Tihomir of Raška
| Tihomir of Raška | |
|---|---|
| Duke of Drina | |
| Reign | circa 960–969 |
| Grand Prince of Serbia | |
| Reign | 960–969 |
| Predecessor | Časlav |
| Spouse | daughter of Časlav |
| Religion | Chalcedonian Christian |
Tihomir of Raška (Serbian Cyrillic: Тихомир)[A] was a Serbian nobleman, mentioned in the 14th century Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja (LJPD), who served as the Grand Prince (Serbian Cyrillic: велики жупан) of Raška (Serbian Cyrillic: Рашка, Latin: Rascia, anachronism for the Principality of Serbia) in the early medieval period. With the De Administrando Imperio account on Časlav and reinterpretation of the LJPD's account on Hungarian-Serbian war in mind, Tihomir's rule some scholars place around 960 to 969.
Background
[edit]The Magyars led by Kisa invaded Bosnia. The Serbian army advanced and met them on the banks of river Drina, in the Drina župania, downstream from present-day Foča.[1][2] The Magyars were decisively defeated, and Kisa was killed by Tihomir.[2] Due to his heroism, Ciaslavus (whom some historians identify with the 10th century Časlav) appointed Tihomir Duke of Drina and gave him his daughter in marriage.[3]
Kisa's widow asked the Magyar leaders to give her an army for revenge. With an "unknown number" of troops, the widow returned and surprised Ciaslavus at Syrmia. The Magyars attack the Serbs in the night, capturing Ciaslavus and all of his male relatives. On the command of Kisa's widow, all the prisoners were bound by their hands and feet and thrown into the Sava river.[2] This event, presumably dated in the 10th century, would be dated to around 960[2] or thereafter, as De Administrando Imperio (DAI) does not mention death of Časlav. Through his marriage with Ciaslavus's daughter, Tihomir inherited the crownland of Serbia.[4]
The event some scholars date to c. 950 or 960, expanding Časlav's rule and life.[5] However, the account could be just a fantasy,[6] and is chronologically unrelated to the time period of DAI's Časlav, dated according to the LJPD in the beginning of the 9th century,[7][8] meanwhile Bosnia in the mid-10th century per LJPD would have been ruled by Croatian ban Krešimir (usually identified with Michael Krešimir II) and his son Stjepan (identified with Stephen Držislav), without any Hungarian-Serbian War taking place in the 950/960s.[9]
Later annexation of Serbia by Byzantium
[edit]The Catepanate of Ras was established between 971–976, during the rule of John Tzimiskes (r. 969–976).[10] A seal of a strategos of Stari Ras has been dated to Tzimiskes' reign, making it possible for Tzimiskes' predecessor Nikephoros II Phokas to have established rule over Raška.[11][12] The protospatharios and katepano of Ras was a Byzantine governor named John.[13] Data on the katepano of Ras during Tzimiskes' reign is missing.[14] Byzantine military presence ended soon thereafter with the wars with Bulgaria, and was re-established only ca. 1018 with the short-lived Theme of Sirmium, which however did not extend much into Serbia.[11]
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Name: He is sourced as Tihomir (Serbian Cyrillic: Тихомир) or Tihomil (Тихомил).
References
[edit]- ^ Brkljača 1997, pp. 30.
- ^ a b c d Ćorović 2001.
- ^ Живковић 2006, p. 53.
- ^ Живковић 2006, p. 57.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 160.
- ^ Dzino 2023, p. 194.
- ^ Živković 2008, p. 218, 255.
- ^ Hadžijahić 2004, p. 89–90.
- ^ Hadžijahić 2004, p. 89.
- ^ Bulić 2007.
- ^ a b Stephenson 2003, pp. 42.
- ^ Magdalino 2003, pp. 122.
- ^ Slovanský 2007, pp. 132.
- ^ Krsmanović 2008, pp. 189.
Sources
[edit]- Primary
- Moravcsik, Gyula, ed. (1967) [1949]. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 9780884020219.
- Шишић, Фердо, ed. (1928). Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja). Београд-Загреб: Српска краљевска академија.
- Кунчер, Драгана (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 1. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.
- Живковић, Тибор (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 2. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.
- Secondary
- Brkljača, Seka (1997). Bosna i Hercegovina i svijet. Institut za istoriju Sarajevo.
- Bulić, Dejan (2007). "Gradina-Kazanoviće, results of archeological research". Istorijski časopis (55): 45–62. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-08-09.
- Bury, John B. (1912). A History of the Eastern Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I. (A.D. 802-867). London: MacMillan. ISBN 9781275594623.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
- Ćorović, Vladimir (2001). "Istorija srpskog naroda".
- Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Dzino, Danijel (2023). Early Medieval Hum and Bosnia, ca. 450-1200: Beyond Myths. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000893434.
- Ferjančić, B. 1997, "Basile I et la restauration du pouvoir byzantin au IXème siècle", Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta, no. 36, pp. 9–30.
- Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472081497.
- Hadžijahić, Muhamed (2004). Povijest Bosne u IX i X stoljeću (from the original University of Michigan ed.). Sarajevo: Preporod. ISBN 9789958820274.
- Krsmanović, Bojana (2008). The Byzantine Province in Change: On the Threshold Between the 10th and the 11th Century. Belgrade: Institute for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 9789603710608.
- Magdalino, Paul (2003). Byzantium in the year 1000. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-12097-1.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Stephenson, Paul (2003). The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815307.
- Живковић, Тибор (2002). Јужни Словени под византијском влашћу 600-1025 (South Slavs under the Byzantine Rule 600-1025). Београд: Историјски институт САНУ, Службени гласник. ISBN 9788677430276.
- Живковић, Тибор (2006). Портрети српских владара: IX-XII век (Portraits of Serbian Rulers: IX-XII Century). Београд: Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства. ISBN 9788617137548.
- Živković, Tibor (2008). Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa. ISBN 9788675585732.
- Slovanský (2007). Byzantinoslavica. Vol. 65–66. Academia.