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Ramesses XI[1]
Also written Ramses and Rameses
Ramesses XI from the Temple of Khonsu in Karnak, drawn by Karl Richard Lepsius
Ramesses XI from the Temple of Khonsu in Karnak, drawn by Karl Richard Lepsius
Pharaoh
Reign1107–1078/1068 BC
PredecessorRamesses X
SuccessorSmendes (or Herihor or Ramesses XII?)
Royal titulary
Horus name
Kanakht Meryre
K3-nḫt-mrj-Rˁ
Strong bull, beloved of Ra
G5
E2
D40		 C2U6
Nebty name
Userkhepesh Hedhefenu
Wsr-ḫpš hd-ḥfnw
He whose blow is powerful, he whose attacks are countless
G16
wsrsT16O4D46D36
D40		 I8
Z2
Golden Horus
Werpehtisankhtawy Ityankhwedjaseneb Seheribmaat Seheteptawy
Wr-pḥtj-s.ˁnḫ-t3wy-jty-ˁnḫ-wḏ-snb-shr-ib-M3ˁt-s.ḥtp-t3wy
He whose power is great, he gives new life to the two lands,
life, prosperity, health, he reconciles the two lands under the majesty of Maat
G8
G36
D21		 F22
X1 Z5		 A24S29S34N19
N23 N23		 M17A2U33M17M17A23G7S34U28S29
O4
D21		 Y1
F34		 U5
D36 Z1		 H6
Y1		 S29R4
X1		 Q3
Y1		 N19
N23 N23
Praenomen
Menmaatre Setepenptah
Mn-m3ˁt-Rˁ-stp-n-Ptḥ
The justice of Ra is enduring, the chosen one of Ptah
M23
t		 L2
t		 <
N5
Y5		 C10U21
N35		 Q3
X1		 V28
>
Nomen
Ramesses Khaemwaset Mereramun Netjerheqaiunu[2]
Rˁ-msj-sw-Ḫ3-m-W3st-mrj-Jmn-nṯr-ḥq3-Jwnw
Ra fashioned him, he appears in Waset, beloved of Amun, divine ruler of Iunu
G39N5<
O34

O34		 F31C2N28
R19		 C12U6D21

D21		 S38R8O28
>

Hieroglyphic variants:
G39N5<
N28C2R19C12N36
D21 D21		 F31S38R8O28O34

O34
>

G39N5<
N28C12R19C2N36S38R8O28D21

D21
>

G39N5<
N28R19N36
D21 D21		 C12C2O34

O34		 S38R8O28
>

G39N5<
N5F31S29S29N28

Aa15		 R19U6
D21 D21		 M17Y5

N35		 R8S38O28Z1G7V1
V1
V1
>
ConsortTentamun
ChildrenDuathathor-Henuttawy?, Tentamun?, Nodjmet?, Ramesses XII?
FatherRamesses X?
Died1078 or 1077 BC
BurialKV4
Dynasty20th Dynasty

Menmaatre Ramesses XI (also written Ramses and Rameses) reigned from 1107 BC to somewhere between 1078 BC and 1068 BC and is generally considered the tenth and final pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt and as such, the last king of the New Kingdom period. He ruled Egypt for at least 29 years although some Egyptologists think he could have ruled for as long as 30. The latter figure would be up to 2 years beyond this king's highest known date of Year 10 of the wḥm-mswt ("Renaissance") era or Year 28 of his reign.[3] One scholar, Ad Thijs, has suggested that Ramesses XI could even have reigned as long as 33 years.[4]

It is believed that Ramesses ruled into his Year 29 since a graffito records that the general and High Priest of Amun Piankh returned to Thebes from Nubia on III Shemu day 23—or just 3 days into what would have been the start of Ramesses XI's 29th regnal year. Piankh is known to have campaigned in Nubia during Year 28 of Ramesses XI's reign (or Year 10 of the wḥm-mswt) and would have returned home to Egypt in the following year.

Background

Ramesses XI was once thought to be the son of Ramesses X by Queen Tyti who was a King's Mother, King's Wife and King's Daughter in her titles.[5] However, recent scholarly research into certain copies of parts of the Harris papyrus (or Papyrus BM EA 10052)—collected by Anthony Harris—which discusses a harem conspiracy against Ramesses III—reveals that Tyti was a queen of Ramesses III instead.[6] Hence, Ramesses XI's mother was not Tyti and although he could have been a son of his predecessor, this is not established either. Ramesses XI is believed to have married Tentamun, the daughter of Nebseny, with whom he is assumed to have fathered Duathathor-Henuttawy—the future wife of the high priest Pinedjem I. Ramesses XI may have had another daughter named Tentamun who became king Smendes' future wife in the next dynasty. These connections, however, remain tentative.[7]

Sometime during his reign, the High Priest of Amun, Amenhotep, was ousted from office by Pinehesy, the Viceroy of Kush who for some time took control of the Thebais. Although this “suppression of the High Priest of Amun” used to be dated quite early in the reign (prior to year 9 of the reign),[8] recently the communis opinio has changed to the view that it took place only shortly before the start of the wḥm-mswt or "Renaissance," an era which was inaugurated in regnal Year 19, probably to stress the return of normal conditions following the coup of Pinehesy.

Accession date

Ramesses XI is usually assigned an accession date of III shemu 20 (third month of the Summer season, day 20)[9] However, a later Twentieth Dynasty papyrus fragment from Deir el-Medina published in 2023 by the Egyptologist Robert J. Demarée refers to a partial date of Year 4, III month of Akhet together with a change to Year 1, IV month of Akhet.[10] Although both kings are unnamed, the papyrus is strongly suggested by Demarée to refer to the reigns of Ramesses X and his successor Ramesses XI. If confirmed, this would mean that Ramesses XI actually had his accession date between the III and IV month of Akhet rather than III Shemu 20 as has been assumed.[11]

Demarée stresses in his 2023 study that the sources which support an accession date of III Shemu day 20 for Ramesses XI are hardly conclusive:

The two key documents quoted are P. Turin Cat. 1888 + Cat. 2095 and P. Ashmolean Museum 1945.96, the Adoption Papyrus. The first is a journal text from the reign of Ramesses XI containing a series of dates spread over several months, with only one full date: Year 18 IV Šmw Day 14 or 24.[12] Considering this as certain indication of a recent year change is speculation and beyond proof. The second document is the famous Adoption Papyrus, P. Ashmolean Museum 1945.96. In the words of its first editor, Alan Gardiner, the opening lines of this document record, on III Šmw Day 20, a visit by Ramesses XI to the Temple of Karnak to announce his accession to the god Amun, followed by an offering to this deity.[13] The text clearly only speaks of informing the god Amun of the accession of the king – sr.t xa n nTr pn Sps n Imn.[14] Contrary to the opinion of the scholars who first posited III Šmw Day 20 as the coronation date, the accession of the king did not take place on that day at Karnak. This ceremony certainly had already taken place earlier either in the [Royal] Delta residence or at Memphis, and as usual the king later had to pay visits to other state gods to inform them of his accession.[15]

The wḥm-mswt ("Renaissance") era

Mold with the name of Ramesses XI or IX at LACMA

Ramesses XI's reign is notable for a large number of important papyri that have been discovered, including the Adoption Papyrus, which mentions regnal years 1 and 18 of his reign; Pap. B.M. 10052, Pap. Mayer A, Pap. B.M. 10403 and Pap. B.M. 10383 (the last four containing the accounts of tomb-robbery trials conducted during the first two years of the wḥm-mswt); Pap. Ambras (containing a list of documents which were repurchased in year 6 of the wḥm-mswt, after having been stolen from some temple archive, most probably during the chaotic period of the suppression of the High Priest of Amun Amenhotep);[16] the Turin Taxation Papyrus, of an unspecified year 12; Pap. B.M. 10068, which includes on its verso two lists, called the House-list (from an unspecified year 12) and the Srmt-list (undated, but slightly later than the Houselist);[17] Pap. B.M. 9997, of an unspecified year 14 and 15; and an entire series of Late Ramesside Letters written by -among others- the scribes of the Necropolis Dhutmose, Butehamun, and the High Priest Piankh. Late Ramesside Letter no. 9 establishes that the wḥm-mswt period lasted into a 10th year (which more or less equates year 28 proper of Ramesses XI).[18]

Pinehesy was subsequently designated as an enemy in several papyri from year 1 and 2 of the wḥm-mswt (equaling year 19 and 20 proper of Ramesses XI) where his name was consistently associated "by the nḏs [or] ('bad') bird as its determinative" in these papyri.[19]

How exactly the anarchic period of the Suppression was ended and who ultimately forced Pinehesy out of Thebes is unknown, due to a lack of explicit sources. However, it seems that Pinehesy retreated to Nubia and succeeded in maintaining some sort of powerbase there for over a decade. In year 10 of the wḥm-mswt the then general and High Priest Piankh goes on an expedition to Nubia to "meet Pinehesy". Although it is often postulated that it was the aim of this campaign to fight the former Viceroy,[20] this is by no means certain. The sources are actually ambiguous on this point and the political climate may well have changed over the years. There is some evidence that at this time Piankh may no longer have been a loyal servant of Ramesses XI, which allows for the possibility that he was secretly negotiating with Pinehesy,[21][22] possibly even plotting against the reigning king. Edward Wente wrote: "One has the impression that the viceroy and his Nubian troops were loyalists, for the remarks made by his opponent Piankh in letter No. 301 are quite disparaging of the pharaoh, Ramesses XI."[23] In this letter, better known as LRL no. 21, Piankh remarks:[24]

As for Pharaoh, l.p.h., how shall he reach this land? And of whom is Pharaoh, l.p.h., superior still?

In the same letter and two others (LRL no. 34 and no. 35) Piankh gives the order to the Scribe of the Necropolis Tjaroy (=Dhutmose), the lady Nodjmet and a certain Payshuuben to secretly arrest and question two Medjay policemen about certain things they had apparently said:[25]

If they find out that (it is) true, you shall place them (in) two baskets and (they) shall be thrown (into) this water by night. But do not let anybody in the land find out.

Whereas Piankh would probably have had the authority to have people executed, it is noteworthy that his correspondents are explicitly urged to keep the matter secret. It has been argued that, given Piankh's supreme position at the time, the secrecy can only have concerned the king.[26][27] If this is correct, it follows that the political situation of the time must have been very complex, with Piankh possibly acting on some hidden agenda. Unfortunately, due to the very limited nature of the sources, the exact relationships between the three main protagonists, Piankh, Pinehesy and Ramesses XI remain far from clear. Some scholars believe that the Nubian campaign was part of an ongoing power struggle between the High Priest of Amun and the Viceroy of Kush[28] However, it is equally possible that Piankh came to the rescue of Pinehesy against some common enemy. The verb often translated as "to attack (Pinehesy)" only means "to meet/ to go to".[29] In fact, neither the aim of the expedition nor its outcome are beyond doubt. The issue is further complicated by the ongoing debate about [1] the order of High Priests (either Herihor before Piankh or Piankh before Herihor)[30] and [2] the correct ascription (either to the pre-Renaissance period or to the wḥm-mswt itself) of several documents from the reign of Ramesses XI.[31]

At present, Thijs' suggestion that Pinehesy was apparently rehabilitated by Ramesses XI in year 11 or 12 of the wḥm-mswt has only been explicitly accepted by the Egyptologist Aidan Dodson.[32]

Length of reign

A Gold Earring which bears the cartouche of Ramesses XI.[33]

Neither the length of the Renaissance nor the ascription of certain documents from the reign of Ramesses XI are beyond dispute. At present, Thijs' proposal that Papyrus BM 10054 dates to the wḥm-mswt has been confirmed by other scholars such as Jürgen von Beckerath and Annie Gasse, who studied several newly discovered fragments belonging to this document.[34] Consequently, it would appear that Ramesses XI's highest undisputed date is presently Year 11 of the wḥm-mswt (or Year 29 proper) of his reign, when Piankh's Nubian campaign terminated which means that the pharaoh had a minimum reign of 29 years when he died—-which can perhaps be extended to 30 years due to the "gap between the beginning of Dynasty 21 and the reign of Ramesses XI,"[35] with 33 years being hypothetical. Krauss and Warburton specifically write that due to the existence of this time gap,

Egyptologists generally concede that his reign could have ended 1 or 2 years later than year 10 of the wḥm-mswt era = regnal year 28.[36]

Aidan Dodson, however, allows for a 'year 15' of the wḥm-mswt on the basis of P. BM 9997.[37]

Either during the reign of Ramesses XI or shortly afterwards, the workmen village of Deir El Medina was abandoned, apparently because the Royal Necropolis was shifted northward to Tanis and there was no further need for their services at Thebes.

Late New Kingdom chronology of Ramesses XI

The conventional Egyptian chronology view is that Ramesses XI had an independent reign of between 29 and 30 or 33 full years between Ramesses X and Smendes. Thijs' separate proposal that the first 17 years of Ramesses XI's reign were entirely contemporary with the reigns of Ramesses IX (Years 5-19) and Ramesses X (Years 1-3)[38] is not currently accepted by most Egyptologists except Aidan Dodson in his 2012 book Afterglow of Empire.[39]

Tomb

Ramesses XI died under unknown circumstances. While he had a tomb prepared for himself in the Valley of the Kings (KV4), it was left unfinished and only partly decorated since Ramesses XI instead arranged to have himself buried away from Thebes, possibly near Memphis. This pharaoh's tomb, however, includes some unusual features, including four rectangular, rather than square, pillars in its burial chamber and an extremely deep central burial shaft– at over 30 feet or 10 metres long– which was perhaps designed as an additional security device to prevent tomb robbery.[40] During the 21st dynasty, under the reign of the High Priest of Thebes, Pinedjem I,[41] Ramesses XI's tomb was used as a workshop for processing funerary materials from the burials of Hatshepsut, Thutmose III and perhaps Thutmose I. Ramesses XI's tomb has stood open since antiquity and was used as a dwelling by the Copts.[42]

Succession

Most Egyptologists assume that Ramesses XI was succeeded on the throne by Smendes, as the first Lower Egyptian king of the Twenty-first Dynasty.[43] However, the now widely accepted reversal of the previous order of the High Priests of Amun Herihor–Piankh by Karl Jansen-Winkeln [44] has created the problem of a likely unidentified king reigning between Ramesses XI and Smendes, neither of whom can be unproblematically identified as the monarch in whose regnal Years 5 and 6 are attested activities of the High Priest Herihor.[45] Ad Thijs attempted to address the problem by splitting the High Priest and subsequently King Pinedjem I into two persons and identifying King Pinedjem with the unnamed monarch,[46] Rolf Krauss proposed that the reign intervening between those of Ramesses XI and Smendes belonged to Herihor himself,[47] while Ian Mladjov proposed identifying the unnamed monarch with an unplaced king, Usermaatre-heqawast Rameses-mereramun, as Ramesses XII.[48] The splitting up of the High Priest and later King Pinedjem into two distinct individuals is considered implausible,[49] Krauss' solution, otherwise plausible, allows the paradox of Herihor using his own regnal years without claiming a royal title,[50] while Mladjov's solution probably requires assuming a temporary interruption of work under the High Priest Herihor at the Temple of Khonsu, resuming only after he became king following the postulated Ramesses XII.[51] Whatever the precise circumstances, Herihor and Smendes eventually assumed the kingship, founding the Twenty-first Dynasty, with its new royal capital at Tanis, while Middle and Upper Egypt, effectively passed into the hands of the High Priests of Amun at Thebes.

References

  1. ^ Titulary from von Beckerath 1999: 174–175 (T2 and E2).
  2. ^ [1] Archived 2013-09-17 at the Wayback Machine Ramesses XI Menmaatre-setpenptah
  3. ^ Hornung, Krauss & Warburton 2006: 475.
  4. ^ Thijs 1999: 175-192.
  5. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004: 191.
  6. ^ Collier, Dodson & Hamernik 2010.
  7. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2004: 187, 191-192.
  8. ^ Aldred 1979: 92-99.
  9. ^ Ohlhafer 1993: 59ff.
  10. ^ Demarée 2023.
  11. ^ Demarée 2023.
  12. ^ P. Turin Cat. 1888 + Cat. 2095, rt. 2, 14; Gardiner, Ramesside Administrative Documents, 1948, p. 67,16. Noticeably, in his introduction to this document on p. xx Gardiner states that “the earlier parts of the present Journal (before 2, 14) record events doubtless belonging to the 13th Year".
  13. ^ Gardiner, JEA 26, 1941, p. 23 with note 3.
  14. ^ The suggestion by Ohlhafer 1993: 59, that Gardiner considered the opening lines of the Adoption Papyrus as a reference to the accession date on III Shemu 20 is incorrect.
  15. ^ Demarée 2023: 65-66.
  16. ^ Thijs 2000: 69-83.
  17. ^ Thijs 2018: 519-536.
  18. ^ Late Ramesside Letter 9 in Wente 1967: 11-12 and 37-38.
  19. ^ Palmer 2014: 7-9.
  20. ^ Török 1997.
  21. ^ Niwiński 1992: 257-258.
  22. ^ Thijs 2006: 323-324, a paragraph which was erroneously dropped from Thijs 2003: 299.
  23. ^ E. Wente 1990: 171; the number 301 is only given to this letter in this particular publication
  24. ^ Wente 1967: 53.
  25. ^ Wente 1967: 53.
  26. ^ Thijs 2003: 301-302.
  27. ^ Palmer 2014: 10-11.
  28. ^ E.g., Palmer 2014: 11.
  29. ^ Wente 1967: 24, 25.
  30. ^ Jansen-Winkeln 1992: 22-37.
  31. ^ Thijs 2014.
  32. ^ Dodson 2012: 16, 19-21.
  33. ^ Earrings of Ramesses XI, Egyptian Museum, JE 6085 & JE 6086
  34. ^ Gasse 2001.
  35. ^ Hornung, Krauss & Warburton 2006: 475; compare the earlier and partly outdated position of Kitchen 1995: 22-23.
  36. ^ Hornung, Krauss & Warburton 2006: 475.
  37. ^ Dodson 2012: 12.
  38. ^ Thijs 2004: 79-88.
  39. ^ see the book review by David Aston in Egyptian Archaeology, February 2014.
  40. ^ Reeves & Wilkinson 1996: 173.
  41. ^ Reeves & Wilkinson 1996: 173.
  42. ^ Reeves & Wilkinson 1996: 172.
  43. ^ Kitchen 1995: 76-77, 254, 417.
  44. ^ Jansen-Winkeln 1992.
  45. ^ Aston 2020: 1002.
  46. ^ E.g., Thijs 2005 and elsewhere.
  47. ^ Krauss 2015: 348-354.
  48. ^ Mladjov 2017.
  49. ^ E.g., Dodson 2012: 22; Gregory 2014: 25-26; Mladjov 2017: 4-6, in particular countering that the royal images usurped by the High Priest Pinedjem are almost certainly those of Herihor rather than those of a supposedly distinct King Pinedjem; Aston 2020: 1002.
  50. ^ Mladjov 2017: 7.
  51. ^ Mladjov 2017: 7, 12-17; Aston 2020: 1002.

Bibliography

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  • Mladjov, Ian 2017, "The Transition between the Twentieth and Twenty-First Dynasties Revisited," Birmingham Egyptology Journal 5: 1-23. online .
  • Niwiński, Andrzej 1992, in: I. Gamer-Wallert & W. Helck (eds), Gegengabe (Festschrift Emma Brunner-Traut), Tübingen: 257-258.
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  • Palmer, Jennifer 2014, "The High Priests of Amun at the End of the Twentieth Dynasty," Birmingham Egyptology Journal 2: 1-22. online Archived 2014-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
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  • Wente, Edward F. 1990, Letters from Ancient Egypt, Atlanta.
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