Pangium
| Pangium | |
|---|---|
| |
| Plate from book: Flora de Filipinas | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Achariaceae |
| Genus: | Pangium Reinw. |
| Species: | P. edule
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pangium edule Reinw.[2]
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| Synonyms[3] | |
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| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 462 kJ (110 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23.9 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 14.1 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 6.2 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2.3 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[4] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[5] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pangium is a genus in the family Achariaceae containing the sole species Pangium edule, a tall tree native to the mangrove swamps of Southeast Asia (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea[6]). It produces a large poisonous fruit (the "football fruit" or pangi)[7] which can be made edible by fermentation. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate individuals.[8]
The taxonomy of the tree is uncertain, and it may also be classed in the Flacourtiaceae[6] or the Violales.
Description
[edit]The tree can reach 18 metres (59 feet) in height. The leaves are heart-shaped. The brownish fruit grows in clusters and is shaped like a pear.[7]
Cultivation
[edit]The tree requires many years to mature, and the seeds are therefore most frequently harvested from wild trees, as it is not economically feasible to cultivate.[9] Although poisonous to humans, the seeds of the tree form part of the natural diet of the babirusa (Babyroussa babyrussa).[10]
Uses
[edit]
The fresh fruit and seeds contain hydrogen cyanide, and are thus deadly poisonous if consumed without prior preparation.[11][12][13] The seeds are first boiled and then buried in ash, banana leaves and earth for forty days,[14] during which time they turn from a creamy white colour to dark brown or black.[15] The method relies on the fact that the hydrogen cyanide released by the boiling and fermentation is water-soluble and easily washed out.
The kernels may be ground up to form a thick black gravy called rawon. Popular dishes include nasi rawon, beef stew in keluwek paste, popular in East and Central Java,[16] and sambal rawon, rawon stew made with beef or chicken, also made in East Java.[17] In West Java and Jakarta, gabus pucung, snakehead fish in pucung paste soup, is a popular traditional dish in Betawi cuisine.[18] The Toraja dish pammarrasan (black spice with fish or meat, also sometimes with vegetables) uses the black keluak powder.[citation needed] In Singapore and Malaysia, the seeds are best known as an essential ingredient in ayam (chicken) or babi (pork) buah keluak,[19][20] a mainstay of Peranakan cuisine. The Dusun tribe of Borneo use this pounded kernel as main ingredient for making local signature dish called bosou,[21] a sour fermented fish.
People of the Minahasa tribe in North Sulawesi use the young leaves as a vegetable, slicing them small, then cooking them with herbs and pork fat or meat inside bamboo. Many sellers in the Tomohon traditional market sell the leaves.
Nutrition
[edit]The edible portions of the plant are an excellent source of vitamin C and high in iron.
References
[edit]- ^ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). (2021). "Pangium edule". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T143874361A192377449. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T143874361A192377449.en. Retrieved 22 June 2025.
- ^ Sylloge Plantarum Novarum Itemque Minus Cognitarum a Praestantissimis Botanicis adhuc Viventibus Collecta et a Societate Regia Botanica Ratisbonensi Edita. Vol. 2. Regensburg: C.E. Brenck. 1828. p. 12.
- ^ "Pangium edule REinw". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2025. Retrieved 22 June 2025.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- ^ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
- ^ a b Conn B, Damas K. "Pangium edule Reinw.". National Herbarium of New South Wales, and Papua New Guinea National Herbarium. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
- ^ a b United States Department of the Army (2009). The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.
- ^ Renner, Susanne S. (2014). "The relative and absolute frequencies of angiosperm sexual systems: Dioecy, monoecy, gynodioecy, and an updated online database". American Journal of Botany. 101 (10): 1588–1596. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400196. PMID 25326608.
- ^ Andarwulan N, Fardiaz D, Wattimena GA, Shetty K (1999). "Antioxidant activity associated with lipid and phenolic mobilization during seed germination of Pangium edule Reinw". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47 (8): 3158–3163. doi:10.1021/jf981287a. PMID 10552624.
- ^ Leus K, Morgan CA, Dierenfeld ES (2001). "Nutrition". In Fischer M (ed.). Babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) Husbandry Manual. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
- ^ Treub M (1896). "Sur la localisation, le transport, et le rôle de l'acide cyanhydrique dans le Pangium edule". Ann Jardin Bot Buitenzorg (in French). xiii: 1.
- ^ Greshoff M (1906). Distribution of prussic acid in the vegetable kingdom. p. 138.
- ^ Willaman JJ (1917). "The estimation of hydrocyanic acid and the probable form in which it occurs in Sorghum vulgare". J Biol Chem. 29 (1): 25–36. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)86804-1.
- ^ Chia CC. "Buah Keluak". Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
- ^ Wong WH (11 January 2007). "Buah Keluak". National Parks.
- ^ Nyonya Rumah (24 July 2012). "Nasi Rawon Komplet" (in Indonesian). kompas.com. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ^ "Tarry, Tarry Night". 22 May 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
- ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (23 June 2019). "Jakarta Ulang Tahun, Yuk Coba 5 Kuliner Betawi Langka Ini Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 July 2020.
- ^ Ng L (29 October 2007). "Ayam/Pork Buah Keluak".
- ^ Chia CC. "Ayam/Babi Buah Keluak". Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
- ^ Lajius, Leolerry (April 2014). "Bosou - Makanan tradisi masyarakat Dusun Sabah" (PDF). Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Retrieved 23 February 2018.