Pir Husayn Chubani
(Redirected from Pir Hosayn)
Pir Husayn Chubani was a Chobanid Amir and governor of the region of Fars from 1339 to 1342. He was one of the four sons of Shaikh Mahmoud, who had been Chobanid Governor of Armenia and Georgia until 1327, himself son of Chupan.[3][4]
Governorship of Fars and Isfahan (1339-1342)
[edit]Following Abu Sa'id's death in 1335, Ilkhanid power disintegrated. Pir Husayn Chubani was appointed by the puppet Ilkhanid ruler Suleiman Khan (r.1339-1343) as the suzerain of southern Iran, particularly the Fars and Isfahan regions.[2][5] The Chobanids firmly controlled Isfahan at that time, until the takeover of the city by the Injuid Abu Ishaq Inju in 1342.[6]
Pir Husayn Chubani was once ejected from Fars, but was able to retake control of the region in 1340, after a Chobanid victory against the Jalayirids near Maraga on 26 June 1340.[7] He recaptured Shiraz in November/December 1340.[8] He did so with the help of the Muzaffarid Mubariz al-Din Muhammad, whom he rewarded by giving him the Governorship of Kerman.[9][10]
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In Isfahan in 1341–1342, Pir Husayn Chubani replaced the Ilkhanid Sultanshah Jandar with Shaykh Abu Ishaq Inju as Governor of Isfahan, and as a buffer against the Mozaffarids.[11][2] Abū Esḥāq governed the city Ispahan for less than 2 years.[12][13]
Rise of Abu Ishaq (1342)
[edit]Abū Esḥāq finally conspired against Pir Husayn Chubani, and allied with the Chubanid Malek Ashraf, defeating Pir Husayn Chubani at Isfahan in 1342. Pir Husayn Chubani fled to Tabriz, where he was assassinated by the Chubanid ruler Hasan Kuchak.[14] After the assassination of Pir Husayn Chubani in 1342, Abu Esḥāq Inju established his capital in Shiraz, repulsing a final Chubanid contender, Yagi Basti.[15] The death of the Chubanid ruler Hasan Kuchak in 1343 put an end to Chubanid ambitions in the region.[16]
Abu Esḥāq Inju became the undisputed Injuid ruler in the region until 1357.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Carboni, Stefano (1994). Illustrated Poetry and Epic Images. Persian paintings of the 1330s and 1340s (PDF). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 17.
The political situation in Isfahan and Shiraz before and about 1341 was confused. After the death of Abū Said in 1335, Isfahan was indirectly controlled by the Chūbanid Shaykh Hasan, who installed the Ilkhanid Sulayman as ruler of the region, but local leaders, among whom was a member of the Lunbānī family, made the town almost independent.
- ^ a b c Carboni, Stefano (1994). Illustrated Poetry and Epic Images. Persian paintings of the 1330s and 1340s (PDF). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 9ff and 49ff.
There can be in fact little doubt that in 740 Isfahan had been incorporated in a more or less regular manner into the realm of the Ilkhanid Sulayman, who was himself a puppet under the control of Shaykh Hasan Chubani, and that this was still the case when Mu'nis al-ahsar was completed. We are informed that in 742 Pir Husayn Chubani, who had been sent to southern Iran in the name of Sulayman, replaced Sultanshah Jandar, whom he (Pir Husayn) had previously appointed governor of Isfahan, with Shaykh Abu Ishaq Inju.
- ^ Alasania, Guili (10 August 2016). "Level of Independence in Georgia Throughout the 14th Century". Journal of Literature and Art Studies. 6 (8).
Sheikh Mahmud (the commander of the military force of Mongols in Georgia)—the son of Choban, the vizier of the governor of Ilkhanid Iran Abu Sa'id
- ^ "Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
One of his four sons, Pīr-Ḥosayn, was later to play an important role in the recovery of Chobanid fortunes, before being poisoned by Shaikh Ḥasan(-e) Kūček in 743/1342 (see below).
- ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
In 742/1341-42, Amir Pir Ḥosayn Čupāni (see CHOBANIDS), who had gained suzerainty over Fārs and Isfahan, appointed Shaikh Abu Esḥāq Inju (q.v.) as governor of Isfahan.
- ^ Akopyan, Alexander V.; Mosanef, Farbod (30 January 2015). "Between Jūjīds and Jalāyirids: the Coinage of the Chopānids, Akhījūq and their Contemporaries, 754–759/1353–1358". Der Islam. 92 (1): 200. doi:10.1515/islam-2015-0008.
The government of Pīr Ḥusayn in Fārs was initially recognized by his cousin the Chopānid Shaykh Ḥasan, but over time their relations became more and more strained due to the extension of Pīr Ḥusayn's territory towards Iṣfahān, a Chopānid stronghold. Amīr Pīr Ḥusayn was expelled from Fārs, defeated and executed by Shaykh Ḥasan in 742/1341–2.
- ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
The polarization of forces in western Persia was complete, and Ḥasan(-e) Kūček sought a decisive outcome against his rival. Joined by Pīr-Ḥosayn, who had been ejected from Fārs, and by Sorḡān from Qarābāḡ, the Chobanid forces assembled in Ūjān and met the advancing Jalayerid army in the Jaḡātū/Čagātū (Zarrīnarūd) valley near Marāḡa on 29 Ḏu'l-ḥejja 740/26 June 1340. Ḥasan(-e) Kūček gained a substantial victory (Ḥāfeẓ-e Abrū, pp. 209-10). Sorḡān was named as governor of ʿErāq-e ʿAjam, and Pīr-Ḥosayn returned to Fārs. The triumph of the Chobanids was complete, but the remainder of Ḥasan(-e) Kūček's violent reign was marked by widening divisions within the family.
- ^ "Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
From there he (Yāḡī Bāstī) was dispatched, with Mas'ūdšāh Īnjū, another refugee, to help the latter recover Shiraz from Pīr-Ḥosayn, who had recaptured the city in Jomādā 11741/ November–December 1340. The expulsion of Pīr-Ḥosayn had, however, already been achieved by Abū Esḥāq Īnjū, who had called on the assistance of Malek Ašraf. Defeated by his cousin in Ṣafar 743/August 1342, Pīr-Ḥosayn fled north, where, understandably confused as to where his support lay but unaccountably trusting in the good faith of Ḥasan(-e) Kūček (also his cousin), he was arrested and poisoned in Tabrīz.
- ^ "Encyclopaedia Iranica Abū Esḥāq Inju". iranicaonline.org.
Abū Esḥāq began to take a more active political role after the capture of Shiraz by the Chupanid Pīr Ḥosayn in 741/1340. Pīr Ḥosayn rewarded Moḥammad Moẓaffar for his assistance in this campaign by adding Kermān to the Mozaffarid dominion.
- ^ Album, Stephan (1971). "Power and Legitimacy The Coinage of Mubaraz al-Din Muhammad Ibn al-Muzaffar at Yazd and Kirman". Monde iranien et l 'Islam (le). Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-03353-4.
- ^ "Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
Pīr Ḥosayn then installed the young Abū Esḥāq as a ruler of Isfahan to act as a restraint against any westward expansion by the Mozaffarids. Although Abū Esḥāq ruled less than two years in Isfahan, he continued to favor that city long after he had established his capital in Shiraz. Pīr Ḥosayn ruled less than two years in Shiraz. Both Masʿūd Shah and his brother Abū Esḥāq allied themselves with rival members of the Chupanid family to plot separately the recapture of Fārs and the avenging of the death of their brother, Amīr Moḥammad, who had earlier been murdered by Pīr Ḥosayn. Abū Esḥāq sought the help of Malek Ašraf b. Tīmūrtāš b. Čūpān, a cousin of Pīr Ḥosayn and brother of the ruling Ḥasan(-e) Kūček. In 743/1342 these allies joined forces at Isfahan and defeated Pīr Ḥosayn, who, uncertain of his support in Fārs or Yazd, returned to Tabrīz, where his cousin Ḥasan Kūček had him murdered.
- ^ "Encyclopaedia Iranica Abū Esḥāq Inju". iranicaonline.org.
- ^ "Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
The post-Il-khanid period. Recurrent local riots, partly roused by Ḵodābanda's short-lived religious fervor, coupled with the weakening authority of the Mongol Il-khans, ushered in a long period of urban decline in Isfahan and once again reduced the region to an agricultural tax-farm controlled by nomadic warlords of Turkic origin. In 742/1341-42, Amir Pir Ḥosayn Čupāni (see CHOBANIDS), who had gained suzerainty over Fārs and Isfahan, appointed Shaikh Abu Esḥāq Inju (q.v.) as governor of Isfahan. Ḵᵛāja Šams-al-Din Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ (d. ca. 791/1398, q.v.), the renowned Persian poet from Shiraz, lavishly praised Abu Esḥāq, and his decision to travel to Isfahan may have coincided with Abu Esḥāq's tenure as governor in that city. However, Inju's fortune in Fars and Isfahan waned quickly, as Amir Mobārez-al-Din Mo-ḥammad Moẓaffari supplanted him in 757/1356. Isfahan and Shirāz particularly suffered from ensuing political instability (Kotobi, pp. 41-43, 47, 60-61).
- ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
Pīr Ḥosayn ruled less than two years in Shiraz. Both Masʿūd Shah and his brother Abū Esḥāq allied themselves with rival members of the Chupanid family to plot separately the recapture of Fārs and the avenging of the death of their brother, Amīr Moḥammad, who had earlier been murdered by Pīr Ḥosayn. Abū Esḥāq sought the help of Malek Ašraf b. Tīmūrtāš b. Čūpān, a cousin of Pīr Ḥosayn and brother of the ruling Ḥasan(-e) Kūček. In 743/1342 these allies joined forces at Isfahan and defeated Pīr Ḥosayn, who, uncertain of his support in Fārs or Yazd, returned to Tabrīz, where his cousin Ḥasan Kūček had him murdered.
- ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
Yāḡī Bāstī. Finally Abū Esḥāq's men, with the support of the ruler of Kāzerūn, drove the Chupanid out of the city.
- ^ "Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.