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List of Chinese empresses and queens

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"Empress of China" redirects here. For other uses, see Empress of China (disambiguation).
This article is about empresses consort of China. For empresses regnant of China, see Emperor of China.

The following is a list of empresses and queens consort of China. China has periodically been divided into kingdoms as well as united under empires, resulting in consorts titled both queen and empress. The empress title could also be given posthumously.

Empresses and queens

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The title of empress (皇后, húanghòu) could also be given posthumously. The posthumous empresses are listed separately by the year they were given the title.

Zhou dynasty

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Name Picture Birth Became Queen Ceased to be Queen Death Spouse
Tai Si (太姒) c. 12th century BCE 1099 BCE 1050 BCE c. 11th century BCE King Wen
Queen Yi Jiang (邑姜) 1046 BCE 1043 BCE King Wu
Wáng Sì (王姒) King Cheng
Wáng Jiāng (王姜) King Kang
Queen Fáng (房后) King Zhao
Wáng Zǔ Jiāng (王俎姜) King Mu
Wáng Guī (王媯) King Gong
Wáng Bó Jiāng (王伯姜) King Yi
Wáng Jīng (王京) King Xiao
Wáng Jí (王姞) King Yi
Shēn Jiāng (王姞) King Li
Queen Jiang (姜后) 827 BCE 782 BCE King Xuan
Queen Shēn (申后) 782 BCE 772 BCE King You
Bao Si (褒姒) 779 BCE 771 BCE
Jì Jì Jiāng (紀季姜) King Huan
Chén Guī (陈妫) King Hui
Queen Dí (翟后) King Xiang
Qí Jiāng (周灵王) King Ling
Queen Mù (穆后) 527 BCE King Jing

Western Han dynasty

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Name Picture Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Lü Zhi Lü Wen, Prince Xuan of Lü
Princess Consort Xuan 		241 BCE 202 BCE 195 BCE 18 Aug 180 BCE Emperor Gaozu of Han
Empress Zhang Yan Zhang Ao, Prince of Zhao
Princess Yuan of Lu 		192 BCE 192 BCE 188 BCE 163 BCE Emperor Hui of Han
Empress Lü Lü Lu (呂祿) c.205 BCE 184 BCE 180 BCE c.180 BCE Emperor Houshao of Han
Empress Dou Dou Chong, Marquis Ancheng 205 BCE 179 BCE 179 BCE 157 BCE 135 BCE Emperor Wen of Han
Empress Bo 158 BCE 157 BCE 151 BCE 147 BCE Emperor Jing of Han
Empress Wang Zhi Wang Zhong
Zang Er 		173 BCE 150 BCE 126 BCE
Empress Chen Jiao Chen Wu, Marquess of Tangyi
Liu Piao, Princess Guantao 		141 BCE 130 BCE c.110 BCE Emperor Wu of Han
Empress Wei Zifu Madam Wei (衛媼) 128 BCE 91 BCE
Empress Shangguan Lady Huo 89 BCE(?) 84 BCE 83 BCE 74 BCE 37 BCE Emperor Zhao of Han
Empress Xu Pingjun Xu Guanghan c.90 BCE c. 76 BCE 74 BCE 71 BCE Emperor Xuan of Han
Empress Huo Chengjun Huo Guang
Lady Xian 		70 BCE: 66 BCE 54 BCE
Empress Wang Wang Fengguang, Marquess of Qiongcheng 64 BCE 49 BCE 16 BCE
Empress Wang Zhengjun Wang Jin, Marquess of Yangping
Li Qin 		71 BCE c.50 BCE 48 BCE 33 BCE 13 AD Emperor Yuan of Han
Empress Xu Xu Jia, the Marquess of Ping'en 31 BCE 18 BCE 8 BCE Emperor Cheng of Han
Empress Zhao Feiyan c. 32 BCE 16 BCE 7 BCE 1 BCE
Empress Fu Fu Yan, Marquis of Kongxiang 6 BCE 1 BCE Emperor Ai of Han
Empress Wang Wang Mang
Lady Wang 		8 BCE 4 CE 5 CE 23 CE Emperor Ping of Han

Xin dynasty

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Name Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Wang Wang Xian, Marquess of Yichin 9 21 Emperor Wang Mang
Empress Shi Shi Chen (史諶) 23

Eastern Han dynasty

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Name Picture Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Guo Shengtong Guo Chang, Marquess Si of Yin'an c. 6 24 10 July 26 1 December 41
Deposed 		22 July 52 Emperor Guangwu of Han
Empress Yin Lihua Yin Mu
Deng 		5 41 29 March 57
Husband's death 		26 February 64
Empress Ma General Ma Yuan Late 30s 49 8 April 60 5 September 75
Husband's death 		16 August 79 Emperor Ming of Han
Empress Dou Dou Xun
Princess Piyang 		c. 63 77 3 April 78 9 April 88
Husband's death 		8 October 97 Emperor Zhang of Han
Empress Yin Yin Gang c. 80 92 31 March 96 24 July 102
Deposed 		c. August 102 Emperor He of Han
Empress Deng Sui Deng Xun
Lady Yin 		81 96 21 November 102 13 February 106
Husband's death 		5 April 121
Empress Yan Ji Yan Chang 114 1 June 115 30 April 125
Husband's death 		28 February 126 Emperor An of Han
Empress Liang Na Liang Shang 116 128 2 March 132 20 September 144
Husband's death 		6 April 150 Emperor Shun of Han
Empress Liang Nüying Grand Marshal Liang Shang 147 30 September 147 9 August 159 Emperor Huan of Han
Empress Deng Mengnü Deng Xiang
Xuan 		159 27 March 165
Deposed 		165
Empress Dou Miao Dou Wu c. 165 10 December 165 25 January 168
Husband's death 		18 July 172
Empress Song Song Feng 170 12 October 171 c. November 178
Deposed 		c. November 178 Emperor Ling of Han
Empress He He Zhen
Xing 		8 January 181 13 May 189
Husband's death 		30 September 189
Empress Fu Shou Fu Wan, Marquis of Buqi
Ying 		190 20 May 195 8 January 215 Emperor Xian of Han
Empress Cao Jie Cao Cao 6 March 215 11 December 220
Husband's abdication 		2 July 260

Three Kingdoms period

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Cao Wei

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Name Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Guo Nüwang Guo Yong
Lady Yong 		8 April 184 31 October 222 29 June 226
Husband's death 		14 March 235 Cao Pi
Empress Mao Mao Jia 26 December 227 22 September 237 Cao Rui
Empress Guo Guo Man
Lady Du 		16 January 239 22 January 239
Husband's death 		8 February 264
Empress Zhen 29 May 243 22 August 251 Cao Fang
Empress Zhang Zhang Ji c. March 252 c. April 254
Deposed
Empress Wang Wang Kui c. May 254 17 October 254
Husband's deposition
Empress Bian Bian Long April or May 255 2 June 260
Husband's death 		Cao Mao
Empress Bian Bian Lin 28 November 263 4 February 266
Husband's abdication 		Cao Huan

Shu Han

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Name Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Wu 214 19 June 221 10 June 223
Husband's death 		September or October 245 Liu Bei
Empress Zhang Zhang Fei 221 June 223
Husband's accession 		July or August 237 Liu Shan
Empress Zhang February 238 December 263
Husband's death

Eastern Wu

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Name Picture Parents Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse
Empress Pan June or July 251 February or March 252 Sun Quan
Empress Quan Huijie Quan Shang 244 16 February 253 9 November 258
Husband's death 		c. early 300s Sun Liang
Empress Zhu Zhu Ju
Sun Luyu 		c. 250 16 September 262 3 September 264
Husband's death 		July or August 265 Sun Xiu
Empress Teng Fanglan Teng Mu November 264 1 May 280
Husband's deposition 		Sun Hao

Jin dynasty

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Huan Chu dynasty

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Sixteen Kingdoms period

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Cheng Han

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Han-Zhao

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Later Zhao

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Ran Wei

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Former Liang

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Later Liang

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Western Liang

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Northern Liang

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Southern Liang

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Former Qin

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Later Qin

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Western Qin

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Former Yan

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Later Yan

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Northern Yan

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Southern Yan

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Xia

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Northern and Southern dynasties

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Liu Song

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Southern Qi

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Northern Wei

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Western Wei

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Eastern Wei

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Northern Qi

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Liang dynasty

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Chen dynasty

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Northern Zhou

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Main article: Empress of Northern Zhou

Sui dynasty

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Tang dynasty

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Wu Zetian, an empress consort who became an imperial ruler during the Tang dynasty and during the emperor Gaozong. After the death of her husband, she became the sole ruler of China for more than two decades.
Qin
  • Empress Ju
Han (Dingyang)
  • Empress Ju
Xia
Yan
Qi

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

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Qi

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Former Shu

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Yan

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Later Liang

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Southern Han

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Later Tang

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Wu

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Min

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Southern Tang

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Later Jin

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Yin

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Later Han

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Later Zhou

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Northern Han

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Song dynasty

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Empress Zheng of the Song dynasty

Yuan dynasty

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See also: List of Yuan empress consorts
Empress Chabi, consort to Kublai Khan

Ming dynasty

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Empress Xiaocigao, Ming dynasty
Empress Xu, Ming dynasty

Southern Ming

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Qing dynasty

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Emperor Empress consort* Picture Birth Became empress consort Ceased to be empress consort Death
Hong Taiji Jerjer, Empress Xiaoduanwen
of the Mongol Borjigit clan
31 May 1599 August 1636 21 September 1643
husband's death 		28 May 1649
Fulin, the Shunzhi Emperor Erdeni Bumba, Empress
of the Mongol Borjigit clan 		27 September 1651 25 October 1653
deposed
Alatan Qiqige, Empress Xiaohuizhang
of the Mongol Borjigit clan 		5 November 1641 July/August 1654 5 February 1661
husband's death 		7 January 1718
Xuanye, the Kangxi Emperor Empress Xiaochengren
of the Manchu Hešeri clan 		3 February 1654 October/November 1665 6 June 1674
Empress Xiaozhaoren
of the Manchu Niohuru clan 		1653 18 September 1677 18 March 1678
Empress Xiaoyiren
of the Manchu Tunggiya clan 		23 August 1689 24 August 1689
Yinzhen, the Yongzheng Emperor Duoqimuli, Empress Xiaojingxian
of the Manchu Ula-nara clan 		28 June 1681 28 March 1723 29 October 1731
Hongli, the Qianlong Emperor Empress Xiaoxianchun
of the Manchu Fuca clan 		28 March 1712 23 January 1738 8 April 1748
Empress
of the Manchu Nara clan 		11 March 1718 2 September 1750 19 August 1766
Yongyan, the Jiaqing Emperor Empress Xiaoshurui
of the Manchu Hitara clan 		2 October 1760 12 February 1796 5 March 1797
Empress Xiaoherui
of the Manchu Niohuru clan 		20 November 1776 27 May 1801 2 September 1820
husband's death 		23 January 1850
Mianning, the Daoguang Emperor Empress Xiaoshencheng
of the Manchu Tunggiya clan 		5 July 1792 28 December 1822 16 June 1833
Empress Xiaoquancheng
of the Manchu Niohuru clan 		24 March 1808 18 November 1834 13 February 1840
Yizhu, the Xianfeng Emperor Empress Xiaozhenxian
of the Manchu Niohuru clan 		12 August 1837 November/December 1852 22 August 1861
husband's death 		8 April 1881
Zaichun, the Tongzhi Emperor Empress Xiaozheyi
of the Manchu Arute clan 		25 July 1854 15 October 1872 12 January 1875
husband's death 		27 March 1875
Zaitian, the Guangxu Emperor Jingfen, Empress Xiaodingjing
of the Manchu Yehe-nara clan 		28 January 1868 26 February 1889 14 November 1908
husband's death 		22 February 1913

Manchukuo

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Emperor Empress consort* Picture Birth Became empress consort Ceased to be empress consort Death
Puyi, the Xuantong Emperor Wanrong, Empress Xiaokemin
of the Manchu Gobulo clan 		13 November 1906 1 March 1934 17 August 1945
monarchy abolished 		20 June 1946

Empresses dowager

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The title of Empress dowager (皇太后, húangtàihòu) was automatically given to a former Empress consort and widow of an Emperor. The title, Empress dowager, could be granted a widow of an Emperor even when she had not been the Empress consort during the reign of her spouse. Therefore, a separate list is given of the Empresses dowager, which, in some cases, equals the list of Empresses consort, and in other cases, not.

Han dynasty

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Northern Dynasties

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Northern Wei

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Tang dynasty

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Song dynasty

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Yuan dynasty

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Ming dynasty

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Qing dynasty

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Empress Dowager Cixi, Qing dynasty

Grand empresses dowager

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Further information: Grand empress dowager § Chinese grand empresses dowager

Empresses whose titles were granted posthumously

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Sui dynasty

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Tang dynasty

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Song dynasty

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Yuan dynasty

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Ming dynasty and Southern Ming dynasty

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Qing dynasty

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Empress Xiaoyichun, Qing dynasty

See also

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References

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Bibliography

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  • Stefanowska, A.D.; Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue, eds. (2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. - 618 C.E. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317475910.
  • Stefanowska, A.D.; Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue, eds. (2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: V. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317475880.
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