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Southern Syria clashes (July 2025–present)

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Not to be confused with Southern Syria clashes (April–May 2025).

Southern Syria clashes
Part of the Israeli invasion of Syria and aftermath of the Syrian civil war[2][3][4]
Syrian Civil War map (ISW-CTP).svg

Military situation as of 15 July 2025 at 21:00 AST
Date13 July 2025 – present
(4 days)
Location
Suwayda Governorate and Daraa Governorate, Syria[a]
Result Ceasefire
Territorial
changes		 Syrian transitional government takes control of the city of Suwayda and several towns from Druze factions
Belligerents
Druze armed groups
Israel[1]		 Syria Bedouin tribes
Commanders and leaders
Hikmat al-Hijri[5][6]
Israel Benjamin Netanyahu
Israel Israel Katz		 Syria Ahmed al-Sharaa
Syria Murhaf Abu Qasra
Syria Ali Noureddine al-Naasan
Syria Anas Khattab
Syria Nizar al-Hariri		 Unknown
Units involved
Men of Dignity[7]
Suwayda Military Council[8]
Lajat tribe[9]
Casualties and losses
82 killed[b][10]
Israel None		 Per SOHR:
183 soldiers killed[11][10]
Per The New Arab:
153+ soldiers killed[12]
Several tanks struck by Israel[1]
One Shaheen drone shot down[13]		 18 Bedouins killed[c][14]

200+ injured from all Syrian sides, including civilians[10]

27 people killed in extrajudicial executions[10]
This article is part of
a series about
Ahmed al-Sharaa
Personal
Political offices
President of Syria
Incumbent
Syrian civil war
Fall of the Assad regime

On 13 July 2025, fighting began between Druze and Bedouin armed groups in the city of Suwayda and its surrounding villages in southern Syria. The Syrian transitional government deployed the Syrian Armed Forces to the area to restore order. An agreement was reached between Druze leaders and the government on 15 July, but Druze leader Hikmat al-Hijri, called for armed resistance against the government. Israel launched airstrikes on the Syrian military, claiming to be defending the Druze. Israel had recently invaded parts of southern Syria and had been demanding the Syrian military stay out of the region. Syria's foreign ministry accused Israel of inflaming sectarian tensions to undermine the new Syrian government. Another ceasefire agreement was reached on 16 July, and the Syrian Armed Forces began withdrawing from Suwayda.[15][16] The clashes are considered part of the aftermath of the Syrian civil war.[2][3][4]

Background

Druze groups were involved in conflict earlier in the year, including clashes in February with the Syrian government in Jaramana, a Damascus suburb, and clashes in Southern Syria with Bedouin tribes that began in April and lasted until May.[17]

According to Al Jazeera English, "Syria's new government has been attempting to impose its authority after a 14-year civil war and the end of half a century of al-Assad family rule. However, it has found it difficult to do so in Suwayda, partly because of Israel's repeated threats against the presence of any government forces in the province". Local activists and analysts accuse Israel of fueling internal strife in Suwayda. Syria expert Aymenn Jawad al-Tamimi said "From the Israeli perspective ... they prefer a weak central government and for the country to be governed and divided into sectarian self-governing enclaves".[18]

Timeline

11 July

The violence was reportedly triggered by a robbery that happened on 11 July 2025 on the Damascus–Suwayda highway,[19] in which a Druze vegetable merchant was assaulted by members of Bedouin tribes after they set up an improvised roadblock. The assailants stole his vehicle and belongings before forcibly taking him to a remote and rugged area. There, the group subjected him to sectarian insults and repeated death threats throughout his detention. He was later released blindfolded and in critical condition in a distant town.[20][21] In response, local Druze armed groups detained several individuals from Bedouin tribes the next day in an effort to recover the stolen property. This initiated a cycle of retaliatory kidnappings between the two sides, which quickly escalated into open armed clashes.[22]

13 July

Bedouin fighters responded by establishing a checkpoint in the al-Maqwas neighborhood in eastern Suwayda city on 13 July, where they captured several members of the local Druze armed groups. Armed clashes soon erupted between the two sides in and around the area.[23][21]

Violence soon spread beyond al-Maqwas to rural areas including al-Tireh, al-Mazraa, and al-Soura al-Kabira. Reports confirmed the use of mortars and other heavy weapons. The highway between Damascus and Suwayda was cut off by armed groups.[24] Syrian government checkpoints came under attack by Bedouin fighters, leading to reported clashes between the assailants and government security forces in various parts of the region.[25][26]

Reinforcements from Daraa Governorate arrived to the area to assist the Bedouin fighters.[27][26]

Bedouin tribal fighters were reported to have advanced toward the outskirts of al-Tireh village.[28] Most residents of the village were displaced toward al-Mazraa and Suwayda amidst the violent clashes, during which several homes were set on fire.[29]

Meanwhile, Syrian government forces from the Ministry of Interior were dispatched to contain the fighting.[30]

On the evening of 13 July, the Ministry of Education postponed the high school final exams originally scheduled for 14 July to a later date due to escalating security tensions in the region.[31]

14 July

Several videos circulated on social media showed a vehicle belonging to the General Security Service, with an individual inside making sectarian remarks while declaring his involvement in the armed conflict in Suwayda. In response, the Security Forces Command in Daraa announced on 14 July the arrest of several security personnel who appeared in the video and said in a statement that the individuals acted independently and were not authorized to speak on matters related to civil peace. The officers involved were suspended from duty, and a formal investigation into the incident was launched.[32]

On 14 July, the spiritual leadership of the Druze community in Syria headed by Hikmat al-Hijri[d] issued a statement saying it is reaffirmed its previous demands, foremost among them an urgent call for international protection, citing the increasingly dangerous situation in Suwayda. The statement reiterated the leadership's rejection of any security forces entering their areas—specifically naming the General Security Service and another unnamed agency—accusing them of crossing into the province under the pretext of providing protection while allegedly shelling border villages and supporting extremist groups with heavy weaponry and drones. The spiritual leadership held all parties involved in attacks on local areas and civilians fully responsible, condemning any attempts to impose official security control over Suwayda as a direct threat to the safety of its residents. The statement concluded by emphasizing that international protection is an urgent necessity to prevent further bloodshed, calling on relevant international actors to intervene immediately.[34]

The Syrian Ministry of Interior declared that its forces, in coordination with the Ministry of Defense, would begin a direct intervention in the region. The objective is to end the ongoing clashes, restore security, pursue those responsible for the violence, and bring them before the relevant judicial authorities. The ministry emphasized that this intervention aims to prevent further unrest and re-establish the rule of law in Suwayda.[32][35] The Ministry of Interior later reported that several of its security personnel were "abducted" while carrying out a security deployment aimed at restoring order and containing the clashes in the al-Maqwas neighborhood.[36]

Shelling was reported in the neighboring Daraa Governorate, in which 4 civilians were wounded.[37]

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that it obtained multiple video and voice recordings from the clashes that it would refrain from publishing due to its highly sensitive nature. The recordings reportedly contain elements that could undermine Syria's national cohesion, inflame sectarian tensions, and further incite discord among citizens.[38]

Israeli Air Force fighter jets were reported to have conducted low-altitude flights over the western countryside of Suwayda, deploying flares during their intensified aerial presence in the area.[39] The Israeli Army later announced that it had struck multiple tanks belonging to the Syrian Army in Suwayda Governorate.[40][34] However the tank[clarification needed] was repaired and was deployed again in an hour.[41] Israeli defense minister Israel Katz said the strike was "a message and a clear warning to the Syrian regime. We will not allow harm to the Druze in Syria".[42] A total of three Israeli strikes were reported.[43][better source needed]

15 July

The Druze spiritual leadership announced their approval for government forces to enter Suwayda with the aim of stopping the ongoing violence. They urged all armed factions in the area to cooperate and surrender their weapons. However, later that day, Sheikh Hikmat al-Hijri released a video urging Druze fighters to "resist this brutal campaign by all available means", accusing government forces of violating the ceasefire by shelling Suwayda city.[44]

Protests erupted on several main roads in northern Israel as members of the Druze community demonstrated in solidarity with Druze in Syria. The protesters called for international intervention to safeguard Syria's Druze minority from "islamist factions aligned with the regime".[45]

Israel conducted further strikes in al-Mazraa after the Syrian Armed Forces took control of the town. Strikes were also reported on the outskirts of Suwayda.[46][47] Intensive airstrikes continued across Suwayda following the announcement of a ceasefire. The airstrikes targeted military equipment and convoys of the Syrian armed forces.[48][49] The airstrikes targeted military convoys, one Syrian army convoy was struck in Suwayda resulting in at least one casualty.[50]

At least two Israeli strikes were reported targeting locations near the 12th Brigade in the northeastern countryside of Izra in Daraa Governorate.[51]

The Mar Mikhael Church in the town of as-Sawra al-Kabira was robbed, vandalized, and burned amid the chaos.[52][53]

Dozens of civilian Israeli Druze were reported to have crossed the fence from the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights at Hader, near Majdal Shams, towards the Syrian side.[54] The IDF said that its troops were "working to safely return the civilians who crossed the border".[55]

Men of Dignity confirmed the casualties and injuries of more than 50 militants of their faction amidst clashes with the Syrian Armed Forces.[7]

16 July

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that at least 7 Druze and 45 Syrian Army fighters were killed in the fighting.[56]

In the early hours of 16 July, the Israeli Air Force executed at least 7 airstrikes against multiple targets in Suwayda's countryside, including on the al-Tha'lah Military Airbase.[57]

Sheikh Hikmat al-Hijri issued a statement, in which he appealed to U.S. President Donald Trump, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, and Jordan's King Abdullah II to save Suwayda, stating that "the mask has fallen off the face of the ruling clique" and declaring, "we can no longer live with a regime that knows nothing of governance except iron and fire". He held the international community morally and ethically responsible and called on Sunni Syrians to take a clear stand regarding what is happening to their Syrian brethren.[58]

The Syrian presidency issued a statement in which it condemned the recent violations in Suwayda Governorate, labeling the incidents as criminal and unacceptable under any circumstances. The statement emphasized that such actions contradict the core principles upon which the Syrian state is built and pledged full commitment to investigating all related incidents and holding those responsible accountable. The presidency stressed that individuals or groups involved—regardless of affiliation—would face legal consequences, asserting that no violations will go unpunished. Reaffirming the state's priority of ensuring national security and stability, the statement concluded with an assurance to the people of Suwayda that their rights will be safeguarded and that no party will be allowed to undermine their safety or stability.[59]

Israel later renewed its bombing of the entrance of the Syrian General Staff complex in Damascus for a third time. Folllowed by another one directly on the main building. Israeli Defense Minister, Israel Katz, declared that the era of mere warnings in Damascus has ended, stating that "painful blows" will now be delivered to the Syrian government. Katz emphasized that the IDF will persistently and forcefully act in Suwayda to dismantle the forces responsible for attacking the Druze community until they fully withdraw. Addressing the Druze community in Israel, he reassured them that they can rely on the Israel Defense Forces for protection of their brethren in Syria, affirming that both he and Prime Minister Netanyahu have made a firm commitment to uphold this promise.[60] The Israeli military announced an airstrike on the entrance to the Syrian General Staff complex in Damascus, noting that it "continues to monitor developments against Druze civilians in southern Syria and launches attacks based on political directives".[58] Heavier strikes targeted the complex and caused vast damage and destruction to the main building, later strikes targeted the vicinity of the Presidential Palace in Damascus.[61][62] The Syrian Ministry of Health reported three killed and 34 injured as a result of the attacks.[63] Multiple additional Israeli strikes were reported in Daraa and Suwayda Governorates.[64][62] Later in the day, seven Syrian Army soldiers were killed in two Israeli airstrikes in the vicinity of Suwayda.[65] Renewed Israeli airstrikes were reported near Qatana in Rif Dimashq Governorate.[66]

Syria's foreign ministry said that Israel's "flagrant assault, which forms part of a deliberate policy pursued by the Israeli entity to inflame tensions, spread chaos, and undermine security and stability in Syria, constitutes a blatant violation of the United Nations Charter and international humanitarian law".[15]

The Druze Religious Authority in Suwayda[e] announced it had reached a comprehensive agreement with the Syrian government to fully integrate the province within the Syrian state and reaffirm the state's sovereignty over the region. The agreement stipulates the restoration and activation of all government institutions in Suwayda, ensuring that citizens' rights are upheld according to the principles of justice and equality. One of the key clauses includes the formation of a fact-finding and investigative committee tasked with probing recent violations and ensuring compensation and redress for those harmed. The statement also emphasized that the Damascus–Suwayda road and the safety of civilians along it fall under the state's responsibility. Additionally, the agreement provides for the withdrawal of army forces to their barracks, replacing them with internal security forces composed of trusted local officers, and outlines a plan to regulate heavy weapons in cooperation with the Ministries of Interior and Defense to eliminate non-state arms displays. The Syrian Ministry of Interior confirmed the ceasefire and the deployment of security checkpoints across the city as part of the reintegration process.[67]

Sheikh Hikmat al-Hijri issued a statement in which he denied the existence of any agreement, negotiation, or mandate involving what he referred to as "armed gangs falsely calling themselves a government". Addressing the people and "our heroic youth defending land, honor, and religion", the statement praised what it described as the "spirit of heroism and dignity" and urged continued resistance against "criminal armed terrorist gangs" which he accused of committing murder, theft, looting, and burning of homes, hospitals, and places of worship. The statement stressed the importance of continuing "legitimate defense", calling for the fight to continue "until the full liberation of Suwayda Governorate from these gangs without condition", framing it as a national, humanitarian, and moral duty that allows no compromise. Al-Hijri also called on "the remaining" opposing armed individuals to surrender, promising that those who do will be under the protection of the spiritual leadership and "will not be humiliated or abused". Al-Hijri warned that "any individual or entity engaging in unilateral communication or agreement" with these "armed groups" would face legal and social accountability "without exception or leniency".[68]

Demonstrations erupted in the Druze-majority city of Jaramana in the Rif Dimashq Governorate chanting slogans against president Ahmed al-Sharaa and his government.[69]

In the evening of 16 July, the Syrian army began withdrawing from Suwayda. A statement by the Syrian Ministry of Defense said the withdrawal came after the army had completed operations against "outlaw groups" in the city. State news agency SANA reported the pullout was in line with the deal reached between the government and Druze religious leaders.[16]

The SOHR reported that a further 27 Syrian Army soldiers, 11 Druze fighters and 6 civilians were killed in the clashes, increasing the death toll in the clashes to 319.[10]

17 July

In the early hours of 17 July, Israeli airstrikes were reported on the headquarters of the 107th brigade in the southern countryside of Jableh in Latakia Governorate.[70]

De-escalation efforts

Suwayda governor Moustafa al-Bakkour immediately called for calm, warning against sectarian strife and urging restraint.[27] Al-Bakkour reaffirmed the state's commitment to protecting civilians and praised local efforts for conflict resolution.[71] While Brigadier General Nizar al-Hariri, deputy chief of the Internal Security Service, linked the escalation to the fallout from the highway robbery and subsequent abductions. He stated that local and security efforts were underway to de-escalate the violence.[24]

Sheikh Hammoud al-Hinnawi, one of the Druze religious leaders in Syria,[f] issued a public appeal on 13 July calling for calm and the avoidance of further violence, he urged all parties to reject sectarian strife, cease retaliatory actions, and uphold the rule of law. Al-Hinnawi addressed his message directly to President Ahmed al-Sharaa, tribal leaders, and all individuals of conscience, urging them to take active steps to prevent further bloodshed. He affirmed that the Druze community seeks justice and stability, stating that "dignity is preserved through reason and wisdom, not through weapons and abductions".[72]

Lebanese Druze leader Walid Jumblatt voiced his support for a political resolution to the crisis in Suwayda, emphasizing that such a solution should take place under the framework of the Syrian government. He rejected any external intervention under the pretext of protecting the Druze community, stating, "We hope that security will be restored through a political solution".[73] He further called upon the Druze factions in Syria to seek integration with the government amidst continued conflict.[74]

Syrian minister of defense Murhaf Abu Qasra announced a ceasefire effective from 15 July after an agreement with the Druze leaders in Suwayda.[75] The Syrian Ministry of Interior warned against any damage to private or public property in Suwayda.[76]

The United States negotiated with Israel to halt its airstrikes against Syria as an step towards de-escalation between the two nations.[77]

On 16 July, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio stated that the United States is making progress for an ceasefire agreement, saying "We hope to see some real progress to end what you’ve been seeing over the last couple of hours", as he addressed reporters at the Oval Office.[78]

Aftermath

On 17 July, protests took place in Ras al-Ayn against foreign intervention in the conflicts of Syria. Protestors waved Syrian flags showing solidarity and support for the Syrian Armed Forces.[79]

Shortly after the ceasefire was put in effect, Syrian president Ahmed al-Sharaa addressed Syria stating that the government's priority is to protect Druze citizens as Israel continues its assaults on Syria. He further said "We reject any attempt to drag you into hands of an external party. We are not among those who fear the war. We have spent our lives facing challenges and defending our people, but we have put the interests of the Syrians before chaos and destruction." He criticised Israel for its attacks on government and civilians and expressed gratitude for American, Turkish and Arab mediators for de-escalating the conflict and said that "The Israeli entity resorted to a wide-scale targeting of civilian and government facilities,” adding that it led to a “significant complication of the situation and pushed matters to a large-scale escalation."[80]

Reactions

Local

  • Syria: Syria condemned the Israeli strikes on Syria and asserted their right to self-defense.[81] The foreign ministry said that Israel's "flagrant assault, which forms part of a deliberate policy pursued by the Israeli entity to inflame tensions, spread chaos, and undermine security and stability in Syria, constitutes a blatant violation of the United Nations Charter and international humanitarian law".[15]
  • Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Rojava/DAANES: The SDF condemned the violence in Suwayda, commenting on the civilian casualties in the conflict.[82]

International

International organizations

  • United Nations: The UN urged de-escalation between the belligerents and urged measures to protect civilians.[83]
  • European Union European Union: The EU urged de-escalation and the implementation of the ceasefire declared on 15 July. It expressed it's concern over civilan security as well as calls for the respect of Syria's sovereignity and integrity.[84]
  • Arab League: The General Secretariat of the Arab League strongly condemned the Israeli airstrikes on Syria, describing them as a blatant violation of the sovereignty of a fellow Arab League and UN member state and a clear breach of international law. The League characterized the attacks as acts of "bullying" that must not be tolerated by the regional or international community and called for their immediate cessation. It warned that the strikes aimed to sow chaos in Syria by exploiting recent unrest in Suwayda—events which the Syrian government itself denounced and pledged to investigate. The League expressed full solidarity with Syria, urging the government to defuse tensions through dialogue and inclusive national reconciliation.[85]
  • Gulf Cooperation Council: The council strongly condemned Israeli attacks on Syria.[86]
  • The Muslim World League issued a statement expressing its full solidarity with Syria against any threats to its security, stability, and sovereignty, particularly attempts to sow discord among its communities or interfere in its internal affairs. The League voiced support for the Syrian government's efforts to protect all segments of the population, uphold civil peace, and enforce the rule of law. It also condemned Israel's attacks on Syrian territory and its "continued violations of international laws and norms".[87]

Countries

  • Bahrain: Bahrain welcomed the Syrian government's announcement of a ceasefire in Suwayda Governorate, stating that the move contributes to enhancing security, stability, and preserving civil peace. Bahrain affirmed its position in supporting Syria's security and stability, safeguarding its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and unity, as well as meeting the aspirations of its people for peace and sustainable development.[87]
  • Egypt: Egypt condemned the repetitive attacks on Syria as a "violation" of the sovereignty of the country and a "breach of international law".[88]
  • France: France called for an end to "abuses targeting civilians", and added that "the abuses targeting civilians, which we strongly condemn, must stop", the foreign ministry said, calling for an "immediate cessation of clashes".[89]
  • Iran: The Iranian Foreign Ministry's spokesman expressed strong condemnation of the attacks by Israel on Syria and made concerns on the clashes in Suwayda.[90]
  • Iraq: Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed deep concern over the escalating tensions in Syria and strongly condemned the repeated military interventions carried out by Israeli forces, describing them as blatant violations of Syrian sovereignty and a threat to regional stability. The ministry reaffirmed Iraq's full support for any regional or international efforts aimed at restoring peace and stability in Syria and reiterated its firm stance in support of Syria's unity and territorial integrity, rejecting any violation that undermines its sovereignty or endangers the safety of its people.[87]
  • Israel: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu strongly asserted Israel's support to the Druze factions and ordered strikes on Syria, further stating that Israel was committed to the demilitarisation policy regarding southern Syria.[81]
  • Jordan: Jordan welcomed Syria's announcement of a ceasefire in Suwayda, stressing the need for calm, protection of civilians, law enforcement, and respect for Syrian sovereignty. Jordan affirmed its full support for Syria's efforts to rebuild and maintain security, stability, unity, and the rights of all Syrians.[91]
  • Kuwait: Kuwait welcomed the ceasefire agreement in the city of Suwayda and called for calming the situation and taking all necessary steps to prevent further bloodshed among the Syrian people. It also strongly condemned what it described as blatant Israeli attacks on Syrian territory, stressing that such actions constitute a continuation of violations of international law and the UN Charter.[87]
  • Lebanon: Lebanon strongly condemned the repeated Israeli strikes on Syrian territory, describing them as a blatant violation of the sovereignty Syria and a breach of international law. President Joseph Aoun emphasized that these continued attacks threaten regional security and called on the international community to take full responsibility and exert all possible pressure to halt them and respect Syria's sovereignty and territorial integrity. He reaffirmed Lebanon's solidarity with Syria and its people. Prime Minister Nawaf Salam also denounced the Israeli airstrikes as a clear breach of Syria's sovereignty and international law, rejecting the use of force as a form of messaging and urging the international community to intervene to stop such violations.[92]
  • Qatar: Qatar expressed concerns over the tensions in Syria and called for accountability over civilian losses. Qatar further condemned the Israeli strikes and expressed full support for the territorial integrity of Syria.[93]
  • Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia expressed its strong support for the actions taken by the Syrian government in order to attain territorial integrity, called on the international community to stand with Syria and condemned the Israeli airstrikes.[94]
  • Turkiye: Turkey expressed its support for the actions taken by Syria to assure its territorial integrity and condemned the Israeli intervention in the conflict.[95][better source needed]
  • United Arab Emirates: The United Arab Emirates welcomed the announcement of a ceasefire in Suwayda, emphasizing the importance of de-escalation and civilian protection while supporting efforts to restore peace and stability in the region. The UAE strongly condemned the recent escalation in southern Syria and denounced the Israeli airstrikes, reaffirming its rejection of any violations of Syrian sovereignty or threats to its security.[96]
  • United Kingdom: British Special Envoy to Syria, Anna Snow, called for de-escalation in southern Syria, expressing deep concern, she stated that the situation is being closely monitored and urged all parties within Syria to calm tensions and take immediate steps to ensure the protection of civilians.[97]
  • United States: Ambassador to Syria Tom Barrack stated that the United States was working to de-escalate the conflict to restore peace and labeled the clashes as 'worrisome'.[98]
  • Yemen: Yemen reaffirmed its full support for the Syrian government's efforts to restore security and stability across the country, emphasizing the need to ensure that weapons remain solely in the hands of the state and to protect civil peace. In an official statement, the Yemeni Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed deep concern over the escalating tensions in southern Syria and backed the Syrian government's actions to assert full sovereignty and secure a dignified and stable future for the Syrian people. The ministry also rejected any attempts to hinder the government's authority over all Syrian territory.[99]

Non-state actors

  • Hamas: Hamas issued a statement expressing full solidarity with Syria and described the Israeli attacks as a "blatant violation of international laws" and called for a strong response to confront them. Hamas condemned what it called the "heinous Zionist aggression against the Syrian Arab Republic which led to the martyrdom of dozens from the army, security forces, and innocent civilians".[87]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Israel conducted airstrikes in the governorates of Suwayda, Daraa, Damascus, Rif Dimashq and Latakia
  2. ^ The number includes civilians.
  3. ^ The number likely includes civilians.
  4. ^ Spiritual leadership of the Druze in Syria is split into two since the 2010s, one is headed by al-Hijri, the other is mutually headed by Hammoud al-Hinnawi and Youssef Jarbou.[33]
  5. ^ Headed by sheikhs al-Hinnawi and Jarbou.
  6. ^ Spiritual leadership of the Druze in Syria is split into two since the 2010s, one is headed by Hikmat al-Hijri, the other is mutually headed by Hammoud al-Hinnawi and Youssef Jarbou.[33]

References

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  2. ^ a b "Israel launches bombing raids in Syria and Lebanon". The Guardian. 15 July 2025. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025. In Syria, the transitional government has said it had sent the forces south to end days of clashes between Druze and Bedouin groups, who remained armed following the end of the civil war.
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  88. ^ "مصر تدين الاعتداءات الإسرائيلية المتكررة على سوريا ولبنان" [Egypt condemns repeated Israeli attacks on Syria and Lebanon]. Syrian Arab News Agency (in Arabic). 16 July 2025. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
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