Freight transport

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This map of shipping routes illustrates the relative density of commercial shipping in the world's oceans.

Freight transport, also referred to as freight forwarding, is the physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods and cargo. The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American English, it has been extended to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well. "Logistics", a term borrowed from the military environment, is also used in the same sense.

History

Prehistoric Era

Initial human civilization relied heavily on domesticated animals, such as horses, camels, and donkeys, to transport their goods. The invention of the wheel in Mesopotamia in 5000BC improved this efficiency by allowing for carts and carriages to be created, which animals could pull.

Classical Era

Romans

The Romans built a vast network of roads, which facilitated trade across the numerous cities in its empire.

Silk Road

Main article: Silk Road

Transport along the silk road, a land-based route, was generally done through caravans, equipped with camels that would carry goods. It was uncommon for traders to traverse the entirety of the silk road - they would pass on their goods to other traders along different legs of the journey.

Modern Period

Industrial Revolution

Freight transport in the UK was shaped significantly by the industrial revolution. The midlands of England saw a sophisticated canal system, which allowed freight to be transported easily through long distances. Additionally, railway systems were popularized, initially consisting of horse-drawn carts, but switched to steam powered trains later on.

Aviation

After the invention of the plane by the Wright Brothers, the first air freight shipment was delivered in 1910. While the industry and demand for air freight delivery remained low throughout much of the 20th century, the creation of FedEx in 1973 revolutionised the industry by introducing specialised cargo flights, rather than aggregating passenger and cargo flights in one trip.

Autonomous Transportation

Presently, autonomous vehicles have been trialled by many companies as a method of transportation, intending to reduce labour costs. Additionally, robots designed to automate the 'last-mile delivery' stage have also been considered by businesses.

Modes of shipment

Global freight volumes according to mode of transport in trillions of tonne-kilometres in 2010

In 2015, 108 trillion tonne-kilometers were transported worldwide (anticipated to grow by 3.4% per year until 2050 (128 Trillion in 2020)): 70% by sea, 18% by road, 9% by rail, 2% by inland waterways and less than 0.25% by air.

Grounds

Main articles: Road transport, Rail transport, and Rail freight transport

Land or "ground" shipping can be made by train or by truck (British English: lorry). Ground transport is typically more affordable than air, but more expensive than sea, especially in developing countries, where inland infrastructure may not be efficient. In air and sea shipments, ground transport is required to take the cargo from its place of origin to the airport or seaport and then to its destination because it is not always possible to establish a production facility near ports due to the limited coastlines of countries.

Ship

Main articles: Ship transport and Cargo ship

Harbour cranes unload cargo from a container ship at the Jawaharlal Nehru Port, Navi Mumbai, India.

Much freight transport is done by cargo ships. An individual nation's fleet and the people that crew it are referred to as its merchant navy or merchant marine. According to a 2018 report from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), merchant shipping (or seaborne trade) carries 80–90% of international trade and 60–70% by value. On rivers and canals, barges are often used to carry bulk cargo.

Air

Main article: Cargo airlines

Cargo is transported by air in specialized cargo aircraft and in the luggage compartments of passenger aircraft. Air freight is typically the fastest mode for long-distance freight transport, but it is also the most expensive.

Space

Main article: Space logistics

Multimodal

Main article: Multimodal transport

Cargo is exchanged between different modes of transportation via transport hubs, also known as transport interchanges or Nodes (e.g. train stations, airports, etc.). Cargo is shipped under a single contract but performed using at least two different modes of transport (e.g. ground and air). Cargo may not be containerized.

Intermodal

Main article: Intermodal freight transport

Multimodal transport featuring containerized cargo (or intermodal container) that is easily transferred between ship, rail, plane and truck.

For example, a shipper works together with both ground and air transportation to ship an item overseas. Intermodal freight transport is used to plan the route and carry out the shipping service from the manufacturer to the door of the recipient.

Terms of shipment

Main article: Incoterm

The Incoterms (or International Commercial Terms) published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) are accepted by governments, legal authorities, and practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of the most commonly used terms in international trade. Common terms include:

• Free on Board (FOB)
• Cost and Freight (CFR, C&F, CNF)
• Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF)

The term "best way" generally implies that the shipper will choose the carrier that offers the lowest rate (to the shipper) for the shipment. In some cases, however, other factors, such as better insurance or faster transit time, will cause the shipper to choose an option other than the lowest bidder.

Door-to-door shipping

Door-to-door (DTD or D2D) shipping refers to the domestic or international shipment of cargo from the point of origin (POI) to the destination while generally remaining on the same piece of equipment and avoiding multiple transactions, trans-loading, and cross-docking without interim storage.

International DTD is a service provided by many international shipping companies and may feature intermodal freight transport using containerized cargo. The quoted price of this service includes all shipping, handling, import and customs duties, making it a hassle-free option for customers to import goods from one jurisdiction to another. This is compared to standard shipping, the price of which typically includes only the expenses incurred by the shipping company in transferring the object from one place to another. Customs fees, import taxes and other tariffs may contribute substantially to this base price before the item ever arrives.

See also

• Affreightment
• Automatic identification system
• Mid-stream operation
• Outline of transport
• Ship transport
• Rail transport
• Transshipment
• Greek shipping
• Chinese shipping
• Environmental issues with shipping
• List of cargo types
• Right of way (shipping)
• Shipping markets
• Full container load (FCL)
• Less than container load (LCL)

Citations

• "Review of Maritime Transport 2014" (PDF). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-15.
• "Special Chapter: Asia". Review Maritime Transport 2010 Flyer. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2011.

External links

• Schreiber, Zvi 2016: The Year Freight Goes Online. December 2015
• Bloomberg.com First Cryptocurrency Freight Deal Takes Russian Wheat to Turkey. January 2018