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Panthera gombaszogensis

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Panthera gombaszogensis
Temporal range: Early Pleistocene (Gelasian) to Middle Pleistocene, 2–0.3 Ma
↓
Skull on display at the Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, Italy
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
Species:
†P. gombaszogensis
Binomial name
†Panthera gombaszogensis
(Kretzoi, 1938)
Subspecies
  • P. g. georgica (Hemmer, 2010)
  • P. g. gombaszogensis
  • P. g. jinpuensis (Jiangzuo et al., 2022)
  • P. g. toscana?
Synonyms
  • Leo gombaszögensis Kretzoi, 1938
  • Panthera toscana Schaub, 1949
  • Panthera schreuderi Koenigswald, 1960
  • Jansofelis vaufreyi Bonifay, 1971
  • Panthera gombaszoegensis (lapsus calami)

Panthera gombaszogensis (also spelled gombaszoegensis), also known as the European jaguar or Eurasian jaguar, is a Panthera species that lived from about 2.0 to 0.3 million years ago in Europe, as well as likely elsewhere in Eurasia.[1] The first fossils were excavated in 1938 in Gombasek Cave, Slovakia.[2] P. gombaszogensis was a medium-large sized species that formed an important part of the European carnivore guild for a period of over a million years. Many authors have posited that it is the ancestor of the American jaguar (Panthera onca), with some authors considering it the subspecies Panthera onca gombaszogensis,[3] though the close relationship between the two species has been questioned by some authors.[4]

Taxonomy

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Leo gombaszögensis was the original scientific name proposed by Miklós Kretzoi in 1938 for teeth found in deposits in Gombasek Cave, Slovakia.[2] The spelling of the species name is based on the Hungarian name of Gombasek, Gombaszög. J. Wagner argued in 2011 that as the original name had a diacritic mark, the species name should be emended to P. gombaszogensis which conforms to International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) article 32.5.2, and he argued that the most common spelling of the species, P. gombaszoegensis is incorrect.[5] The species was reassessed and placed in genus Panthera in 1971. The following are considered to belong to P. gombaszogensis as well:[6][7][8]

  • Panthera toscana proposed in 1949 for carnassial teeth found in Villafranchian deposits in the Val d'Arno in Italy.[9] These remains were originally described as a distinct species and later as the subspecies Panthera gombaszogensis toscana.[10][11] However, some argue P. g. toscana may not be a valid subspecies and is synonymous with P. g. gombaszogensis.[12]
  • Felis (Panthera) schreuderi proposed in 1960 for cat fossils found in Tegelen, the Netherlands.[13]
  • Jansofelis vaufreyi proposed in 1971 for cat fossils found in southeastern France.[14]

Some remains once attributed to P. gombaszogensis have more recently been identified as the giant cheetah Acinonyx pardinensis.[15] Fossil remains found in Liaoning in northeast China, has been classified as P. g. jinpuensis.[16]

Panthera gombaszogensis has often been considered the direct ancestor of the American jaguar (Panthera onca) based on similarities between their tooth anatomy, with some studies, following Hemmer 1971 classifying it as a paleosubspecies of the American jaguar as P. onca gombaszogensis. A 2022 study based on a relatively complete skull found in Belgium alternatively suggested that P. gombaszogensis is more closely related to the tiger (Panthera tigris) than the jaguar.[4]

Description

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The European jaguar was larger than the modern-day jaguar,[17][18] with the later subspecies Panthera gombaszogensis gombaszogensis estimated to weigh 90–120 kg (200–260 lb) in a 2001 study, with a large partial skeleton from the Middle Pleistocene Château Breccia in Saône-et-Loire, Burgundy, France estimated to weigh 130 kg (290 lb) in a later 2011 study.[11] The subspecies, P. g. jinpuensis was also large, with mandible dimensions suggesting it was as large as the largest modern male jaguars.[19]

It was probably capable of bringing down larger prey than the living jaguar. It is thought to have been sexually dimorphic, with significantly larger males than females. While it was often asserted that its body size increased with time, this has been disputed, with other authors finding no evidence of a clear pattern of body size evolution through time.[1] The morphology of the lower jaw in particular closely resembles that of the jaguar,[20][4] though the morphology of the skull displays considerable differences.[4] Panthera gombaszogensis differs from the living jaguar in some dental characters, including having prominent vertical grooves on the upper canines (which are weak or absent in living jaguar) as well as differences in the robustness of the premolar teeth.[21] The postcranial skeleton morphology has been described as leopard-like.[20]

Distribution and habitat

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Mandible, Natural History Museum Rotterdam

P. gombaszogensis is primarily known from records in Europe,[21] though rarer records have been reported from elsewhere, including Georgia,[21] Tajikistan,[21][22] the Ubeidiya prehistoric site in Israel,[23] possibly northern Saudi Arabia,[24] Pakistan,[21] northeast China,[16] and Java.[25]

The European jaguar is thought to have lived foremost in forests, but recent work suggests that its association with forest was not as strong as has often been assumed.[26]

Paleobiology

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P. gombaszogensis is thought to have probably been a solitary hunter.[27] A 2022 study suggested that based on its skull morphology, it was likely a generalist predator.[4] Isotopic analysis of the ecosystem of Venta Micena in southern Spain, dating to the Early Pleistocene, suggests that at this locality the prey of P. gombaszogensis predominantly included the giant deer Praemegaceros verticornis and the smaller deer Metacervocerus rhenanus.[27][28] These prey are suggestive that P. gombaszogensis inhabited forest at this locality.[27] Analysis of specimens from Punta Lucero in northern Spain, dating to the early Middle Pleistocene, suggest at this locality at this locality Panthera gombaszogensis was an apex predator that consumed large prey, with prey consumed likely including aurochs, bison, red deer, and/or the giant deer Praemegaceros.[29]

Evolution and paleoecology

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P. gombaszogensis has often been posited as the ancestor of the American jaguar (depicted)

The ancestors of P. gombaszogensis are thought to have arisen in Africa; a related form of Panthera (referred to as P. aff. gombaszogensis) was reported from Kromdraai in South Africa 1.9 Ma ago.[30] While a 2011 study considered this record as the origin of P. gombaszogensis,[11] other authors suggests to be cautious or disagree with linking this material to P. gombaszogensis.[31][32][33] Specimens similar to P. gombaszogensis have also been found in other regions of Africa, while the first definitive appearance of P. gombaszogensis in Europe was around 1.9 million years ago.[12]

P. gombaszogensis was initially the only European pantherine species in the Early Pleistocene, being present alongside the felines Acinonyx pardinensis (a larger relative of the modern cheetah)[15] the primitive lynx Lynx issiodorensis, the cougar relative Puma pardoides, the machairodontine sabertooth cats Homotherium latidens and Megantereon, as well as the bear Ursus etruscus, the giant hyena Pachycrocuta, the early wolf ancestor Canis mosbachensis, and the pack-hunting wild dog Xenocyon lycaonoides.[34][35] The Early-Middle Pleistocene transition around 1.2-0.6 million years ago saw the arrival of leopards[34][1] and the large lion Panthera fossilis into Europe.[1] The extinction of P. gombaszogensis in Europe, around 330–300,000 years ago, has been suggested to have been as a result of competition with lions, along with human pressure,[12] while the cause of their extinction in Southeast Asia is suggested to be due to competition with tigers.[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Marciszak, A. (2014). "Presence of Panthera gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) in the late Middle Pleistocene of Biśnik Cave, Poland, with an overview of Eurasian jaguar size variability". Quaternary International. 326–327: 105–113. Bibcode:2014QuInt.326..105M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.029.
  2. ^ a b Kretzoi, M. (1938). "Die Raubtiere von Gombaszög nebst einer Ubersicht der Gesamtfauna" [The predators of Gombaszög together with an overview of the overall fauna] (PDF). Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici (in German). 31: 88–157.
  3. ^ Hemmer, H.; Kahlke, R.-D. (2005). "Nachweis des Jaguars (Panthera onca gombaszoegensis) aus dem späten Unter- oder frühen Mittelpleistozän der Niederlande". Deinsea, Annual of the Natural History Museum Rotterdam: 47–57.
  4. ^ a b c d e Chatar, N.; Michaud, M.; Fischer, V. (2022). "Not a jaguar after all? Phylogenetic affinities and morphology of the Pleistocene felid Panthera gombaszogensis" (PDF). Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (5). Bibcode:2022PPal....8E1464C. doi:10.1002/spp2.1464. S2CID 252489047.
  5. ^ Wagner, J. (2011). "A short nomenclatural note to correct spelling of the species-group name "gombaszögensis"". Quaternaire, Hors-série (4): 245.
  6. ^ Hemmer, H. (1971). "Zur Charakterisierung und stratigraphischen Bedeutung von Panthera gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte. 12: 701–711.
  7. ^ Hemmer, H. (1972). "Zur systematischen Stellung von "Jansofelis vaufreyi" Bonifay, 1971, und "Felis lunellensis" Bonifay, 1971, aus dem Pleistozän Südfrankreichs (Carnivora, Felidae)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte: 215–223.
  8. ^ O'Regan, H.; Turner, A. (2004). "Biostratigraphic & palaeoecological implications of new fossil felid material from the Plio-Pleistocene site of Tegelen, the Netherlands". Palaeontology. 47 (5): 1181–1193. Bibcode:2004Palgy..47.1181O. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00400.x. S2CID 85114506.
  9. ^ Schaub, S. (1949). "Révision de quelques Carnassiers villafranchiens du niveau des Etouaires (Montagne de Perrier, Puy-de-dôme)". Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 42 (2): 492–506.
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  12. ^ a b c Marciszak, A.; Lipecki, G. (2022). "Panthera gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) from Poland in the scope of the species evolution". Quaternary International. 633: 36–51. Bibcode:2022QuInt.633...36M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.07.002.
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  16. ^ a b Jiangzuo, Q.; Wang, Y.; Ge, J.; Liu, S.; Song, Y.; Jin, C.; Jiang, H.; Liu, J. (2023). "Discovery of jaguar from northeastern China middle Pleistocene reveals an intercontinental dispersal event". Historical Biology. 35 (3): 293–302. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2034808.
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  21. ^ a b c d e Jiangzuo, Q.; Liu, J. (2020). "First record of the Eurasian jaguar in southern Asia and a review of dental differences between pantherine cats". Journal of Quaternary Science. 35 (6): 817–830. Bibcode:2020JQS....35..817J. doi:10.1002/jqs.3222.
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  24. ^ Stimpson, C.M.; Breeze, P.S.; Clark-Balzan, L.; Groucutt, H.S.; Jennings, R.; Parton, A.; Scerri, E.; White, T.S.; Petraglia, M.D. (2015). "Stratified Pleistocene vertebrates with a new record of a jaguar-sized pantherine (Panthera cf. gombaszogensis) from northern Saudi Arabia". Quaternary International. 382: 168–180. Bibcode:2015QuInt.382..168S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.049.
  25. ^ a b Sherani, S.; Sherani, M. (2024). "Did Panthera gombaszogensis reach the Sunda shelf?". Historical Biology: 1–7. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2408607.
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  28. ^ Mateos, A.; Hölzchen, E.; Rodríguez, J. (2024). "Sabretooths, giant hyenas, and hominins: Shifts in the niche of Early Pleistocene scavengers in Iberia at the Epivillafranchian-Galerian transition". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 634: 111926. Bibcode:2024PPP...63411926M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111926.
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  30. ^ Barry, J.C. (1987-08-27). "The large carnivores from the Laetoli region of Tanzania". In Leakey, M.D.; Harris, J.M. (eds.). Laetoli, a Pliocene site in northern Tanzania. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 48–52. ISBN 978-0198544418.
  31. ^ Werdelin, L.; Peigné, S. (2010). "Carnivora". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J. (eds.). Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 609–663. ISBN 978-0520257214.
  32. ^ Bartolini-Lucenti, S.; Madurell-Malapeira, J.; Martínez-Navarro, B.; Cirilli, O.; Pandolfi, L.; Rook, L.; Bushkhianidze, M.; Lordkipanidze, D. (2021). "A comparative study of the Early Pleistocene carnivore guild from Dmanisi (Georgia)". Journal of Human Evolution. 162 103108. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103108. PMID 34852965. S2CID 244719669.
  33. ^ Madurell-Malapeira, J. (2025). "A critical review of the Pliocene and Pleistocene European Felidae fossil record". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 64 (1): 133–163. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2025.08.
  34. ^ a b Rodríguez, J.; Mateos, A. (2018). "Carrying capacity, carnivoran richness and hominin survival in Europe". Journal of Human Evolution. 118: 72–88. Bibcode:2018JHumE.118...72R. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.01.004. PMID 29606204.
  35. ^ Konidaris, George E. (2022-09-07). "Guilds of large carnivorans during the Pleistocene of Europe: a community structure analysis based on foraging strategies". Lethaia. 55 (2): 1–18. doi:10.18261/let.55.2.5. ISSN 0024-1164.
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