Jump to content

Ahmad Sanjar

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Sanjar)
"Sanjar" redirects here. For the town in Iraq, see Sinjar. For the Iraqi plain, see Plain of Sanjar. For the Iraqi mountain, see Mount Sinjar.
Ahmad Sanjar
Ahmad Senjer seated on his throne, in a 1307 Ilkhanid miniature.
Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire
Reign18 April 1118 – 8 May 1157
PredecessorMuhammad I
Co-sultanMahmud II
(1118–1131)
Dawud
(1131–1132)
Tughril II
(1132–1134)
Mas'ud
(1134–1152)
Malik-Shah III
(1152–1153)
Muhammad II
(1153–1157)
Malik of Khorasan
Reign1097–1118
PredecessorMuhammad I Tapar
SuccessorKhwarezmian Empire conquest
Born6 November 1086
Sinjar
Died8 May 1157(1157-05-08) (aged 70)
Merv
Consort
Issue
DynastySeljuq
FatherMalik-Shah I
MotherTaj Safariyya Khatun[1][2]
ReligionSunni Islam

Ahmad Sanjar (Persian: احمد سنجر; full name: Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah[3]) (6 November 1086 – 8 May 1157)[4] was the Seljuq ruler of Khorasan from 1097 until 1118,[5] when he became the Sultan of the Seljuq Empire, which he ruled until his death in 1157.

Early years

[edit]

Sanjar was born on 6 November 1086[6] in Sinjar, a town situated in northwestern Iraq. Although primary sources state that he was named after his birthplace (Rāvandi, p. 185; Ebn al-Jawzi, XVIII, p. 161) Bosworth notes Sanjar is a Turkic name, denoting "he who pierces", "he who thrusts".[5] He was a son of Malik Shah I and participated in wars of succession against his three brothers and a nephew, namely Mahmud I, Barkiyaruq, Malik Shah II and Muhammad I. In 1096, he was given the province of Khorasan to govern under his brother Muhammad I.[7] Over the next several years Ahmad Sanjar became the ruler of most of Iran with his capital at Nishapur.

Campaigns and Battles

[edit]

Battle with Emir Muhammad

[edit]

In 1097, Berkyaruq appointed Sanjar as the governor of Khorasan.[8] The Seljuk Prince Emir Muhammad rebelled during Sanjar's term as governor of Khorasan and sought support to take control of Khorasan. Emir Muhammad found this support from the Ghaznavids and marched against Sanjar. Upon receiving news that Emir Muhammad had arrived with his army, Sanjar marched against him with his army. In the battle between the two sides, Emir Muhammad's army was defeated and Emir Muhammad was taken prisoner.[9] Thanks to this victory, Sanjar both increased his reputation and prevented Khorasan from falling into the hands of the Ghaznavids. Because if Emir Muhammad had been victorious, he would have entered the service of the Ghaznavids as the governor of Khorasan.[10]

Battle of Nushecan (1100)

[edit]

As a result of the conflicts between Sanjar and Habeshi bin Altuntaq, who were struggling to dominate Khorasan, Habeshi bin Altuntaq was defeated.[11] Upon this situation, Habeshi bin Altuntaq complained about Sanjar to Berkyaruq and asked for help from Berkyaruq. Berkyaruq came to Khorasan with his army. The parties met near Nushecan.[12] In the battle between the two parties, Sanjar's army defeated Berkyaruq's army. Habeshi bin Altuntaq was taken prisoner.[13]

Defense of Khorasan (1102)

[edit]
Sultan Sanjar with courtiers. Majma' al-tavarikh by Hafiz Abru (dated 1425). Walters Ms. W.676 Fa.

While Sanjar was not in Khorasan, the Karakhanid ruler Kadir Khan (Arslan Khan) took advantage of this and went on an expedition to Khorasan with an army of 100,000.[14] Sanjar, who heard about this expedition of Kadir Khan, returned with his cavalry unit.[15] While Kadir Khan (Arslan Khan) was out hunting, he was taken prisoner in a sudden raid by the Seljuks. Sanjar ordered Kadir Khan to be killed.[16]

Campaign against the Nizari Ismailis

[edit]

Sanjar undertook a campaign to eliminate the Nizari Ismailis within Persia and successfully drove them from a number of their strongholds, including Quhistan and Tabas.[17] However, an anecdote indicates that en route to their chief stronghold at Alamut, Sanjar woke up one day to find a dagger beside him, pinning a note from Hassan-i Sabbah stating that he (Hassan) would like peace. Sanjar, shocked by this event, sent envoys to Hassan and they both agreed to stay out of each other's way.[18]

Battle of Ghazni (1117)

[edit]
Main article: Battle of Ghazni (1117)

The death of Mas'ud III of Ghazni in 1115 began a heated contest for the throne. Shirzad took the throne that year but the next year he was assassinated by his younger brother Arslan. Arslan had to face the rebellion of his other brother, Bahram, who received support from the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar.[19] Ahmad Sanjar invading from Khorasan took his army into Afghanistan and inflicted a crushing defeat to Arslan near Ghazni at Shahrabad. Arslan managed to escape and Bahram succeeded to the throne as the Seljuk's vassal.[19]

Battle of Saveh (1119)

[edit]

On February 26, 1105 Sultan Barkiyaruq died. He chose his younger son, Muizzeddin Malik-Shah, as heir to the throne. Malik-Shah took the name Malik-Shah II after being proclaimed the Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. However, the true power was in the hands of his uncle, Muhammad Tapar. In the same year, Muhammad Tapar dethroned his nephew and started to rule the State himself as sultan. When Muhammad died on April 4, 1118, his son Mahmud II was declared as new sultan. When Muhammad's son Mahmud II ascended the throne, Emir of Yazd Garshasp II fell into disgrace; slander about him spread to the court that made him lose confidence, and made Mahmud send a military force to Yazd where Garshasp was arrested and jailed in Jibal, while Yazd was granted to the royal cupbearer. Garshasp, however, escaped and returned to Yazd, where he requested protection from Ahmad Sanjar (Garshasp's wife was the sister of Ahmad).[20]

Garshasp urged Ahmad to invade the domains of Mahmud in Central Iran and gave him information on how to march to Central Iran, and the ways to combat Mahmud. Ahmad accepted and advanced with an army to the west in 1119, where he together with "five kings" defeated Mahmud at Saveh.[21] The kings who aided Ahmad during the battle were Garshasp himself, the Emir of Sistan and the Khwarazmshah,[21] including two other unnamed kings.[22] Nizari forces were also present in Sanjar's army.[23] After being victorious, Ahmad then restored the domains of Garshasp II.[22] Ahmad then marched as far as Baghdad, where he agreed with Mahmud that he should marry one of his daughters, and that he should give up strategic territories in northern Persia.[21]

Campaign of Western Karakhanid (1130)

[edit]

As a result of the internal turmoil that broke out in the Western Karakhanid country in 1130, the Western Karakhanid ruler Arslan Khan asked for help from Sanjar. After a while, he announced that the internal unrest had ended and asked for Sanjar to return.[24] Later, it was revealed that Sanjar would be assassinated by Arslan Khan's order.[25] Following these events, Sanjar marched to Samarkand with his army and laid siege to the city. The Seljuk army under the command of Sanjar captured Samarkand.[26]

Battle of Kashgar

[edit]
A miniature depicting the war with the Oghuz during the reign of Sultan Sanjar. Jami al-Tawarikh, TSMK, H.1653 (dated 1314).

When the Qara-Khitans migrating west arrived in the Kara-Khanid lands, the Eastern Kara-Khanid ruler Ahmed Khan defeated the Qara-Khitans in 1122 and took them into his service. Later, after the death of Ahmed Khan, during the reign of the ruler who ascended to the Eastern Kara-Khanid throne, a rebellion broke out in the Eastern Kara-Khanid lands, including many tribes, primarily the Oghuz and Karluks. Taking advantage of this rebellion, the Qara-Khitans captured Balasagun. The Eastern Kara-Khanid, who were vassals of the Great Seljuk Empire, asked for help from the Great Seljuk Sultan Sanjar. Sanjar also organized an expedition with his army to the Eastern Kara-Khanid lands in 1130. The leader of the rebels fled upon hearing of Sanjar's arrival. Sanjar defeated the advancing towards the Eastern Islamic lands Qara-Khitai army near Kashgar, and then defeated the Oghuz, Karluks and other tribes.[27][28]

Battle of Dinavar (1132)

[edit]

After Mahmud's death, his other brothers Mas'ud, Tughril and Seljuk-Shah started a struggle for power.[29] Wanting to end this struggle, Sanjar gave the lands under Mahmud's control to Tughril's. Tughril's other brothers opposed Sanjar's decision and formed an alliance with the caliph Al-Mustarshid.[30] Sanjar prepared his army against this alliance and marched against them. The two armies met near Dinavar. As a result of the battle, the allies were defeated by Sanjar.[31] Sanjar later gave Tughril the lands under Mahmud's control.[32]

Campaign of Khwarezm (1138)

[edit]

Atsiz, one of Sanjar's governors, captured Jand and Mangyshlak and killed the Muslims who fought against the enemy forces in this region.[33] After these events, Sanjar decided to organize an expedition against Atsiz. In 1138, Sanjar marched with his army to Khwarezm and defeated Atsiz and his army in the Battle of Hazorasp[34] and captured Khwarezm. He then left the governorship of Khwarezm to his nephew Suleiman-Shah and returned to his capital, Merv.[35]

Battle of Qatwan (1141)

[edit]
Main article: Battle of Qatwan
Battle of Qatwan in 1141

In 1141, Ahmad, along with Garshasp II, marched to confront the Kara Khitan threat and engaged them near Samarkand at the Battle of Qatwan. He suffered an astounding defeat, and Garshasp was killed. Ahmad escaped with only fifteen of his elite horsemen, losing all Seljuq territory east of the Syr Darya (Jaxartes).[36][37]

Campaign of Khwarezm (1143)

[edit]

Atsiz entered into a struggle with Suleiman-Shah in 1141 and captured Khwarezm. Atsiz declared his loyalty to Sanjar, who was preparing to go on a campaign against the Kara-Khitans. Since Sanjar was also going on a campaign against the Kara-Khitans, he did not send him an army and left him as the governor of Khwarezm. Taking advantage of the defeat following the Battle of Qatwan, Atsiz attacked Khorasan, occupied and plundered many cities, including the capital Merv, and captured their scholars.[38] After escaping the Battle of Qatwan, Sanjar marched against Atsiz with the new army he had established. After these events, Atsiz fled to Khwarezm. Sanjar then marched to Khwarezm with his army in 1143.[39] He advanced as far as Urgench, the capital of Khwarezm, where Atsiz was located, and laid siege to the city. Realizing that he could not cope with Sanjar, Atsiz asked for forgiveness from Sanjar and returned the goods he had plundered and the scholars he had captured.[40]

Campaign of Khwarezm (1147)

[edit]

When Sanjar received news that Atsiz was continuing to disobey, he sent an envoy to him. While the envoy was with Atsiz, he informed Sanjar that there was a plan to assassinate Sanjar and that two assassins had been sent to Khorasan for this purpose. Atsiz, who learned of what the envoy had done, killed the envoy. Following these events, Sanjar marched on Khwarezm with his army in 1147.[41] Sanjar first besieged and captured the castle of Hazorasp.[42] Sanjar then advanced towards Urgench, the capital of Khwarezm. Realizing that he would be defeated by Sanjar, Atsiz sent envoys, begged for forgiveness and offered obedience. Thereupon, Sanjar forgave him and left him as the governor of Khwarezm.[43]

Battle of Nab (1152)

[edit]

After the Battle of Qatwan, the Ghurids led by Ala al-Din Husayn, a vassal of the Ghaznavids, captured Herat and advanced towards Balkh.[44][45] Following these developments, the Seljuk commander Emir Kumaç, who took action to stop the Ghurids, was defeated. Later, Ala al-Din Husayn attacked the Ghaznavids, a vassal of the Seljuks. He occupied Ghazna, the capital of the Ghaznavids, and burned the city.[46] Later, Ala al-Din Husayn declared his independence. Following these events, Sanjar organized an expedition against Ala al-Din Husayn. The two armies met at a place called Nab near Herat on June 24, 1152. In the ensuing battle, Ala al-Din Husayn was decisively defeated and taken prisoner by Sanjar.[47]

Rebellion of Oghuz Turks

[edit]

Sanjar's as well as the Seljuks' rule collapsed as a consequence of yet another unexpected defeat, this time at the hands of the Seljuks’ own tribe, the Oghuz Turks, in 1153.[5] Sanjar was captured during the battle and held in captivity until 1156.[48] It brought chaos to the Empire - situation later exploited by the victorious Turkmens, whose hordes would overrun Khorasan unopposed, wreaking colossal damage on the province and prestige of Sanjar.[48] Sanjar eventually escaped from captivity in the fall of 1156, but soon died in Merv (present-day Turkmenistan), in 1157. After his death, Turkic rulers, Turkmen tribal forces, and other secondary powers competed for Khorasan, and after a long period of confrontations, the province was finally conquered by the Ghurids in 1192, and by the Khwarazmians in the early 1200s.[49][50]

Death and legacy

[edit]
Ahmad Sanjar mausoleum in Merv (modern Mary, Turkmenistan)

Sanjar died in 1157 and was buried in Merv. His tomb was destroyed by the Mongols in 1221, during their invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire.[51]

The death of Sanjar meant the end of the Seljuq dynasty as an empire, since they controlled only Iraq and Azerbaijan afterwards. Sanjar is considered one of the most prominent Seljuq sultans and was the longest reigning Muslim ruler until the Mongols arrived. Although of Turkic origin, Sanjar was highly Iranized, and due to his feats, even became a legendary figure like some of the mythological characters in the Shahnameh.[52] Indeed, medieval sources described Sanjar as having "the majesty of the Khosrows and the glory of the Kayanids".[5] Persian poetry flourished under Sanjar, and his court included some of the greatest Persian poets, such as Mu'izzi, Nizami Aruzi, and Anvari.[5]

Ahmad Sanjar, as featured on the front of the 5 Turkmenistan manat banknote

Family

[edit]

One of his wives was Turkan Khatun. She was the daughter of Muhammad Arslan Khan, the ruler of the Kara-Khanid Khanate.[53] She died in April 1156,[54] and was buried in Yusuf Hamadani Mausoleum Complex in Merv.[55] Another wife was Abkhaziyya Khatun. She was the daughter of King Demetrius I of Georgia, and the widow of his nephew Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud. They married after Mas'ud's death in 1152.[56][57][58] One of Sanjar's daughters was Mah-i Mulk Khatun. She was born in 1105. In probably 1119, Sanjar married her to his nephew Mahmud II. When she died aged seventeen[59] in 1122,[60] Sanjar sent another daughter, Amir Sitti Khatun, to be his wife. Melik Shah III and Gawhar Nasab Khatun were the children of this union.[59] She died in 1129.[60] Amira Khatun,[61] another of Sanjar's daughters married Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustarshid[59] in 1124.[62] Another daughter of Sanjar, Gawhar Khatun, married his nephew, Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud in 1134.[63] A daughter of this union was married by Mas'ud to his nephew Dawud, son of Mahmud II. They failed to get on together, and Ma'sud gave his daughter to Dawud's brother, Muhammad II.[59]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Massignon 1982, p. 162.
  2. ^ Safi 2006, p. 67.
  3. ^ معزالدنیاوالدین عدودالدوله ابوالحارث احمد سنجر ابن ملک‌شاه
  4. ^ Rashid ad-Din. "Collection of annals". Translated from Persian by O.I.Smirnova, edited by prof. A.A.Semenova. Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. Vol.1, book.2. p. 80.
  5. ^ a b c d e "SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh" Encyclopædia Iranica
  6. ^ Bosworth, C.E. (2010). The History of the Seljuq State: A Translation with Commentary of the Akhbar al-dawla al-saljuqiyya. Routledge Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey. Taylor & Francis. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-136-89743-6.
  7. ^ Grousset, René (1970) The Empire of the Steppes Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA, p. 159, ISBN 0-8135-0627-1
  8. ^ Köymen, Mehmet Altay; Tarifci, Sinan (2023). Büyük Selçuklu imparatorluğu tarihi çerçevesi içinde: Sancar'ın meliklik devri. Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınları IV/A-2-1.1. dizi (1. Baskı ed.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-975-17-5614-5. OCLC 1492653871.
  9. ^ Sevim, Ali; Merçil, Erdoğan (2014-01-01). Selçuklu Devletleri Tarihi Siyaset,Teşkilat ve Kültür (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. p. 151. ISBN 978-975-16-2678-3.
  10. ^ "İbnü'l Esir El-Kamil Fi't-Tarih Tercümesi İslam Tarihi 10. Cilt - İbnü'l Esir | Nadir Kitap". NadirKitap (in Turkish). p. 222. Retrieved 2025-05-14.
  11. ^ "Irak ve Horasan Selçukluları Tarihi / Ciltli Türk Tarih Kurumu reisi, üstadım Şemseddin Günaltayın emriyle tercüme ettiğim, Bündarinin Irak Selçuk - Kıvameddin Burslan | Nadir Kitap". NadirKitap (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-05-14.
  12. ^ "SENCER". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-05-14.
  13. ^ "İbnü'l Esir El-Kamil Fi't-Tarih Tercümesi İslam Tarihi 10. Cilt - İbnü'l Esir | Nadir Kitap". NadirKitap (in Turkish). p. 245. Retrieved 2025-05-14.
  14. ^ "Irak ve Horasan Selçukluları Tarihi / Ciltli Türk Tarih Kurumu reisi, üstadım Şemseddin Günaltayın emriyle tercüme ettiğim, Bündarinin Irak Selçuk - Kıvameddin Burslan | Nadir Kitap". NadirKitap (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-05-14.
  15. ^ "SENCER". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-05-14.
  16. ^ "İbnü'l Esir El-Kamil Fi't-Tarih Tercümesi İslam Tarihi 10. Cilt - İbnü'l Esir | Nadir Kitap". NadirKitap (in Turkish). pp. 283–286. Retrieved 2025-05-14.
  17. ^ Franzius, Enno (1969) History of the Order of Assassins Funk and Wagnalls, New York, p. 59, OCLC 23676
  18. ^ Lewis, Bernard (1968) The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam Basic Books, New York, p. 30, OCLC 436364
  19. ^ a b Jaques 2007, p. 391
  20. ^ Bosworth, C. Edmund (1983). "ABŪ KĀLĪJĀR GARŠĀSP (II)". Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 328–329.
  21. ^ a b c Bosworth 1968, p. 120.
  22. ^ a b Bosworth 1983, pp. 328–329.
  23. ^ Daftary 2007, p. 338.
  24. ^ Esir, İbnü'l (2016-06-09). İslam Tarihi (el-Kamil fi’t-Tarih Tercümesi) (10 Cilt) (in Turkish). Translated by Özaydın, Abdülkerim; Ağırakça, Ahmet; Eryarsoy, M. Beşir; Apaydın, Hacı Yunus; Tüccar, Zülfikar. Ocak Yayıncılık. ISBN 978-605-4659-17-3.
  25. ^ Köymen, Mehmet Altay (1984). İkinci imparatorluk devri (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
  26. ^ Turan, Osman (2019). Selçuklular târihi ve Türk-İslâm medeniyeti. Yayın Kültür serisi (22. basim ed.). İstanbul: Ötüken. ISBN 978-975-437-470-4.
  27. ^ Turan, Osman (2019). Selçuklular târihi ve Türk-İslâm medeniyeti. Yayın Kültür serisi (22. basim ed.). İstanbul: Ötüken. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-975-437-470-4.
  28. ^ "Türk Tarih Kurumu Kütüphanesi (2.01.0.2154)". kutuphane.ttk.gov.tr. Retrieved 2025-05-17.
  29. ^ Öngül, Ali (2017-03-03). Büyük Selçuklular (in Turkish). Çamlıca Basım Yayın. ISBN 978-605-9375-41-2.
  30. ^ Turan, Osman (2023-06-12). Selçuklular Tarihi ve Türk-Islâm Medeniyeti (in Turkish). Ötüken Neşriyat. ISBN 978-975-437-470-4.
  31. ^ Merçil, Erdoğan (2024-01-13). Müslüman Türk Devletleri Tarihi (in Turkish). Bilge Kültür Sanat. ISBN 978-605-5261-85-6.
  32. ^ Sevim, Ali; Merçil, Erdoğan (2014-01-01). Selçuklu Devletleri Tarihi Siyaset,Teşkilat ve Kültür (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-975-16-2678-3.
  33. ^ Öngül, Ali (2014-02-05). Selçuklular Tarihi (2 Cilt Takım) (in Turkish). Çamlıca Basım Yayın. ISBN 978-605-5101-66-4.
  34. ^ Köymen, Mehmet Altay (1991), Büyük Selçuklu imparatorluğu tarihi. 5: Ikinci imparatorluk devri, Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınları 7. dizi, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, ISBN 978-975-16-0355-5 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  35. ^ Kafesoğlu, İbrahim (2018-12-13). Selçuklular ve Selçuklu Tarihi Üzerine Araştırmalar (in Turkish). Ötüken Neşriyat. ISBN 978-605-155-188-3.
  36. ^ Ibn al-Athir as cited by Zarncke, Friedrich (1879) Der Priester Johannes S. Heizel, Leipzig, p. 856-857 OCLC 7619779
  37. ^ Liao Shih (the official history of the Khitan Dynasty) cited by Wittfogel, Karl A. and Feng Chia-Sheng (1949) History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907-1125 American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, p. 639 OCLC 9811810
  38. ^ Merçil, Erdoğan (2024-01-13). Müslüman Türk Devletleri Tarihi (in Turkish). Bilge Kültür Sanat. ISBN 978-605-5261-85-6.
  39. ^ Sevim, Ali; Merçil, Erdoğan (2014-01-01). Selçuklu Devletleri Tarihi Siyaset,Teşkilat ve Kültür (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-975-16-2678-3.
  40. ^ Köymen, Mehmet Altay (2011-01-01). Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi 2. Cilt İkinci İmparatorluk Devri (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-975-16-0355-5.
  41. ^ Sevim, Ali; Merçil, Erdoğan (2014-01-01). Selçuklu Devletleri Tarihi Siyaset,Teşkilat ve Kültür (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-975-16-2678-3.
  42. ^ Cüveyni, Alaaddin Ata Melik (2013-01-01). Tarih-i Cihan Güşa (in Turkish). Vol. 2. Translated by Öztürk, Mürsel. Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-975-16-2715-5.
  43. ^ Köymen, Mehmet Altay (2011-01-01). Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi 2. Cilt İkinci İmparatorluk Devri (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-975-16-0355-5.
  44. ^ Turan, Osman (2023-06-12). Selçuklular Tarihi ve Türk-Islâm Medeniyeti (in Turkish). Ötüken Neşriyat. ISBN 978-975-437-470-4.
  45. ^ Sevim, Ali; Merçil, Erdoğan (2014-01-01). Selçuklu Devletleri Tarihi Siyaset,Teşkilat ve Kültür (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-975-16-2678-3.
  46. ^ "Gazneliler Devleti Tarihi - Erdoğan Merçil | Nadir Kitap". NadirKitap (in Turkish). Retrieved 2025-05-14.
  47. ^ Öngül, Ali (2017-03-03). Büyük Selçuklular (in Turkish). Çamlıca Basım Yayın. ISBN 978-605-9375-41-2.
  48. ^ a b Sinor, Denis (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0-521-24304-1.
  49. ^ C. Edmond Bosworth, “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217),” Camb. Hist. Iran V, 1968, pp.94-185
  50. ^ Bosworth, C. Edmund. "Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)". iranicaonline.org.
  51. ^ Saunders, John Joseph (1971). The History of the Mongol Conquests. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 60.
  52. ^ Grousset 1970, p. 159.
  53. ^ History of Civilizations of Central Asia. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Unesco. 1998. p. 162. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1.
  54. ^ Basan, O.A. (2010). The Great Seljuqs: A History. Routledge Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey. Taylor & Francis. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-136-95393-4.
  55. ^ Cuno, K.M. (2015). Modernizing Marriage: Family, Ideology, and Law in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Egypt. Gender and Globalization. Syracuse University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8156-5316-5.
  56. ^ Rayfield, D. (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2.
  57. ^ Comité de l'indépendance du Caucase (1954). United Caucasus: Monthly Organ of the Committee for Caucasian Independence. The Committee. p. 25.
  58. ^ al-Fatḥ ibn ʻAlī Bundārī (1943). Irak ve Horasan, Selo̧uklulari tarihi: Imad ad-Dịn al-Kâtib al-Isfahânʼi'nin, al-Bondârʼi tarafindan ihtisar edilen Zubdat al-Nuṣra va Nuḩbat al 'Usra, adli kitabinin tercümesi. M. Th. Houtsma tarafindan 1889 da leiden'de neşredilen metinden türçeye çeviren Kivameddin Burslan. Türk Tarih Kurumu yayinlari, 2. seri, no. 4. Maarif Matbaasi. p. 212.
  59. ^ a b c d Lambton, A.K.S. (1988). Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia. Bibliotheca Persica. Bibliotheca Persica. pp. 259–60, 268. ISBN 978-0-88706-133-2.
  60. ^ a b Richards, D.S. (2010). The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'L-Ta'Rikh.: The Years 491-541/1097-1146 the Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response. Crusade texts in translation. Ashgate. pp. 241, 276. ISBN 978-0-7546-6950-0.
  61. ^ Güney, Alime Okumuş (2020-12-29). "Orta Asya Türk-İslâm devletlerinde evlilikler ve evlilik gelenekleri". Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. p. 49. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
  62. ^ "SENCER". TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-08-30.
  63. ^ Bosworth, E. (2000). The History of the Seljuq Turks: The Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishpuri. Taylor & Francis. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-136-75257-5.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Preceded by Sultan of the Seljuq Empire
1118–1153 		Succeeded by
Divisions of Seljuq dynasty
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&oldid=1291125785"