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Formulary (pharmacy)

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A formulary is a list of pharmaceutical drugs, often decided upon by a group of people, for various reasons such as insurance coverage or use at a medical facility.[1] Traditionally, a formulary contained a collection of formulas for the compounding and testing of medication (a resource closer to what would be referred to as a pharmacopoeia today). Today, the main function of a prescription formulary is to specify particular medications that are approved to be prescribed at a particular hospital, in a particular health system, or under a particular health insurance policy. The development of prescription formularies is based on evaluations of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of drugs.

Depending on the individual formulary, it may also contain additional clinical information, such as side effects, contraindications, and doses.

By the turn of the millennium, 156 countries had national or provincial essential medicines lists and 135 countries had national treatment.

Australia

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In Australia, where there is a public health care system, medications are subsidised under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and medications that are available under the PBS and the indications for which they can be obtained under said scheme can be found in at least two places, the PBS webpage[2] and the Australian Medicines Handbook.[citation needed]

Canada

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The Prescription Drug List is the national formulary that lists all medical ingredients for human and animal use available with a prescription with the exception of those under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.[3][4] The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) is the advisory body that evaluates new medical technologies and prescription medication. Based on recommendations the provincial and territorial governments decide whether or not to implement changes to their healthcare system and public drug formularies.[5] Provincial and territorial government provide partial prescription drug coverage and the overall drug payment is a mix of public taxation, private insurance and out-of-pocket expenses.[4][6] Insurance coverage differs regionally, although each public drug coverage plan must meet standards set by the federal government.[6] Regional health authorities are in charge of regulating and providing its residents insurance while the federal government provides insurance for specifically eligible veterans, First Nations, Inuit, Canadian Forces, federal inmates and some refugees.[4][6]

India

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The National Formulary of India (NFI) published by Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) is essentially meant for the guidance of the members of the medical and pharmaceutical profession; medical students, nurses and pharmacists etc. working in hospitals, dispensaries and in sales establishments. In the preparation of this Formulary, the expert opinion of medical practitioners, teachers in medicine, nurses, pharmacists etc. has been obtained. The selection of drugs for inclusion in the National Formulary has been made taking into consideration the relative advantages and disadvantages of the various drugs used in current medical practice and their availability in the country. Thus, the National Formulary of India represents a broad consensus of expert opinion in respect of drugs and their formulations and provides the physicians with carefully selected therapeutic agents of proved effectiveness which form the basis of rational drug therapy.

The National Formulary of India is an authoritative guide to prescribing, dispensing and administering medicines for healthcare professionals. It will be useful for framing national drug policies in the country. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India vide its notification F. No. X. 11035/2/06-DFQC, dated 8th May 2008 assigned this mandatory responsibility to the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ghaziabad to publish NFI on regular basis. The First Edition of NFI – National Formulary of India was published in year 1960. The IPC has published three consecutive editions of National Formulary of India since its formation. The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission has published the 4th edition, 5th edition and 6th edition of NFI.[7] Stakeholders may order the copy of NFI-2021 from https://www.ipc.gov.in/shop/index.php?route=product/category&path=60 . The 7th Edition of National Formulary of India (NFI-2026) is expected to release by early 2026 along with its digital version.

The 6th Edition of NFI (NFI-2021) contains:

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  1. 34 therapeutic categories chapters including 591 drug monographs and 23 Appendices based on contemporary knowledge.
  2. 33 rational fixed-dose combinations.
  3. The NFI is aligned with the National Health Programmes and the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) of India.
  4. Important weblinks related to NLEM, drugs banned in India, NHP, drugs banned in sports, immunization schedule, wherever necessary are provided for information to readers.
  5. Special notes on "How to use NFI?" and Salient Features of NFI are added in this edition.
  6. Indications approved by the Indian drug regulator, clinically relevant ones, and as per standard care are included.
  7. The term 'availability' is replaced with 'dosage forms and usual strength'
  8. The clinically relevant precautions and contraindications are included.
  9. The common or the serious and clinically relevant adverse effects are included.
  10. Storage conditions for medicines are included for special cases only.
  11. The chapter on Medicines banned in sports in the previous edition has been considered under appendices in this edition.
  12. Considering the prevalence of diabetes in the country a separate Chapter on Management of Diabetes is included after revising completely.
  13. A new appendix on Good Distribution Practices is incorporated.
  14. Appendix on National Immunization Schedule and IAP Immunization Schedule is revised as per current requirement.

United States

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See also: Pharmacy benefit management § The formulary

In the US, where a system of quasi-private healthcare is in place, a formulary is a list of prescription drugs available to enrollees, and a tiered formulary provides financial incentives for patients to select lower-cost drugs. For example, under a 3-tier formulary, the first tier typically includes generic drugs with the lowest cost sharing (e.g., 10% coinsurance), the second includes preferred brand-name drugs with higher cost sharing (e.g., 25%), and the third includes non-preferred brand-name drugs with the highest cost-sharing (e.g., 40%).[8]

When used appropriately, formularies can help manage drug costs imposed on the insurance policy.[8] However, for drugs that are not on formulary, patients must pay a larger percentage of the cost of the drug, sometimes 100%. Formularies vary between drug plans and differ in the breadth of drugs covered and costs of co-pay and premiums. Most formularies cover at least one drug in each drug class, and encourage generic substitution (also known as a preferred drug list).[9] Formularies have shown to cause issues in hospitals when patients are discharged when not aligned with outpatient drug insurance plans.[10]

United Kingdom

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In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) provides publicly funded universal health care, financed by national health insurance. Here, formularies exist to specify which drugs are available on the NHS. The two main reference sources providing this information are the British National Formulary (BNF) and the Drug Tariff. There is a section in the Drug Tariff, known unofficially as the "Blacklist", detailing medicines which are not to be prescribed under the NHS and must be paid for privately by the patient. Recommendations for additions to the NHS formulary are provided by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.[11]

In addition to this, local NHS hospital trusts and Primary Care (General Practitioners) Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs), produce their own lists of medicines deemed preferable for prescribing within their locality or organisation; such lists are usually a subset of the more comprehensive BNF. These formularies are not absolutely binding, and physicians may prescribe a non-formulary medicine if they consider it necessary and justifiable. Often, these local formularies are shared between a Primary Care Organisation (PCO) and hospitals within that PCO's jurisdiction, in order to facilitate the procedure of transferring a patient from primary care to secondary care, thus causing fewer "interfacing" issues in the process.

As in the United States, the NHS actively encourages prescribing of generic drugs, in order to save more of the budget allocated to them by the Department of Health.

National formulary

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A national formulary contains a list of medicines that are approved for prescription throughout the country, indicating which products are interchangeable. It includes key information on the composition, description, selection, prescribing, dispensing and administration of medicines. Those drugs considered less suitable for prescribing are clearly identified.

Examples of national formularies are:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Definition of formulary by Medical dictionary". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  2. ^ "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)".
  3. ^ Canada, Health (2013-05-29). "The Prescription Drug List". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
  4. ^ a b c "Alignment Among Public Formularies in Canada – Part 1: General Overview" (PDF). Patented Medicine Prices Review Board. October 2017. ISBN 978-0-660-09799-2.
  5. ^ Allin, Sara; Marchildon, Greg (2020). Merkur, Sherry (ed.). "Canada: Health System Review". Health Systems in Transition. 22 (3). NLM (Medline): 1–194. ISSN 1817-6127. PMID 33527903.
  6. ^ a b c Martin, Danielle; Miller, Ashley P; Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie; Caron, Nadine R; Vissandjée, Bilkis; Marchildon, Gregory P (2018). "Canada's universal health-care system: achieving its potential". The Lancet. 391 (10131): 1718–1735. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30181-8. PMC 7138369. PMID 29483027.
  7. ^ "Union Health Minister Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya launches the Sixth Edition of National Formulary of India (NFI)". National Formulary of India (NFI-2021). 28 October 2021. p. 1.
  8. ^ a b Huskamp HA, Keating NL (2005). "The new medicare drug benefit: formularies and their potential effects on access to medications". J Gen Intern Med. 20 (7): 662–665. doi:10.1007/s11606-005-0115-3. PMC 1403290. PMID 16050866.
  9. ^ New York State Department of Health
  10. ^ Chua, Doson; Chu, Eric; Lo, Angela; Lo, Melissa; Pataky, Fruzina; Tang, Linda; Bains, Ajay (2012). "Effect of Misalignment between Hospital and Provincial Formularies on Medication Discrepancies at Discharge: PPITS (Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapeutic Substitution) Study". The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy. 65 (2): 98–102. doi:10.4212/cjhp.v65i2.1115. PMC 3329923. PMID 22529401.
  11. ^ Acri née Lybecker, Kristina M. L. (2018-01-08). The Unintended Consequences of National Pharmacare Programs: The Experiences of Australia, New Zealand, and the UK (Report). Fraser Institute. pp. 6–7. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) provides recommendations on whether new branded drugs should be covered by the publicly funded NHS.
  12. ^ "Österreichisches Arzneibuch". BASG (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  13. ^ "Formularium Nasional Kendalikan Mutu dan Biaya Pengobatan". Indonesian Ministry of Health (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-03-02.
  14. ^ "Hrvatska farmakopeja - Hrvatska farmakopeja | Farmakopeja | Lijekovi .: HALMED". .: HALMED (in Croatian). Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  15. ^ Government, PHARMAC | New Zealand. "About the Pharmaceutical Schedule". Pharmac | New Zealand Government. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  16. ^ a b c FASS – the Swedish Medicines Information Engine Archived 2007-10-23 at the Wayback Machine information booklet from The Swedish Association of the Pharmaceutical Industry (LIF). Updated 2008
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