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Foreign relations of Nepal

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Though the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) is the government agency responsible for conducting the foreign relations of Nepal, historically, it has been the Office of the Prime Minister (PMO) that has exercised the authority to formulate the country's foreign policies. As a landlocked country wedged between two larger and far stronger powers, Nepal has tried to maintain good relations with both of its neighbors, People's Republic of China and Republic of India.[1] However, the relationship between Nepal and India was significantly hampered by the 2015 Nepal blockade when the Government of Nepal accused India of mimicking "Russia-Ukraine" tactics by using ethnically Indian residents of Nepal to cause unrest along Nepal's southern border. India denied the allegations.[2] For the most part though, Nepal has traditionally maintained a non-aligned policy and enjoys friendly relations with its neighboring countries and almost all the major countries of the world.

Overview

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Constitutionally, Nepal's foreign policy is to be guided by "the principles of the United Nations Charter, nonalignment, Panchsheel (five principles of peaceful coexistence), international law and the value of world peace."[3]

Nepal's most substantive international relations are perhaps with international economic institutions such as the Asian Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Nepal also has strong bilateral relations with major providers of economic and military aid, such as France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, the United States, and particularly the United Kingdom, with whom military ties date back to the nineteenth century. The country's external relations are managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Prime Minister's Office.

In its foreign policy, Nepal generally seeks to balance its relations with its large neighbors India and China in order to avoid dependency on either one.[4]: 215  Nepal's relation with China has seen a major upswing in the recent years with China now becoming Nepal's top 5 aid donor to Nepal.[5] In 2021, Indian government also announced increments of aid to Nepal by nearly 13% to $130 million, to counter China's growing footprint in Nepal. However, data on the actual disbursement of aid by the Indian government remains unclear.[6]

International disputes

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Nepal joined the UN in 1955. The Nepalese map filed at the UN in 1955 was accepted without any disputes by any other UN member. Both India and China without any objections, accepted the map of Nepal filed at the UN in 1955 while Nepal's third neighbor, Kingdom of Sikkim was not a member of the UN.

However, with degradation of relations between India and China during late 1950s, Indian government initiated a 'Forward Policy' along its northern frontiers which resulted in Indian military outposts being built in all unmanned areas along India's northern border. Successive Nepali government's from 1990 onwards, have continued their objection to Indian occupation of certain Nepali territories under the guise of India's 'Forward Policy'. A joint border commission continues to work on resolving the issue of removal of Indian military outpost from Nepal's Kalapani territory. As of 2017, Nepal has border disputes with India at Lipulekh and Kalapani between Darchula district and Uttarakhand, and at Susta bordering Bihar's Nawalpur district.[7] In 2018, EPG (Eminent Persons Group), a joint committee between Nepal and India finished a report on the disputed territories between these two countries. The report is yet to be submitted to the head of governments of both countries.

International trade

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Nepal has been a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 11 September 2003[8] and on 24 January 2017 became the 108th WTO member to ratify the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement.[9]

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Nepal maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[10]
1 United Kingdom 4 March 1816[11][12]
2 United States 25 April 1947
3 India 13 June 1947
4 France 20 April 1949
5 China 1 August 1955
6 Russia 20 July 1956
7 Japan 1 September 1956
8  Switzerland 9 November 1956[13]
9 Sri Lanka 1 July 1957
10 Egypt 16 July 1957
11 Germany 4 April 1958
12 Austria 15 August 1959
13 Italy 31 August 1959
14 Serbia 7 October 1959
15 Poland 25 November 1959
16 Thailand 30 November 1959
17 Czech Republic 26 December 1959[14]
18 Malaysia 1 January 1960
19 Greece 2 February 1960[15]
20 Philippines 12 February 1960
21 Australia 15 February 1960
22 Myanmar 19 March 1960
23 Pakistan 20 March 1960
24 Netherlands 2 April 1960
25 Laos 20 May 1960
26 Israel 1 June 1960
27 Sweden 10 June 1960
28 Indonesia 25 December 1960
29 Mongolia 5 January 1961
30 Hungary 15 January 1961
31 New Zealand 1 May 1961
32 Afghanistan 1 July 1961
33 Argentina 1 January 1962
34 Chile 1962
35 Turkey 15 November 1962
36 Lebanon 18 August 1963
37 Belgium 19 August 1963
38 Iran 14 December 1964
39 Canada 18 January 1965
40 Jordan 20 August 1965
41 Denmark 15 December 1967
42 Bulgaria 15 April 1968
43 Romania 20 April 1968
44 Algeria 29 April 1968
45 Spain 13 May 1968
46 Iraq 30 October 1968
47 Singapore 25 March 1969
48 Sudan 11 July 1969
49 Syria 26 February 1970
50 Ethiopia 15 April 1971
51 Kuwait 25 February 1972
52 Bangladesh 8 April 1972
53 Albania 23 May 1972
54 Norway 26 January 1973
55 North Korea 15 May 1974
56 South Korea 15 May 1974
57 Finland 21 September 1974
58 Tanzania 10 January 1975
59 Morocco 18 February 1975
60 Cuba 25 March 1975
61 Cambodia 18 April 1975
62 Vietnam 15 May 1975
63 Kenya 3 June 1975
64 Mexico 25 November 1975
65 Luxembourg 27 November 1975[16]
66 Nigeria 20 December 1975
67 Libya 30 December 1975
68 Peru 28 January 1976
69 Brazil 7 February 1976
70 Portugal 1 September 1976
71 Bahrain 13 January 1977
72 Oman 21 January 1977
73 Qatar 21 January 1977
74 United Arab Emirates 22 January 1977
75 Saudi Arabia 15 March 1977
76 Costa Rica 16 August 1977
77 Maldives 1 August 1980
78 Cyprus 18 August 1980
79 Mauritius 12 February 1981
80 Iceland 25 May 1981
81 Bhutan 3 June 1983
— Holy See 10 September 1983
82 Malta 25 September 1983
83 Brunei 3 February 1984
84 Panama 15 February 1984
85 Tunisia 14 April 1984
86 Somalia 24 October 1984
87 Zimbabwe 27 November 1984
88 Gabon 17 June 1985
89 Yemen 25 December 1985
90 Fiji 12 June 1986
91 Zambia 10 September 1986
92 Mozambique 30 September 1986
93 Nicaragua 2 October 1986[17]
94 Seychelles 10 October 1986[17]
95 Venezuela 27 April 1987[17]
96 Colombia 6 May 1987[17]
97 Bolivia 20 May 1987[17]
98 Estonia 20 April 1992
99 Latvia 20 April 1992
100 Ukraine 15 January 1993
101 Armenia 26 March 1993
102 Kyrgyzstan 26 March 1993
103 Belarus 19 July 1993
104 Moldova 20 July 1993
105 Slovakia 4 March 1994
106 Guyana 22 June 1994[17]
107 South Africa 28 July 1994
108 Azerbaijan 28 February 1995
109 Slovenia 2 December 1997
110 North Macedonia 6 January 1998
111 Croatia 6 February 1998
112 Ireland 19 August 1999
113 Bosnia and Herzegovina 12 January 2000
114 Lithuania 8 February 2005
115 San Marino 10 August 2005
116 Tajikistan 13 September 2005
117 Georgia 22 September 2005
118 Turkmenistan 17 October 2005
119 Ecuador 21 June 2006
120 Paraguay 2 August 2006
121 Guatemala 8 August 2006
122 Honduras 18 August 2006
123 Vanuatu 19 September 2006
124 Andorra 22 September 2006
125 Democratic Republic of the Congo 22 September 2006
126 Haiti 23 May 2007
127 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 September 2007
128 Dominican Republic 28 September 2007
129 Botswana 8 January 2009
130 Mali 19 November 2009
131 Lesotho 18 May 2010
132 Montenegro 18 July 2011
133 Solomon Islands 15 December 2011
134 Monaco 26 March 2012[18]
135 Uruguay 18 April 2012
136 Mauritania 4 December 2012
137 Tuvalu 11 December 2012
138 Samoa 28 March 2013
139 Papua New Guinea 12 April 2013
140 Kazakhstan 30 June 2015
141 Jamaica 1 October 2015
142 Guinea 12 May 2016
143 El Salvador 21 September 2016
144 Uganda 12 June 2017
145 Ivory Coast 16 June 2017
146 Djibouti 14 July 2017
147 Antigua and Barbuda 25 July 2017
148 Cape Verde 3 August 2017
149 Liberia 17 August 2017
150 Niger 20 September 2017
151 Eritrea 31 October 2017
152 Bahamas 7 November 2017
153 Liechtenstein 24 November 2017
154 Angola 9 December 2017
155 Burkina Faso 29 December 2017
156 Benin 23 January 2018
157 Uzbekistan 26 January 2018
158 Saint Kitts and Nevis 30 May 2018
159 Burundi 6 June 2018
160 Rwanda 20 July 2018
161 Madagascar 26 September 2018
162 Suriname 11 October 2018
163 Togo 22 March 2019
164 Equatorial Guinea 30 April 2019
165 Eswatini 9 May 2019
166 Saint Lucia 27 August 2019
167 Ghana 25 September 2019
168 Dominica 30 April 2021
169 Gambia 24 May 2021
170 Sierra Leone 29 June 2021
171 Barbados 8 December 2021
172 Timor-Leste 11 February 2022
173 Palau 21 March 2022
174 South Sudan 28 March 2022
175 Belize 1 April 2022
176 Trinidad and Tobago 16 June 2022
177 Malawi 16 February 2023
178 Nauru 4 May 2023
179 Cameroon 22 June 2023
180 Marshall Islands 23 June 2023
181 Tonga 1 March 2024
182 Kiribati 17 July 2024[17]

Bilateral relations

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Afghanistan

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AfghanistanNepal

Main article: Afghanistan–Nepal relations

Austria

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AustriaNepal

Main article: Austria–Nepal relations

Bangladesh

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BangladeshNepal

Main article: Bangladesh–Nepal relations

Nepal welcomed Bangladesh's independence on 16 January 1972.[19] The turning point for the two nations occurred in April 1976, when the two nations signed, a four-point agreement on technical cooperation, trade, transit and civil aviation. They both seek cooperation in the fields of power generation and development of water resources. In 1986, relations further improved when Bangladesh insisted Nepal should be included on a deal regarding the distribution of water from the Ganges River. Also recently Nepal and Bangladesh had signed MOU's that Nepal would sell 10,000 MW of electricity to Bangladesh once its larger projects are completed.[20]

Bhutan

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BhutanNepal

Main article: Bhutan–Nepal relations

Relations with Bhutan have been strained since 1992 over the nationality and possible repatriation of refugees from Bhutan.[21]

Canada

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CanadaNepal

Many Nepalese politicians and government officials criticized Canadian diplomats in the aftermath of the Kabul attack on Canadian Embassy guards in which the majority of victims were Nepalese citizens. Members of Parliament were among those who were critical of the way that Canada treated its security contractors at the embassy, leading to meetings in Ottawa between Nepalese and Canadian diplomats, including ambassador Nadir Patel.[22]

China

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ChinaNepal

Main article: People's Republic of China – Nepal relations

Nepal formally established relations with the People's Republic of China on August 1, 1955.[23] The two countries share 1414 kilometers long border in the Himalayan range along the northern side of Nepal.[23] Nepal has established its embassy in Beijing, opened consulates general in Lhasa, Hong Kong and Guangzhou and appointed an honorary consul in Shanghai.[23]

Nepal's relations with China have grown closer following China's Belt and Road Initiative.[4]: 215 

Denmark

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DenmarkNepal

See Denmark–Nepal relations.

European Union

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European UnionNepal

Main article: European Union-Nepal relations

France

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Main article: France-Nepal relations

FranceNepal

Nepal and the French Republic entered into diplomatic relations on 20 April 1949.[24] Bilateral economic cooperation programme commenced in February 1981 when the two countries signed the First Protocol amounting to French Franc 50 million loan which was converted into debt in 1989.[24] Food aid and the counterpart funds that it generated have been the main form of aid since 1991.[24] Main areas of cooperation are national seismologic network, petroleum exploration, restructuring of Water Supply Corporation, the Kavre Integrated Project and Gulmi and Arghakhanchi Rural Development Project, rehabilitation of airports, 'food for work', and others.[24]

Nepal and France have signed an agreement concerning Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investment in 1983.[24] The major areas of French investment are hotels, restaurants, medicine, aluminium windows and doors, vehicle body building sectors.[24] Alcatelhad became the leading supplier of the Nepal Telecommunication Corporation, with 200,000 lines installed, and fibre optic cables.[24] Cegelec secured a 24 million dollars contract in respect of the construction of Kali Gandaki hydroelectric project.[24]

The Government of Nepal awarded a contract to Oberthur Technologies of France in 2010, for printing, supply, and delivery of Machine Readable Passports.[24] A significant number of French tourists (24,097 in 2014, 16, 405 in 2015, and, 20,863 in 2016) arrive in Nepal from France each year.[24]

India

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IndiaNepal

Main article: India–Nepal relations

Indonesia

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Main article: Indonesia–Nepal relations

Israel

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IsraelNepal

King Mahendra of Nepal (second from left) in a 1958 visit to Israel's Weizmann Institute of Science.
Main article: Israel–Nepal relations

Nepal was the first and until recently the only nation in South and Central Asia to establish diplomatic ties with Israel. The bilateral relation between the two countries has been good. Traditionally, Nepal votes in favor of Israel at the UN and abstains from resolution opposed by the Israeli government barring few exceptions. Israel-Nepal relations are based on mutual security concerns.[25]

Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal from 1959 to 1960, had a strongly pro-Israel foreign policy. King Mahendra visited Israel in 1963 and maintained Koirala's special relationship.[26]

Japan

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JapanNepal

Main article: Japan–Nepal relations

Nepal-Japan relations date back to the late eighteenth century.[27] The relationship became formal with the establishment of diplomatic relations on 1 September 1956.[27] The Embassy of Nepal was established in Tokyo in 1965 and Japan established its embassy in Kathmandu in 1967. Nepal has honorary consulates in Osaka and Fukuoka. Japan is one of the largest aid donors to Nepal.[28][29]

Japan is the 2nd most preferred destination for abroad study to the Nepali students.[27]

Malaysia

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MalaysiaNepal

Main article: Malaysia–Nepal relations

Malaysia has an embassy in Kathmandu,[30] and Nepal has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[31] Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1960,[32] with bilateral relations between Malaysia and Nepal have developed from historic grounds.[33]

Mexico

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MexicoNepal

Both nations established diplomatic relations in 1975.

  • Mexico is accredited to Nepal from its embassy in New Delhi, India and maintains an honorary consulate in Kathmandu.[34]
  • Nepal is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[35]

Norway

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NorwayNepal

Main article: Nepal–Norway relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1973. Norway established an embassy in Kathmandu in 2000.[36][37] Norway's aid to Nepal was around 32 million USD in 2017. Norwegian aid prioritizes education, good governance and energy.[38]

In 2008, Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim visited Nepal.[39] In 2009, Prime Minister Prachanda visited Norway.[40] In May 2008, a small bomb exploded outside the Norwegian embassy in Kathmandu. No one was injured.[41][42]

Pakistan

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PakistanNepal

Main article: Nepal–Pakistan relations

The bilateral relations between Nepal and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan were fully established between 1962 and 1963.[43]

Russia

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RussiaNepal

Main article: Nepal–Russia relations

Serbia

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SerbiaNepal

  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[44]

Spain

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SpainNepal

Main article: Nepal–Spain relations

South Korea

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South KoreaNepal

Main article: Nepal–South Korea relations

In addition to the in-kind and monetary donations and emergency relief workers sent by the government of the Republic of Korea immediately after the latest earthquake in Nepal[45] the Korean government provided grant aid worth 10 million US dollars to assist with Nepal's recovery and reconstruction efforts.[46]

Turkey

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TurkeyNepal

Main article: Nepal–Turkey relations

United Kingdom

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United KingdomNepal

Main article: Nepal–United Kingdom relations

Nepal established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 4 March 1816 with the ratification of the Treaty of Sugauli.[11][12]

  • Nepal maintains an embassy in London.[47]
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Nepal through its embassy in Kathmandu.[48]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[49] and an Investment Agreement.[50]

United States

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United StatesNepal

Main article: Nepal – United States relations

Nepal and the United States established the diplomatic relations between them on 25 April 1947.[51]

Embassy of Nepal in Washington, D.C.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "China is Our 'All Weather Friend', Says Nepal Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli".
  2. ^ Pokharel, Krishna (26 November 2015). "The Two-Month Blockade of Nepal Explained". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  3. ^ "WIPO Lex, Article 34 (21), the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 (2063)". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b Alfred, Gerstl (2023). "China in its Immediate Neighborhood". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-03-239508-1.
  5. ^ "China increases aid, FDI significantly to Nepal". Business Standard India. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  6. ^ "India raises Nepal grant by nearly 13 percent to Rs15.87 billion". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  7. ^ Groves, Stephen. "India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes". The Diplomat. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  8. ^ WTO, WTO Ministerial Conference approves Nepal's membership, 11 September 2003, accessed 25 January 2017
  9. ^ Nepal ratifies the Trade Facilitation Agreement, 24 January 2017
  10. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
  11. ^ a b "UK and Nepal celebrate 200 years of friendship". GOV.UK. Retrieved 30 March 2025. ...the Treaty of Segauli established formal relations between the UK and Nepal. It was ratified in March 1816...
  12. ^ a b "Sugauli Treaty 1816" (PDF). International Journal of History. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  13. ^ Protokol der 13. sitzung des Schweizerischen Bundesrates (PDF) (in French). 19 February 1957. p. 388. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  14. ^ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
  15. ^ "Nepal – Greece Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal. Archived from the original on 8 February 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  16. ^ "Nepal – Luxembourg Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal. Archived from the original on 14 February 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "Diplomatic relations between Nepal and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 9 June 2025.
  18. ^ "Rapport Politique Extérieure 2012 DRE" (PDF). Government of Monaco (in French). p. 8. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
  19. ^ "Bangladesh Gains in Favor". Sarasota, Florida, US. United Press International. 17 January 1972.
  20. ^ "Nepal And Bangladesh, A Strong Relationship". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  21. ^ http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nepal.pdf This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  22. ^ Pandey, Lekhanath (26 June 2016). "Nepal seeks answers from Canada on Kabul suicide bombing attack". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  23. ^ a b c "Nepal-China Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA". mofa.gov.np. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Nepal - France Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA". mofa.gov.np. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  25. ^ Visit to Israel of Honorable Mrs. Sahana Pradhan, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nepal Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  26. ^ Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy, 2004. Page 318.
  27. ^ a b c "Nepal-Japan Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA". mofa.gov.np. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  28. ^ Anbarasan, Ethirajan (22 September 2004). "Analysis: India's Security Council seat bid". BBC News. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  29. ^ "Japan writes off Nepalese debt". BBC News. 12 October 2004. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  30. ^ "Official Website of Embassy of Malaysia, Kathmandu". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  31. ^ "Embassy of Nepal". Embassy of Nepal, Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  32. ^ "Nepal-Malaysia Relationship". Embassy of Nepal, Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  33. ^ "Bilateral Relations (Nepal-Malaysia)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nepal. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  34. ^ "Embassy of Mexico in India".
  35. ^ "Embassy of Nepal in the United States".
  36. ^ "Norwegian Development Cooperation with Nepal (Norway - the official site in Nepal)". Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  37. ^ "Norwegian Embassy in Nepal". Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  38. ^ "Development Cooperation". Norgesportalen. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  39. ^ Nepal's Prime Minister visits Norway April 10, 2009
  40. ^ "Nepali PM to leave for Europe _English_Xinhua". Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  41. ^ "Politics/Nation". The Times Of India. 17 May 2008.
  42. ^ "Nepal travel advice". Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  43. ^ "Nepal – Pakistan and Bangladesh". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  44. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  45. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Asia Pacific". www.mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  46. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Press Releases". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  47. ^ Diplomat Magazine (1 November 2013). "Nepal". Diplomat Magazine. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
  48. ^ "British Embassy Kathmandu". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  49. ^ Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (17 July 2023). "Country and regional development partnership summaries". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  50. ^ "Nepal - United Kingdom BIT (1993)". UN Trade and Development. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  51. ^ "Nepal - US Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA".
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