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Socialist Republic of Montenegro

Coordinates: 42°47′N 19°28′E / 42.783°N 19.467°E / 42.783; 19.467
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People's Republic of Montenegro (1945–1963)
Народна Република Црна Гора (Serbo-Croatian)

Socialist Republic of Montenegro (1963–1991)
Социјалистичка Република Црна Гора (Serbo-Croatian)

Republic of Montenegro (1991–1992)
Република Црна Гора (Serbo-Croatian)
1944–1992
Emblem of Montenegro
Emblem
Location of Montenegro in Yugoslavia
Location of Montenegro in Yugoslavia
StatusConstituent republic
of Yugoslavia
CapitalTitograd
Common languagesSerbo-Croatian
(Serbian standard)
Albanian
Government1944–1948:
Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic
1948–1990:
Titoist one-party socialist republic
1990–1992:
Dominant-party parliamentary republic
President 
• 1945–1946 (first)
Niko Miljanić
• 1990–1992 (last)
Momir Bulatović
Prime Minister 
• 1945–1953 (first)
Blažo Jovanović
• 1989–1992 (last)
Radoje Kontić
LegislaturePeople's Assembly
History 
• ZAVNOCGB
15 December 1944
8 May 1945
December 1992
Population
• 1991 census
615,035
ISO 3166 codeME
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
German occupied territory of Montenegro
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Republic of Montenegro

The Socialist Republic of Montenegro (Serbo-Croatian: Socijalistička Republika Crna Gora / Социјалистичка Република Црна Гора), commonly referred to as Socialist Montenegro or simply Montenegro, was one of the six republics forming the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the nation state of the Montenegrins. It is a predecessor of the modern-day Montenegro.

Socialist Montenegro was a non-nationalist state[1] and Serbo-Croatian was its official language. Prior to its formation, Montenegro was part of Zeta banovina administrative unit of Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Between 1945 and 1963, the Montenegrin government embarked on a program of rapid industrialization, nationalization of private property, and collectivization of agriculture, following the wider Yugoslav socialist development strategy. Political control was exercised through the League of Communists of Montenegro, the local branch of the LCY, which played a central role in governance and ideological supervision.[2]

The 1963 Constitution marked a shift by renaming the republic and modestly redefining its status within the federation. A more significant transformation occurred after the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution, which granted Montenegro and other republics increased autonomy, particularly in governance, foreign relations, and economic planning. Nonetheless, Montenegro remained loyal to federal unity, often aligning closely with Belgrade’s political direction.[3]

Montenegrin politics during this era were relatively stable but tightly controlled. Dissent was minimal until the 1980s, when a broader liberalization across Yugoslavia led to increasing national expression and the emergence of reformist voices. These shifts, combined with the federation’s deepening political and economic crisis, culminated in the collapse of the socialist regime. In 1991, Montenegro began its transition toward multiparty democracy, formally ending decades of communist rule.[4]

History

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On 7 July 1963, the People's Republic of Montenegro (Serbo-Croatian: Narodna Republika Crna Gora / Народна Република Црна Гора) was renamed the "Socialist Republic of Montenegro" (a change ratified both by the Federal Constitution and the newly created Montenegrin Constitution in 1963) with Serbo-Croatian as the official language. In 1991, as the League of Communists of Montenegro changed its name to Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro after the first multi-party elections, the adjective "Socialist" was erased from the republic's title (ratified by the Constitutional Amendment LXXXIV of August 2 in 1991). Montenegro joined the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992 after a referendum was held on 1 March on the question of whether Montenegro should remain a part of Yugoslavia or pursue independence.[5] The flag and emblem were changed in December 1993.

Demographics

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Part of a series on the
History of Montenegro
Coat of arms of Montenegro
Prehistory
Middle Ages and early modern
Modern and contemporary
Topics

1971 census:[6]

1981 census:[6]

1991 census:[6]

Heads of institutions

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President

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Prime minister

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References

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  1. ^ MALEŠEVI, SINIŠA UZELAC, GORDANA (2007). "A Nation-state without the nation? The trajectories of nation-formation in Montenegro" (PDF). Retrieved 25 April 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ "Communist dictatorship in Montenegro. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1992)". communistcrimes.org. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
  3. ^ Ramet, Sabrina P., The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005, Indiana University Press, 2006
  4. ^ Lampe, John R., Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country, Cambridge University Press, 2000
  5. ^ Associated Press (AP). "66. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2006)". Retrieved 25 April 2025.
  6. ^ a b c "Montenegrin Census' from 1909 to 2003". njegos.org. Retrieved 25 April 2025.
  7. ^ "Montenegro". World Statesmen. Retrieved 2011-02-06.

42°47′N 19°28′E / 42.783°N 19.467°E / 42.783; 19.467

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