets (Técső-patak) 29 86.5 1.46
Teresva (Tarac) 84.8 1,224 22.74
Săpănța 127.4 1.54
Apsica (Apsa-patak) 39 257 4.17
Isa (Iza) 77.6 1,293.5 18.74
Shopurka (Gyertyá-nos) 41.4 286 5.31
Kosivska (Kaszó) 41 157.3 2.96
Vișeu (Visó) 77.5 1,581.8 39.08
Bilij (Fejér-patak) 12 45.5 0.87
Silskij 0.72
Moskva 1.5 0.22
White Tisza 33.6 484.7 10.17
Black Tisza 50.3 566.2 11.48

*Period: 1971–2000

Cities and towns

[edit]

The Tisza (Tisa) flows through the following countries and cities (ordered from the source to mouth):

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Tisza Basin".
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Danube River".
  3. ^ Tisza at GEOnet Names Server
  4. ^ a b c Tockner, Klement; Uehlinger, Urs; Robinson, Christopher T., eds. (2009). Rivers of Europe (First ed.). London: Academic Press. Sec. 3.9.5. ISBN 978-0-12-369449-2.
  5. ^ a b Vízgyűjtő-gazdálkodási Terv-2021 (PDF). 2022.
  6. ^ "Analysis of the Tisza River Basin 2007- Initial step toward the Tisza River Basin Management Plan – 2009" (PDF). www.icpdr.or. March 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  7. ^ Ildiko Ecsedy, "The Oriental Background to the Hungarian Tradition about 'Attila's Tomb'", Acta Orientalia, 36 (1982), pp. 129-153
  8. ^ Pliny, Naturalis historia, 4.25).
  9. ^ "Danube + Tisza River". danube.panda.org. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  10. ^ "Declaration On Co-Operation Concerning The Tisza/Tisa River Basin And Initiative On The Sustainable Spatial Development Of The Tisza/Tisa River | International Environmental Agreements (IEA) Database Project". iea.uoregon.edu. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
  11. ^ NoorderSoft Waterway Database; accessed 13 March 2016.
  12. ^ Konyvek, Szalay (2009). Our Beloved Hungaricums. Pannon-Literatura Kft. p. 94. ISBN 978-963-251-145 0.
  13. ^ Klaushik. "Blooming of the Tisza". amusingplanet.com. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  14. ^ Đorđe Đukić (8 September 2020). "Otkriveni organizmi stari 500 miliona godina" [Organisms originating rom 500 million years ago discovered]. Politika (in Serbian). p. 12.
  15. ^ a b "Third pollution spill hits Hungary". BBC. 15 March 2000. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  16. ^ H. L. Nguyen; M. Braun; I. Szaloki; W. Baeyens; R. Van Grieken; M. Leermakers (2009). "Tracing the Metal Pollution History of the Tisza River". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 200: 119–132. doi:10.1007/s11270-008-9898-2. hdl:2437/310231. S2CID 94627373.
  17. ^ a b "Tisza River Basin 2007".
  18. ^ a b "Republički hidrometeorološki zavod".
  19. ^ a b c d "Vízügyi honlap".
  20. ^ "ICPDR".
  21. ^ "Vízgazdálkodási Évkönyvek-Közép-Tisza-vidéki Vízügyi Igazgatóság".
  22. ^ "KSH".
  23. ^ a b "Vízrajzi Évkönyv 1886–2002".
  24. ^ "Danube".
  25. ^ "Magyarország vízgyűjtő-gazdálkodási honlapja".
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tisza.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tisza&oldid=1299463122"