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Yip Harburg

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Yip Harburg
Yip Harburg 1947
Yip Harburg 1947
Background information
Birth nameIsidore Hochberg
Also known asE. Y. Harburg, Yipsel Harburg
Born(1896-04-08)April 8, 1896
New York City, U.S.
DiedMarch 5, 1981(1981-03-05) (aged 84)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupations
  • Lyricist
  • librettist
Formerly ofHarold Arlen, Vernon Duke, Jerome Kern, Jule Styne, Burton Lane

Edgar Yipsel Harburg (born Isidore Hochberg; April 8, 1896 – March 5, 1981) was an American popular song lyricist and librettist who worked with many well-known composers. He wrote the lyrics to the standards "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" (with Jay Gorney), "April in Paris", and "It's Only a Paper Moon", as well as all of the songs for the film The Wizard of Oz, including "Over the Rainbow".[1] He was known for the social commentary of his lyrics, as well as his leftist leanings. He championed racial, sexual and gender equality and union politics. He also was an ardent critic of high society and religion.[2][3]

Biography

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Early life and career

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Harburg, the youngest of four surviving children (out of ten), was born Isidore Hochberg on the Lower East Side of New York City on April 8, 1896.[1][4] His parents, Lewis Hochberg and Mary Ricing,[5] were Yiddish-speaking[4] Orthodox Jews[6] who had emigrated from Russia.[7]

He later adopted the name "Edgar Yipsel Harburg", and came to be best known as "Yip". It has been claimed that Harburg took the name "Yipsel" because it meant "squirrel" in Yiddish, but there is no such Yiddish word and it is likely that the name was derived from that of the Young People's Socialist League (1907), the youth group of the Socialist Party of America, whose members were called "yipsels".[8]

Harburg attended Townsend Harris High School, where he and Ira Gershwin, who bonded over a shared fondness for Gilbert and Sullivan, worked on the school paper and became lifelong friends. According to his son Ernie Harburg, Gilbert and Irish dramatist George Bernard Shaw taught his father—a "democratic socialist, [and] sworn challenger of all tyranny against the people"—that "'humor is an act of courage' and dissent".[9]

After World War I, Harburg returned to New York and graduated from City College (later part of the City University of New York), which Ira Gershwin had initially attended with him,[10] in 1921.[11] After Harburg married and had two children, he started writing light verse for local newspapers. He became a co-owner of Consolidated Electrical Appliance Company, but the company went bankrupt following the crash of 1929, leaving Harburg "anywhere from $50,000 – $70,000 in debt",[12] which he insisted on paying back over the course of the next few decades. At this point, Harburg and Ira Gershwin agreed that Harburg should start writing song lyrics.

Gershwin introduced Harburg to Jay Gorney, who collaborated with him on songs for an Earl Carroll Broadway revue (Earl Carroll's Sketchbook): the show was successful and Harburg was engaged as lyricist for a series of successful revues, including Americana in 1932, for which he wrote the lyrics of "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" to the tune of a lullaby Gorney had learned as a child in Russia. This song swept the nation, becoming an anthem of the Great Depression.

Harburg was a staunch critic of both high society and religion. He wrote a poem entitled "Atheist" that summarized his views on God.[2][3]

Hollywood and Broadway

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Harburg and Gorney were offered a contract with Paramount. In Hollywood, Harburg worked with composers Harold Arlen, Vernon Duke, Jerome Kern, Jule Styne, and Burton Lane, and later wrote the lyrics for The Wizard of Oz, one of the earliest known "integrated musicals".

Of his work on The Wizard of Oz, his son (and biographer) Ernie Harburg has said:

So anyhow, Yip also wrote all the dialogue in that time and the setup to the songs and he also wrote the part where they give out the heart, the brains and the nerve, because he was the final script editor. And he—there were eleven screenwriters on that—and he pulled the whole thing together, wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence and unity which made it a work of art. But he doesn't get credit for that. He gets lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, you see. But nevertheless, he put his influence on the thing.[12]

Working in Hollywood did not stop Harburg's career on Broadway. In the 1940s, he wrote a series of "book" musicals with social messages, including the successful Bloomer Girl (1944), set during the Civil War, which was about temperance and women's rights activist Amelia Bloomer, and which celebrated equality for women, Abolitionism, and the Underground Railroad. Harburg's best known Broadway show, Finian's Rainbow (1947) was, in its original production, possibly the first Broadway musical with a racially integrated chorus line. Its plot satirized American financial practices and criticized reactionist politicians, mistreatment of the working classes as well as racism and the Jim Crow laws. It was made into a film in 1968 starring Fred Astaire and Petula Clark, directed by Francis Ford Coppola.

Blacklisting

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Although never a member of the Communist Party[13] (he was a member of the Socialist Party, and joked that "Yip" referred to the Young People's Socialist League, nicknamed the "Yipsels"[14]), Harburg had been involved in radical groups, and was blacklisted.

Harburg was named in a pamphlet Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television; his involvement with the Hollywood Democratic Committee, and his refusal to identify reputed communists, led to him being blocked from working in Hollywood films, television, and radio for twelve full years, from 1950[15] to 1962.[16] "As the writer of the lyric of the song 'God's Country', I am outraged by the suggestion that somehow I am connected with, believe in, or am sympathetic with Communist or totalitarian philosophy", he wrote to the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1950.[16] He was unable to travel abroad during this period because his passport had been revoked.[11]

Later career

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With a score by Sammy Fain and Harburg's lyrics, the musical Flahooley (1951) satirized the country's anti-communist sentiment,[11] but it closed after forty performances at the Broadhurst Theatre on Broadway. The New York critics were dismissive of the show, although it had been a success during its earlier pre-Broadway run in Philadelphia.[17]

In 1966, songwriter Earl Robinson sought Harburg's help for the song "Hurry Sundown"; the two collaborated on the song and are credited as co-writers. The song was intended for the film Hurry Sundown, but was not used in the film. It was, however, recorded by Peter, Paul and Mary for their 1966 album The Peter, Paul and Mary Album.[18] The song was released as a single in 1967, and reached No. 37 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart. It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Folk Recording.

Death

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Harburg died while driving on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles on March 5, 1981, at the age of 84. While he was initially reported to have been killed in a traffic accident,[1] it was later determined that he suffered a heart attack while stopped at a red light.[19]

Awards and recognition

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In 1940 Harburg and Harold Arlen won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Over the Rainbow".[20] In addition, he and Arlen were nominated for that award in 1944 for "Happiness Is Just a Thing Called Joe" from Cabin in the Sky,[21] and in 1946 he and Jerome Kern were nominated for "More and More" from Can't Help Singing.[22]

Jamaica, a vehicle for Lena Horne, was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Musical in 1958.[23]

Harburg was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972[24] and awarded its Johnny Mercer Award in 1981.[25]

On March 7, 2001, the "Songs of the Century" poll conducted by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts ranked Judy Garland's rendition of "Over the Rainbow" as the number one recording of the 20th century.[26]

On June 22, 2004, the American Film Institute broadcast AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs, a TV special announcing their selection of the 100 greatest film songs. "Over the Rainbow" was Number One, and "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" was Number 82.[27]

In April 2005, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp recognizing Harburg's accomplishments. The stamp was drawn from a portrait taken by photographer Barbara Bordnick in 1978 along with a rainbow and lyric from "Over the Rainbow". The first day ceremony was held at the 92nd Street Y in New York.[28]

Stage shows

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See also Musicals by Yip Harburg.

Films

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Harburg wrote lyrics for most or all of the original songs for these films:

He wrote lyrics for original songs for many other films, and hundreds of additional films reused his songs.[73]

Notable songs

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Harburg wrote the lyrics for more than 500 songs.[74] The following (all listed in [75]) are some of the most notable for their popularity or social importance.

See also Songs with lyrics by Yip Harburg.

Books

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  • Harburg, E.Y. (1965). Rhymes for the Irreverent. New York: Grossman. ISBN 0670597341.
  • Harburg, E.Y. (1976). At This Point in Rhyme: E.Y. Harburg's Poems. New York: Crown. ISBN 0517527278.
  • Harburg, Yip (2006). Rhymes for the Irreverent. Madison, Wisconsin: Freedom From Religion Foundation. ISBN 1877733156. Contains material from Rhymes for the Irreverent (1965) and At This Point in Rhyme, and previously unpublished poems.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Wilson, John S. (March 7, 1981). "E. Y. Harburg, Lyricist, Killed In Car Crash". The New York Times. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Who Is Yip". Yip Harburg Foundation.
  3. ^ a b "E.Y. (Yip) Harburg". Freedom From Religion Foundation. 8 April 1980.
  4. ^ a b Yip Harburg: Biography from Answers.com. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  5. ^ E. Y. Harburg. Retrieved from Notable Names Database on January 12, 2010.
  6. ^ Songwriters Hall of Fame - E.Y. Harburg Biography Archived December 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  7. ^ Yip Harburg biography Archived August 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  8. ^ Forward, October 22, 2004
  9. ^ Robert Mackey "BBC Won’t Ban ‘Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead,’ Adopted as Anti-Thatcher Anthem", "The Lede" (blog), New York Times, April 12, 2013
  10. ^ Kathleen Phillis Lorenz (March 5, 1981). "Spotlight on E. Y. Harburg". 42ndstmoon.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  11. ^ a b c "E. Y. Harburg" Archived May 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Songwriters Hall of Fame
  12. ^ a b Amy Goodman (January 31, 1997). "Who Put the Rainbow in The Wizard of Oz?:A Tribute to Yip Harburg". Democracy Now!. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  13. ^ Gene Lees The Musical Worlds of Lerner and Loewe, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004, pg. 153 (Originally published by Robson Books (London) in 1991)
  14. ^ Harmetz, Aljean. The Making of The Wizard of Oz; New York: Dell Publishing, 1989; p. 73
  15. ^ Leigh Donaldson "Yip Harburg: Father of the Socially Conscious Lyric", American Songwriter, April 17, 2011.
  16. ^ a b Scott Jacobs "Somewhere Over the Rainbow", The Week Behind, September 23, 2009
  17. ^ Thomas Hischak The Oxford Companion to the American Musical: Theatre, Film and Television, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 246
  18. ^ Meyerson, Harold and Harburg, Ernie (1993). Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz?: Yip Harburg, Lyricist. With the assistance of Arthur Perlman. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 326. ISBN 0-472-10482-9. Retrieved October 12, 2023 – via Internet Archive.
  19. ^ Lahr, John (September 22, 1996). "The Lemon Drop Kid". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  20. ^ "The 12th Academy Awards". oscars.org. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  21. ^ "The 16th Academy Awards". oscars.org. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  22. ^ "The 18th Academy Awards". oscars.org. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  23. ^ "Jamaica Awards". Internet Broadway Database. The Broadway League. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
  24. ^ "E.Y. Harburg". SongHall. Songwriters Hall of Fame. Retrieved 31 May 2025.
  25. ^ "E.Y. "Yip" Harburg Johnny Mercer Award". SongHall. Songwriters Hall of Fame. Retrieved 31 May 2025.
  26. ^ "New song list puts 'Rainbow' way up high". CNN.com. CNN. March 7, 2001. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  27. ^ Dirks, Tim. "100 Greatest Songs in American Movies". filmsite. Retrieved 2 June 2025.
  28. ^ ""Over the Rainbow" Songwriter Yip Harburg on U.S. Postage Stamp". usps.com. United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on 11 Nov 2006.
  29. ^ Bloom, Ken (1996). American Song: The Complete Musical Theatre Companion (2nd ed.). New York: Schirmer Books. p. 278-279. ISBN 0-02-870484-3.
  30. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 360-361.
  31. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 281-282.
  32. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 1022.
  33. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 1170.
  34. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 4.
  35. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 105.
  36. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 1012.
  37. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 1247.
  38. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 30.
  39. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 73.
  40. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 422.
  41. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 1179-1180.
  42. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 210.
  43. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 632.
  44. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 791-792.
  45. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 1247-1248.
  46. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 1068.
  47. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 1015.
  48. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 502.
  49. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 1066.
  50. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 492.
  51. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 116.
  52. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 118-119.
  53. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 317.
  54. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 323.
  55. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 556.
  56. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 444.
  57. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 245-246.
  58. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 184-185.
  59. ^ Bloom 1996, p. 422-423.
  60. ^ Burton, Jack (1953). The Blue Book of Hollywood Musicals. Watkins Glen, N.Y.: Century House. p. 36. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  61. ^ Burton 1953, p. 51.
  62. ^ Burton 1953, p. 86.
  63. ^ Burton 1953, p. 90.
  64. ^ Burton 1953, p. 84.
  65. ^ Burton 1953, p. 123.
  66. ^ Burton 1953, p. 120.
  67. ^ Burton 1953, p. 170.
  68. ^ Burton 1953, p. 166.
  69. ^ Burton 1953, p. 180.
  70. ^ a b c "Songs". YipHarburg.com. Yip Harburg Lyrics Foundation. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  71. ^ Burton 1953, p. 194.
  72. ^ "Finian's Rainbow (1968)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  73. ^ "E.Y. Harburg". IMDb. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  74. ^ Meyerson & Harburg 1993, p. 393.
  75. ^ Meyerson & Harburg 1993, pp. 393–405.
  76. ^ Hischak, Thomas (2002). The Tin Pan Alley Song Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 0-313-31992-8.
  77. ^ Hischak 2002, pp. 48–49.
  78. ^ Hischak 2002, pp. 187–188.
  79. ^ Hischak 2002, p. 204.
  80. ^ Hischak, Thomas (1999). The American Musical Film Song Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-313-30737-7.
  81. ^ Hischak, Thomas (1995). The American Musical Theatre Song Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 73. ISBN 0-313-29407-0.
  82. ^ Hischak 1999, p. 236.
  83. ^ Hischak 1999.
  84. ^ Hischak 1999, pp. 58–59.
  85. ^ Hischak 1999, pp. 193–194.
  86. ^ Hischak 1999, p. 94.
  87. ^ Hischak 1995, p. 77.
  88. ^ Hischak 1995, p. 290.
  89. ^ Meyerson & Harburg 1993, pp. 213–217.
  90. ^ Hischak 1995, p. 123.
  91. ^ Hischak 1995, p. 260.

Further reading

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Yip Harburg.
  • Alonso, Harriet (2012). Yip Harburg: Legendary Lyricist and Human Rights Activist. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-08195-7128-1.
  • Stotts, Stuart (2014). Over the Rainbow: The Life and Rhymes of Yip Harburg. Big Valley Press. ISBN 978-0-9765372-3-6.
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Major resources dedicated to Harburg

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Databases

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yip Harburg.

Etc.

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