Jeddah International Airport (closed 1981)
Jeddah International Airport مطار جدة الدولي | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Logo of Jeddah International Airport, c1970s | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Airport type | Defunct | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner | Government of Saudi Arabia | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operator | General Directorate of Civil Aviation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Serves | Jeddah and Mecca | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Location | Al-Kandara and Al-Sharafiya, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Opened | 1945 (inaugurated 1952) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Closed | 1983 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Passenger services ceased | May 1981 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hub for | Saudia (formerly) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Focus city for | Air France (formerly) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Built | 1939 as a military airstrip | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Elevation AMSL | 50 ft / 15 m | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Coordinates | 21°29′51″N 39°12′36″E / 21.49750°N 39.21000°E | ||||||||||||||||||||||
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Runways | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
Jeddah International Airport, also known as Abbas Ibn Firnas Airport or Kandara Airport (IATA: XZF ICAO: OEJD) was the first airport of Saudi Arabia located within Al-Kandara and Al-Sharafiya, Jeddah. It was the original airport serving the cities Jeddah and Mecca in the kingdom before the construction of King Abdulaziz International Airport. It operated as a major gateway into Mecca, mainly serving pilgrims during Haji seasons, while also serving scheduled regular flights.
History
[edit]Al-Kandara, where the airport was located, was considered the capital of Jeddah. It was a popular place to live, because of its proximity to the airport and a seaport. It also has various facilities like hospitals, administrations and accommodations.[1]
The first aviation events in Jeddah could be traced back to 1936, when there was only a temporary airstrip being used at the time. On March 18, 1936, an aviation school was first established in Jeddah under the supervision of Italian instructor Captain Chico. Later on in April 19, his Royal Highness Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz visited the school to inspect its activities. In 1937, the Saudi Arabian Aviation Administration was established in Jeddah to oversee aviation operations. It was equipped with six aircraft and a group of military officers.[2]
Early Establishment
[edit]Jeddah International Airport’s history mainly began in the late 1930s as a military airstrip, which was known at the time as Jeddah Airport. In 1937, the Saudi government concluded a contract with Britain for the establishment of Jeddah Airport. By 1938, a hangar was installed, and the airstrip opened in 1939.[3][4] There were no runways, and instead a landing ground measuring 1,006 by 1,006 meters was used.[5]
In 1945, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt gifted the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia a Douglas DC-3, which later landed on the airstrip. Following the donation, several earthen airstrips were established around Saudi Arabia. These airstrips were constructed in Jeddah, Riyadh, Dhahran and Hawiyah in Taif, Hofuf, Buraidah, Jizan, Al-Kharj and Afif. This event marked the first civil aviation event in Saudi Arabia.[6]
An important moment was marked, when on June 1945, the first international flight was made from Jeddah to Damascus. On September 1945, Saudi Arabian Airlines (now known as Saudia) was established, and by 1946, became a fully government agency of the Ministry of Defense. Its operating base was located in Jeddah Airport. During this time, the airport mainly served diplomatic missions.[7] In 1947, an airport business school was opened, and by 1949, a group of aviation students were sent to study in England after training at Al-Houba on English de Havilland Tiger Moths. Jeddah Airport also participated in the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. A year later in 1950, more students were sent to England, and other defenses sent to the United States of America. In 1951, the students graduated and returned to the kingdom to form the Saudi Air Force.[4]
Beginnings of Civil and Military Aviation
[edit]
By the 1950s, air travel to Mecca quickly became popular, because of how it was time sufficient and required less walking. On average, Jeddah Airport would see 250,000 pilgrims commute through the airport, and the usage of ox-carts, walking, and camels quickly loss popularity.[8] On October 14, 1952, Jeddah Airport and its facilities was officially inaugurated and opened under the patronage of His Royal Highness Prince Saud Bin Abdulaziz.[9] Following the inauguration on November 5, the flag of the Air Force was raised over the first flight hangar in the airport, which was reserved for Air Force usage. The ceremony was attended by His Royal Highness Prince Mishaal bin Abdulaziz, Minister of Defense and Aviation. In 1953, the Aéroport de Paris operator begun the construction of infrastructure upgrades, while also administering the airport.[10] Afterwards, Air Force schools begun opening in the kingdom, especially the Aviation School which opened in 1953. In the same year, the first civilian air traffic control tower was also built.[11] On January 6, 1954, the Air Force School was opened at the airport.[12] In 1955, Saudi Arabian Airlines opened maintenance shops in the airport.[13]
In 1957, the Saudi Air Force began major developments in the airport. The first squadrons were established, including the transportation squadron which was equipped with Douglas C-54 Skymasters and Fokker S-13s. Additionally, the No. 3 Squadron RSAF was established, equipped with Douglas A-26 Invaders, which acted as a major component of modernizing the Air Force. Around the same time, No. 5 Squadron RSAF was formed, equipped with 20 de Havilland Vampires.[12] By 1958, Jeddah Airport officially operated as the headquarters for the Royal Saudi Air Force. The facility included four steel hangars, various maintenance shops, and had the fuel storage capacity of approximately 65,400 gallons of Avgas.[14] In the event of an emergency involving the United States, American McDonnell F-101 Voodoo fighter jets and the Martin B-57C Canberra were to operate from the airport. Additionally, the Douglas C-54 Skymaster and Douglas C-124 Globemaster II aircraft would also be used for military cargo operations.[14]
Accommodations for the Haji
[edit]Before the 1950s, arriving Hajj pilgrims often stayed in rental residential houses. In 1950, a 5,000 person facility near the seaport was built, and in 1953-54, a 2,000 person facility was constructed south of the city. In 1958, the Al Ain Azizia administration rushed the construction of the third city, which was made to accommodate the rising number of African hajj pilgrims. The third city was located in the airport, beside the air traffic control tower and hangars. Following the decision, five buildings with three floors at an estimated area of 9,652 square metres were built, which could accommodate 2,000 pilgrims. This project also included the construction of Pilgrim's Town Square, the entrance to the accommodations and airport. From day and night, hundreds of pilgrims of diverse ethnicities passed through these accommodations.[15]
The dormitories housed 10-36 people per room, accommodated with communal bathrooms. These buildings were designed to minimize social distinctions, and open-air latticework allowed airflow and sound circulation. Large undivided balconies were also built, which encouraged social interaction. There also was a simple, repetitive architecture which reflected the unity of the Haji, which emphasized the egalitarian spirit of pilgrimage. These pilgrims could stay days within the accommodations until departure to Mecca, which had offices for pilgrimage guides, health, and passport services. Shops, restaurants, banks, a mosque, and government agencies were also serviced within the compound.[16]
Rising Congestion
[edit]In early 1959, Saudi Arabian Airlines inaugurated a daily pressurized Convair-Liner shuttle between Jeddah and Riyadh. Later that year, the airline established its Aircraft Maintenance Department, which operated an engine maintenance center at the airport.[17] Throughout the 1960s, the number of international pilgrims arriving by air instead of sea had significantly increased. For example, approximately 1,000 Indian pilgrims arrived annually to Jeddah by Air-India’s chartered flights, while around 14,500 still arrived by sea from Bombay. The chartering of these flights were managed by the Haj Committee, under the company Trade Wings.[18] In the response to the growing need of sufficient infrastructure, the construction of the Al Hagon Brid, part of the Jeddah Internal Ways Project was awarded to The Arab Contractors, Osman Ahmed Osman & Co. The bridge was completed in 1963 and linked Mecca to Jeddah Airport by a series of internal roads, having cost 10,500,000 million Saudi Arabian riyals.[19] By 1964, the control tower had received significant upgrades with 2 floors, including additional tower height. Additionally, an asphalt runway was built parallel to 15/33, and was assigned 15R/33L.[8]
During the 1970s, squadrons No. 4 Squadron RSAF, No. 16 Squadron RSAF, and No. 20 under the 8 Wing were established and based at Jeddah Airport.[20][7] In 1973, these international airlines served Jeddah International Airport: Air Algérie, Balkan Bulgarian Airlines, JAT Yugoslav Airlines, Ceskoslovenske Aerolinie (CSA), Ariana Afghan Airlines, Air Afrique, Air Guinée, Afghan Airlines, and Iraqi Airways.[21] In the same year, the administration realized the numbers were increasing, so they rushed the construction of an additional 8 new buildings with an area of 65,935 square metres, able to accommodate 10,000 pilgrims in total. The construction also included an additional transit hall to the airport.[15]
Downfall
[edit]By the 1970s, the rapid growth in air transportation, especially with the increase of pilgrims and Umrah performers had exceeded the capacity of the airport. Due to the city’s encroachment, it was considered impossible to expand infrastructure. In 1974, Saudi Arabian authorities had selected contractors for a new airport north of Jeddah, which had more room for expansion. In 1975, construction of the airport began. By 1975, the apron was extended, and the first approach radar was installed on the runways.[11] By the late 1970s, Jeddah International Airport was significantly expanded to accommodate the expanding traffic. In 1978, 36 airlines served Jeddah Airport. In the spring of 1978, a new terminal was constructed, which consisted of a Saudia ticket sales office, and arrivals and departures building. Following this, the old terminal was requisitioned into Hajj accommodations.[5]
In 1979, the third city was upgraded to accommodate 30,000 pilgrims arriving from the airport, including sped up arrival procedures and measures.[15] An asphalt runway numbered 15L/33R was constructed to alleviate traffic on the two existing runways. Subsequently, the original 15/33 runway was merged within the apron. The airport was also expanded towards the Al-Sharafiya neighbourhood, with an additional eastern apron being built.[22]
On 16 January 1979, the airport and the city faced 3 inches of rain in an hour, which led to flooding. On 17 January, the weather report was canceled due to the weather conditions of the airport, and that forecasts were obtained through offices there.[23] Air France had a facility at Jeddah International Airport for its international operations.[24][25]
Closure
[edit]Jeddah International Airport was located in the neighborhood of Al-Kandara, close to the city center of Jeddah. This proximity hindered the airport's capabilities to expand infrastructure. Due to the airport's deficient capacity, it experienced heavy congestion during Hajj seasons peaking 600 aircraft movements daily by 1978.[24][26]
On 18 July, 1980, the King Abdulaziz University announced the construction of a new 800-bed hospital on the airport land to begin in 1985, expected to cost $845 million.[27] On 1 April, 1981, King Abdulaziz International Airport (KAIA) was inaugurated, and opened in 31 May, and Jeddah International Airport ceased commercial operations shortly thereafter. It received the ICAO code OEJN, which stood for “Jeddah New”. All operations were relocated to the airport, and the Aircraft Maintenance Department moved to the new airport’s hangars and workshops.[17] The site of the former airport was to be redeveloped into housing. However, the airport continued to operate under civil aviation until 1983, when it fully closed, 2 years after the inauguration of the new airport. A temporary transitional IATA code was assigned, being "XZF", while "JED" was adopted by KAIA.[28][29]
Aftermath
[edit]Shortly after closure, a highway was quickly built across the former runways, with its tarmac laid through the old aircraft boneyard. Declassified satellite imagery dated to 1983 depicts that the runways were not demolished.[30] According to Google Earth imagery from 2000, faded runway markings of runway 15R/33L remained. The markings showed the runway’s length was 9,843ft. Also, the original markings of runway 15/33, which by the time the airport closed was part of the apron, was also found.[31]
In 2006, a proposal was made to construct an aviation museum in the former main headquarters building of the airport near the Al-Sharafiah district. The museum would chronicle the history of the Kingdom’s aviation, along with old photos, documents and models to display. On 7 February, 2006, the initiative was approved by Mayor Adel Faqeeh, and initial studies were completed. The area of the museum was to be fenced for construction. Before the planning of the museum, the former control tower was demolished, which could’ve been more authentic if preserved for the museum according to head of the General Administration of Tourism, Sami Nawwar. However, a recreation of the control tower was to be built using the same architecture aspects according to the mayor.[32]
According to Google Earth imagery from 2008-2009, Jeddah International Airport’s two original hangars, dating from the airport’s establishment had been demolished. There was a mass deportation center for overstaying pilgrims, which was located adjacent to the Haji accommodations. In 2014, it was moved to Shumaisi near Mecca and subsequently demolished. In the same year, the old Saudia ticket sales office was demolished, showing that the once busy past was gone.[33] Currently on imagery dating 2024, only three hangars and smaller support facilities are still remaining, with all of the runways being demolished. King Khalid Road, the original airport road remains, along with another road called Al-Matar nearby the old airport, which was also used to access the airport. Majority of the eastern apron still exist but as a cricket ground. The southern parts of the main apron also survives as of 2025.
Airlines List
[edit]List of airlines that have been known to have served Jeddah International Airport (according to videos, photos and airplane crashes):
Pakistan International Airlines
British Overseas Airways Corporation
Jeddah Air Base
[edit]Jeddah Air Base was opened on November 5, 1952, after the flag of the RSAF was raised. Two steel hangars at the time were reserved for the Air Force. In 1981, the 8th Wing of the RSAF was stationed in Jeddah Air Base, and operated their C-130 Hercules aircraft. The Pakistan Air Force’s Dassault Mirage III aircraft transited through the airfield on delivery flights, and Republic of Singapore Air Force Lockheed T-33 aircraft also passed through for delivery flights. The facility also saw frequent French Air Force Transall C-160 flights from Djibouti. It also operated the 8 wing of the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) and its Lockheed C-130 Hercules.[30]
Units
[edit]The following units based at Jeddah Air Base.
- No. 1 Squadron RSAF, 1954, equipped with Douglas C-54 Skymasters and Fokker S-13s
- No. 2 Squadron RSAF, 1954
- No. 3 Squadron RSAF, 1955 - 1964, equipped with B-26 bombers and 8 Douglas A-26B Invaders
- No. 4 Squadron RSAF, 1957
- No. 5 Squadron RSAF, 1957, equipped with 20 de Havilland Vampires[34]
- No. 4 Squadron RSAF, 8th Wing, 1970s, equipped with C-130s
- No. 16 Squadron RSAF, 8th Wing, 1970s, equipped with C-130s
- No. 20 Squadron RSAF, 8th Wing, 1970s, equipped with C-130s[35]
Aircraft boneyard
[edit]Located just outside of Jeddah International Airport was an aircraft boneyard, established shortly before the airport closed. Aircraft such as the Douglas A-26 Invader, North American T-28 Trojan, Douglas C-54 Skymaster and the Beechcraft T-34 Mentor have been decommissioned and dumped here.[30] In 1953, ten Temco T-35 Buckaroos armed with rockets and machine guns were delivered to Jeddah Air Base. After retirement, they were stored to the edge of the airport facing deterioration. In the 1980s, these T-35 Buckaroos were dug out and salvaged to be restored, and a C-130 was donated to fly the parts to Dobbins Air Reserve Base.[36]
Statistics
[edit]Jeddah International Airport was a popular airport in the Middle East for its time.
This table excludes transit passengers.[5]
| Year | Passengers | Cargo (tonnes) | Aircraft Movements | Transport Movements |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 713,278 | 6,730 | 23,032 | 21,187 |
| 1975 | 2,538,674 * | 13,681 | 58,957 | 47,690 |
| 1976 | 3,261,422 * | 16,395 | 69,802 | 56,612 |
Accidents & incidents
[edit]- On 25 September, 1959, a Saudi Arabian Airlines DC-4 registered as HZ-AAF departed from Jeddah International Airport and was headed to Riyadh International Airport. After taking off, the plane climbed abnormally high. Flight crew attempted to push the control column forward, so full forward trim and a power reduction were used to avert a stall, however, the aircraft stalled at a 90 degree angle. Unable to return to the runway, the DC-4 belly-landed near the airport. There were no fatalities out of its 72 occupants.[37]
- On 13 June, 1964, a Saudi Arabian Airlines Douglas DC-3/C-47A-20-DK registered as HZ-AAN departed Jeddah International Airport on a training flight. However, the aircraft lost control and plunged into the Red Sea about 100 kilometers south of the airport. Both pilots, the only occupants, were killed.[38]
- On 24 June 1967, a Saudi Arabian Airlines Douglas C-47 registered as HZ-AAM suffered an electrical shortage during a sand storm, which caused the aircraft to crash at Khamis Mushait between Jeddah and Nejran, catching aflame in the process. It was en route to Jeddah International Airport from Nejran Airport, and 13 passengers and 3 crew of the 17 passengers onboard were killed.[39] An American pilot named Robert Gardner was killed, while a Swiss passenger had escaped the flaming wreckage as a sole survivor, and was subsequently hospitalised.[40]
- On 7 January 1972, a Saudi Arabian Airlines Convair CV-340-68B registered as HZ-AAU departed from Jeddah International Airport. However, its 1st engine suffered from engine failure, prompting an emergency approach to runway 33L. On final approach, its flaps were stuck on 17 degrees. It’s 1st engine was on reverse, and the aircraft skid off the left side of the runway during a rollout. The nosegear struck an asphalt mound and collapsed. The cause was that the pilot was unaware of hydraulic system failure. No fatalities were reported out of its 15 occupants. HZ-AAU was written off due to the extent of the damages.[41]
- On 9 December, 1974, an Ilyushin Il-18D registered as YR-IMK was leased by EgyptAir and departed from Jeddah International Airport at 19:05 on a repositioning flight to Cairo. Shortly after takeoff, the plane lost radar and radio contact with the airport. Jeddah continued attempts to make radio contact with YR-IMK, and asked nearby planes in the area to also contact YR-IMK. However, it disappeared into the Red Sea. It killed all 6 occupants. A search conducted by the Coast Guard and Royal Saudi Air Force commenced. Three witnesses were found by a helicopter crew, and reported that the plane turned sharply whilst in flames, before plunging into the sea. After search operations on 11 December 1974, only a cooler door, an oxygen mask, scraps of cloth and a sponge from a seat were found in the Red Sea. Authorities were unable to precisely locate the aircraft. On 23 November, 1990, it was concluded the cause of crash was likely caused either by an on-board explosion or a mid-air collision with debris.[42]
- On 30 November 1979, a Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 707-373C registered as HZ-ACE suffered substantial damage to the fuselage after heavily landing short of the threshold at Jeddah International Airport. The aircraft was written off due to the extent of the damages, and was subsequently scrapped for spare parts.[43]
Facilities
[edit]At the time of its decommissioning, the airport land totalled approximately 2,387 acres (9.66 km²), however the full site was approximately 4,828 acres (19.55 km²). The runway capacity was suitable for wide body aircraft (LCN 90). Full CAT I lighting on 33R, while other runways had standard lighting. There were passenger and cargo terminals, and accommodations for the pilgrims. At the hottest month of the year, the airport would reach 33°C at maximum. Shortly before the closure of the airport, the first area control centre in the country was put into operation there. The tower frequency was 118.1 MHz, while the approach frequency was 124.0 MHz, which were in standard VHF aviation band.[5]
In 1958, the airport had two asphalt runways, 15/33 measuring 9,200 feet long and 150 feet wide (1,048 and 46 m), and crosswind runway 09/27 measuring 4,600 feet long (1,402 m). In the 1960s, a second runway was constructed alongside runway 15/33, which was numbered 15R/33L. In 1979, a concrete runway numbered 15L/33R was built parallel to runway 15R/33L, measuring 9,842 feet long (3,000 m). It was equipped with modest lighting technology at the time. Following this, the original runway of 15/33 was merged into the main apron to expand space. By 1980, runway 09/27 was primarily used by local light training aircraft.[14][5]
The airport operated 5 navigation aids, which included VOR/DME, Terminal VOR (TVOR), Medium-frequency Non-directional beacon (NDBM), Runway visual range (RVR), and a precision landing system equipped for Runway 33R. A Visual Approach Slope Indicator System was active on each runway ends.[5]
Etymology
[edit]The nickname was derived from the neighbourhood of Al-Kandara. Experts claim that it was named after Sheikh Muhammad Bin Omrah Al-Kenaidri, the tribal chief of Al-Kandarah tribe who lived in the area during the 1940s. Other claims included that the word comes from the Turkish word for shoes, or the Turkish word for bloodbath.[1]
In popular culture
[edit]- In 1980, British Docudrama Death of a Princess was filmed here to re-enact the airport scene.[44]
Further reading
[edit]See also
[edit]- Darin Airport, Saudi Arabia’s first military airstrip.
- King Abdulaziz International Airport
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Al-Kandarah: The capital of Jeddah". saudigazette.com. 16 November 2017.
- ^ "عبد السلام سرحان". Flyingway. Archived from the original on 2017-07-13. Retrieved 2025-01-29.
- ^ Aloshan, Mohammed (March 7, 2024). "Strategies for the Preservation of Historic Areas within Existing Middle Eastern Cities: The Case of Historic Jeddah". Buildings. 14 (3): 717. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
- ^ a b "Year 1372 AH". MDPI. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f Stroud, John (1 January 1980). Airports of the World (First ed.). Putnam. p. 605. ISBN 0370300378.
- ^ "بالصور: لوحات فنية مذهلة للمؤسس بمطار الملك عبدالعزيز الدولي الجديد بجدة". Hiamag (in Arabic). 2021-07-01. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
- ^ a b "Overview of Saudia's History". Saudia. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ a b "Caledonian Hadj". British Caledonian. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
- ^ "OxfordSaudia Aviation Academy on Twitter: "Kandara Airport was the first airport in Jeddah established in 1946 and officially inaugurated in 1952 under King Saud Bin Abdulaziz's patronage."". X (formerly Twitter). OxfordSaudia Aviation Academy. 5 November 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
- ^ "Jeddah Airport". Haramain Voyages. Retrieved 2025-04-27.
- ^ a b Davies, R.E.G. (1995). Saudia – An Airline and its Aircraft. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 0-9626483-7-X.
- ^ a b "موقع الملك سعود" (in Arabic). King Saud Foundation. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
- ^ "Aviation History". Abeer Aviation. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
- ^ a b c "Information on page 27 of Accession Number AD0389670". Defense Technical Information Center. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
- ^ a b c "«مدن الحجاج».. ذكريات 7 عقود في أول لبنات إيواء ضيوف الرحمن بجدة". Asharq Al-Awsat (in Arabic). 2019-08-23. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
- ^ "Hajj Pilgrims in Jeddah: A Forgotten Urban History". Arab Urbanism. Retrieved 21 February 2025.
- ^ a b "صناعة الطيران بالسعودية.. جهود متواصلة نحو العالمية". منتدى الدفاع العربي (in Arabic). Retrieved 27 April 2025.
- ^ "Hajj & Hajis from India". Retrieved 2025-07-15.
- ^ "Al Hagon Bridge and Jeddah Airport Internal Ways". Arab Contractors. Osman Ahmed Osman & Co. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
- ^ Hewish, Mark; Sweetman, Bill; Wheeler, Barry C.; Gunston, Bill (1984). Air Forces of the World. London, UK: Peerage Books.
- ^ "1973 Jeddah International Airport, Saudi Arabia". Facebook. The Old Bahrain. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
- ^ Almazroui, Mansour (30 November 2017). "Application of Landsat Data for Urban Growth Monitoring in Jeddah" (PDF). Earth Systems and Environment. 1 (2): 1–11. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
- ^ National Library of Australia (13 February 1979). "Jeddah Airport". Retrieved 2025-03-19.
- ^ a b Airways: A Global Review of Commercial Flight. Airways International, Incorporated. 2008.
- ^ "| Pilot Nav | Browse all airports in SAUDI ARABIA". www.pilotnav.com. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
- ^ Soylu, Harun (2023-12-29). Aviation Manager's Toolkit: Understanding Safety Management Systems: Organizational Blindness in Aviation Management and Leadership. Partridge Publishing Singapore. ISBN 978-1-5437-8116-8.
- ^ "Jeddah Airport". Trove. National Library of Australia. 18 July 1980. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
- ^ Weekly Bulletin. Institut du transport aérien. 1981.
- ^ Davies, R.E.G. (1995). Saudia – An Airline and its Aircraft. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 0-9626483-7-X.
- ^ a b c "Legendary Moments in Military Aviation: Historic Royal Saudi air force aircraft found in the desert after the Jeddah Kandara airport closes in 1981". Legendary Moments in Military Aviation. 2024-05-08. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
- ^ "Application of Landsat Data for Urban Growth Monitoring in Jeddah" (PDF). 30 November 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
- ^ Hatrash, Hasan (8 February 2006). "Jeddah Museum To Chronicle Aviation History". Arab News. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
- ^ "Path of Progress". saudigazette.com. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia – Warplanes of the Second World War Preserved". Silverhawk Author. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
- ^ Hewish et al. 1984, p. 162.
- ^ "Boeing C-97G Stratofreighter N909B". AirHistory.net. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-340C AP-AWZ Taif". Flight Safety Foundation Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
- ^ "Accident Douglas C-54A Skymaster 42-72223, 25 Jun 1959". ASN Aviation Safety Database. Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved 21 July 2025.
- ^ "Accident Douglas C-47 (DC-3) HZ-AAM". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 21 July 2025.
- ^ "American Killed in Arabian Crash". The Kansas City Star. Kansas City, Missouri. July 11, 1967. p. 7. Retrieved July 20, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Accident description – Saudi Arabian Airlines Convair CV-340-68B (HZ-AAU)". ASN Aviation Safety Database. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 28 April 2025.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-54 Skymaster (DC-4) HZ-AAF Jeddah Airport (JED)". Flight Safety Foundation Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft accident". Flight Safety Foundation Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 21 July 2025.
- ^ "Death of a Princess: Saudi Arabia's Tragedy". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 19 March 2025.