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Daniel M. Franks

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Daniel M. Franks
Franks in 2024
AwardsAustralian Research Council Future Fellow; Global Good Award for Educational Excellence; World Economic Forum Top Innovator; The University of Queensland Research Impact Award; Docent, University of Eastern Finland; Adjunct Professor Fiji National University; Chancellor’s Medal Griffith University.
Academic background
Alma materThe University of Queensland; Griffith University; Wavell State High School
Academic work
Disciplinesustainable development; development studies; earth science; social impact assessment
Websitehttps://about.uq.edu.au/experts/612

Daniel M. Franks (born 17 October 1978) is an Australian development scholar and geologist, whose work has shaped global understanding of the relationship between minerals and sustainable development. He is a former United Nations official and current professor at The University of Queensland,[1] where he is an Australian Research Council Future Fellow[2] and serves as the inaugural Director of the Global Centre for Mineral Security.[3] Franks is known for pioneering the concepts of mineral security, mineral poverty, and development minerals, and for his role in integrating extractive resource governance into international development frameworks.

Franks has served in advisory roles with the United Nations, including as Chief Technical Advisor at the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)[4] and as an advisor to the UN Secretary-General’s Panel on Critical Energy Transition Minerals. He was a member of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network Thematic Group on Good Governance of Extractive Resources, that provided advice on the formulation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.[5] His research has influenced global policy discussions on responsible mining, critical minerals, artisanal and small-scale mining, environmental governance, mine waste and tailings, and poverty reduction.

Education

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Franks received a Bachelor of Science and First-Class Honours in earth science from the University of Queensland, followed by a PhD in mineral policy at Griffith University, where he was awarded the Chancellor’s Medal for academic excellence.[1] Initially trained as a geologist, he later turned his attention to the political ecology of mining and the governance of natural resources, bridging disciplines across the natural and social sciences.[6]

Academic career and scholarship

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Franks’s academic research explores the political, social, and environmental dimensions of mineral extraction and use. He is credited, along with his colleagues, for introducing several key concepts into development studies and sustainability:

  • Mineral poverty:[7] a form of deprivation arising from inadequate access to minerals essential for development.
  • Ore-sand:[10] a circular economy innovation in the mining sector, which has led to breakthrough solutions to drastically reduce mine waste and tailings.

He has published more than 160 scholarly and policy works,[11] including articles in Nature Sustainability, Nature Reviews Earth and Environment, Nature Reviews Biodiversity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, One Earth, and Science, and over 40 reports for UN agencies. In 2015, he authored the book Mountain Movers: Mining, Sustainability and the Agents of Change,[12] which examines how actors within the mining sector can drive change for sustainability. Franks is one of the world’s top 2% most cited researchers,[13] and holds editorial positions with the International Journal of Minerals Policy & Economics[14] and Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal.[15] He is past co-Chair of Social Impact Assessment at the International Association of Impact Assessment (2011-2017).[16]

United Nations and international engagement

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Franks has played a prominent role in shaping international policy on mineral governance. From 2015 to 2018, he was Chief Technical Advisor at UNDP, where he established the ACP-EU Development Minerals Programme, a €13.1 million initiative spanning 41 countries across Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific, funded by the European Union and Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States.[17] He chaired the First International Conference on Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining and Quarrying (Zambia, 2018),[18] resulting in the Mosi-oa-Tunya Declaration,[19] a landmark global policy framework for artisanal and small-scale mining and quarrying.

He later served as Advisor to the UN Secretary-General’s Executive Office for the UN Secretary-General’s Panel on Critical Energy Transition Minerals, acting as penholder of the 2024 report Resourcing the Energy Transition: Principles to Guide Critical Energy Transition Minerals Toward Equity and Justice.[20] He has advised the United Nations Environment Programme on the implementation the UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-4) Resolution on Mineral Resource Governance,[21] is a member of the UN Secretary General’s Working Group on Transforming the Extractive Industries for Sustainable Development,[22] is a member of the Scientific Board of UNESCO’s International Geoscience Programme, and was a member of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network Thematic Group on Good Governance of Extractive Resources, which provided advice on the formulation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.[5]

With Rachel Davis, Franks authored a study on the Costs of Company-Community Conflict in the Extractive Sector[23] for the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Business and Human Rights John Ruggie in support of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. In his forward to the study, Ruggie describes the work as the first to systematically evaluate both confidential and publicly available data of the costs of company-community conflict on such a scale. The research was also published as a now highly cited PNAS scientific paper.[24]

Franks has professional experience in over 40 countries[1] and has undertaken studies on behalf of the United Nations and other development actors in Cambodia,[25] Cameroon,[26] Fiji,[27] Guinea Conakry, Jamaica,[28] Madagascar,[29] Malawi, Samoa,[30] Sierra Leone,[31] Solomon Islands,[32] Tanzania,[33] Uganda,[34] Vanuatu,[35] and Zambia,[36] amongst others.

Artisanal and Small-scale Mining

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The grandson of an artisanal miner, and great-grandson of a small-scale miner,[37] in 2018 Franks Chaired the First International Conference on Artisanal and Small-scale Mining and Quarrying,[18] which was opened by the President of Zambia Edgar Lungu, and he spearheaded the ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya Declaration on Artisanal and Small-scale Mining, Quarrying and Development,’[19] ensuring it reflected the voices of informal miners. The Declaration was named after the Mosi-oa-Tunya waterfall on the Zambezi River between Zambia and Zimbabwe where the conference was held. He subsequently co-founded the Delve Exchange[38] knowledge network of artisanal and small-scale miners with the World Bank, which was awarded a Global Good Award for Educational Excellence in 2023,[39] and proposed the establishment of the International Council on Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining, a global representative body of ASM associations.[40]

Mine Waste and Tailings

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While studying geology in the late 1990s, Franks was introduced by one of his lecturers to the Stuart Oil Shale Project, adjacent to Australia’s Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, north of Gladstone, Queensland. The pilot project mined and retorted oil shale to produce hydrocarbon fuels and was planning to undergo a major expansion with the aim to exploit the Stuart resource of 3 billion barrels of oil before developing the remainder of the 29 billion barrels of oil that the company, SPP/CPM, held across 8 deposits.[41] Franks was concerned about the potential for metals and toxic organic compounds in the mine-waste to leach into and pollute the marine park and also impact the health of local residents, and he compiled a scientific submission to the Queensland Government in 1999 to advocate on the issue.[42] Franks would later co-author a public submission with a large group of environmental advocacy organisations, coordinated by Greenpeace Australia Pacific, which highlighted greenhouse gas, dioxin and metal emissions.[43] The scientific advocacy, environmental campaign,[44] and opposition from the nearby Targinnie and Yarwun communities led the Queensland Government to suspend the environmental impact assessment in 2004 and ultimately end the oil shale industry in Australia,[45] an early and major climate change win for the environmental movement.

Franks later collaborated with chemical engineer David Boger, a pioneer of paste and thickened tailings, to advocate for stronger management of mine tailings, writing in a highly cited scientific article with Boger and colleagues in 2011 that the mining industry had yet to produce a position statement or guideline on tailings in the nine years since they were recommended to by the final report of a major review.[46] Major mine tailings facility failures occurred at Mariana in 2015 and Brumadinho in 2019, both in Minas Gerais, Brazil, that together claimed 289 lives, and have been described as amongst the worst environmental disasters in the world.[47] The disasters led the ICMM, UNEP and the UN Principles for Responsible Investment to initiate a Global Tailings Review led by Swiss environmental scientist and economist Bruno Oberle.[48] Franks and colleagues published one of the foundational studies of the review that drew lessons from a global assessment of tailings storage facilities.[49] The review led to the establishment of the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management.[50] Franks and colleagues have pioneered novel methods to reduce tailings by producing clean sand by-products from mineral ores before these minerals become waste.[51] Ore-sand is now commercially produced at Vale’s Brucutu iron-ore mine in Brazil,[52] and advanced trials are underway at Newmont’s Cadia mine in New South Wales, Australia.[53] In 2025, Franks co-founded OreSand Inc. a spin-out of The University of Queensland to commercialise this research, with the company selected by the World Economic Forum as a Top Global Innovator.[54]

Global Centre for Mineral Security

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In 2024, Franks founded the Global Centre for Mineral Security at The University of Queensland with the support of an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship.[2] The Centre is the world’s first dedicated research initiative focused on ensuring sufficient, affordable and equitable access to minerals in support of the SDGs and human development.[55] Under his leadership, the Centre has become a global hub for interdisciplinary research, policy innovation, and capacity building on minerals and poverty.[56]

Teaching and mentorship

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Franks has taught at The University of Queensland, Columbia University, the University of Western Australia, University of Eastern Finland and the Universidad Católica del Norte in Chile. He has designed university courses and vocational programs on sustainable mining and development, and supported the introduction of a certificate program in geology and quarrying for Fiji National University.[57] He has supervised over a dozen PhD students on topics related to sustainability and mining, and social impact assessment.[1]

Selected works

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Queensland, The University of. "Professor Daniel Franks | UQ Experts". About. Retrieved 2025-07-12.
  2. ^ a b "Future Fellowship puts mineral security on the global agenda". smi.uq.edu.au. 2024-08-07. Retrieved 2025-07-12.
  3. ^ "Global Centre for Mineral Security". smi.uq.edu.au. 2024-05-15. Retrieved 2025-07-12.
  4. ^ OACPS (2017-04-03). "Nearly a trillion dollars of infrastructure investment creates market for revamped sand and gravel processing". OACPS. Retrieved 2025-07-12.
  5. ^ a b United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network (2013). Harnessing Natural Resources for Sustainable Development: Challenges and Solutions. Technical Report for the Post-2015 Development Agenda. 18 September. https://files.unsdsn.org/TG10-Final-Report.pdf
  6. ^ Franks, DM, (2007). Consuming Landscapes: Towards a Political Ecology of Resource Appropriation. Thesis, PhD. Griffith School of the Environment, Centre for Governance and Public Policy. Griffith University. Online resource: http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365487 Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  7. ^ a b Franks, Daniel M.; Keenan, Julia; Hailu, Degol (2023). "Mineral security essential to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals". Nature Sustainability. 6 (1): 21–27. doi:10.1038/s41893-022-00967-9. ISSN 2398-9629.
  8. ^ Franks, Daniel M. (April 2020). "Reclaiming the neglected minerals of development". The Extractive Industries and Society. 7 (2): 453–460. Bibcode:2020ExIS....7..453F. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2020.02.002.[non-primary source needed]
  9. ^ Franks, Daniel M.; Vanclay, Frank (November 2013). "Social Impact Management Plans: Innovation in corporate and public policy". Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 43: 40–48. Bibcode:2013EIARv..43...40F. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2013.05.004.[non-primary source needed]
  10. ^ Franks, Daniel M.; Segura-Salazar, Juliana; Gallagher, Louise; Ekubatsion, Lulit Habte; Golev, Artem; Stringer, Martin; Rogers, Paul; Soto-Diaz, Juan; Ardhanari, Madhumitha; Antonio, Christian; Staines, Leigh (February 2025). "Nose to tail mining: A circular solution for sand supply and tailings reduction at scale". One Earth. 8 (2): 101198. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2025.101198.[non-primary source needed]
  11. ^ "Daniel M. Franks". scholar.google.com.au. Retrieved 2025-07-12.
  12. ^ Franks, DM. 2015. Mountain Movers: Mining, sustainability and the agents of change. Earthscan. London, U.K. 178p.
  13. ^ List, Top Scientists. "World's Top 2% Scientists". topresearcherslist.com. Retrieved 2025-07-12.
  14. ^ "Editorial board - Resources Policy | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2025-07-12.
  15. ^ Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, Editorial Board. Online resource: https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/tiap20/about-this-journal#aims-and-scope Retrieved: 10 July 2025.
  16. ^ IAIA (2015). Social Impact Assessment: Guidance for assessing and managing the social impacts of projects. April. Online resource: https://www.csrm.uq.edu.au/media/docs/1191/iaia-2015-social-impact-assessment-guidance-document.pdf Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  17. ^ ACP-EU Development Minerals Programme. United Nations Development Programme. Online Resource: https://developmentminerals.org Retrieved: 10 July 2025.
  18. ^ a b Franks, Daniel M.; Ngonze, Caroline; Pakoun, Lacina; Hailu, Degol (April 2020). "Voices of artisanal and small-scale mining, visions of the future: Report from the International Conference on Artisanal and Small-scale Mining and Quarrying". The Extractive Industries and Society. 7 (2): 505–511. Bibcode:2020ExIS....7..505F. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2020.01.011.[non-primary source needed]
  19. ^ a b Mosi-Oa-Tunya Declaration on Artisanal and Small-scale Mining, Quarrying and Development. Online resource: https://developmentminerals.org/document/mosi-oa-tunya-declaration/ Retrieved: 10 July, 2025.
  20. ^ United Nations (2024). Resourcing the Energy Transition: Principles to guide critical energy transition minerals toward equity and justice. United Nations Secretary-General’s Panel on Critical Energy Transition Minerals. 11 September. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/report_sg_panel_on_critical_energy_transition_minerals_11_sept_2024.pdf
  21. ^ United Nations Environment Programme and the University of Queensland. (2022) Mineral resource governance and the global goals: an agenda for international collaboration. Report of activities to implement United Nations Environment Assembly Resolution on Mineral Resource Governance (UNEP/EA.4/ Res.19). Online resource: https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:7ac5826 Retrieved: 10 July 2025.
  22. ^ United Nations (2025). UN Guidance for Action on Critical Energy Transition Minerals. UN Secretary General’s Working Group on Transforming the Extractive Industries for Sustainable Development. 75p.
  23. ^ Davis, Rachel and Franks, DM. (2014). Costs of Company-Community Conflict in the Extractive Sector. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative Report No. 66. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School. 54p. https://shiftproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Costs_of_Conflict_Davis-Franks.pdf
  24. ^ Franks, Daniel M.; Davis, Rachel; Bebbington, Anthony J.; Ali, Saleem H.; Kemp, Deanna; Scurrah, Martin (2014-05-27). "Conflict translates environmental and social risk into business costs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (21): 7576–7581. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.7576F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1405135111. PMC 4040549. PMID 24821758.
  25. ^ Browne, W., Franks, DM., & Kendall, G, 2011. The Foundations for Responsible Mining in Cambodia – Suggested Approaches. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: United Nations Development Programme. Online resource: https://www.csrm.uq.edu.au/media/docs/252/foundations_responsible_mining_cambodia_suggested_approaches.pdf Retrieved: 11 July.
  26. ^ Esteves AM, Danielson L, Bisil E, Bissou M, Akaegbobi M, Disney Bruckner K, Etoga R, Welton Kasgaard C, de Beauchamp P, Collins V, Tedaldi J, Varela S, Dongmo B, Momo R, Charlot M, Pakoun L, Ngonze C and Franks DM. (2018). Baseline Assessment of Development Minerals Cameroon. ACP-EU Development Minerals Programme. United Nations Development Programme. 477p. Online resource: https://developmentminerals.org/document/baseline-assessment-of-development-minerals-in-cameroon/ Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  27. ^ Smith, R, Lee, G, Tawake, A, Waqavonovono, E, Chambers, K, Bukarau, T, Prasad, C, Roqica, D, Nagata, I, Nainoca, T, Peltovuori, V, Devi, P, Caniogo, J, Stojkoska, M, Pakoun, L, Ngonze, C and Franks, D.M. (2018). Baseline Assessment of Development Minerals in Fiji. United Nations Development Programme.188p. Online resource: https://developmentminerals.org/document/baseline-assessment-of-development-minerals-in-fiji/ Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  28. ^ Lewis, D, Gordon, P, Guemás, M, Cole-Baker, J, Cosi, M, Barazzuol, D, Drakapoulos, Y, Geddes, A.J., Bigirimana, G, Clarke, R, Pakoun, L, Ngonze, C, and Franks, D.M. (2017). Baseline Assessment of Development Minerals in Jamaica. United Nations Development Programme. 260p. Online resource: https://developmentminerals.org/document/baseline-assessment-of-development-minerals-in-jamaica/ Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  29. ^ Parra, C, Franks DM, Weldegiorgis, F, Lawson, L, Sturman, K, Cook, R and S Ali. (2015). Economic contributions from industrial mining in Madagascar: research summary. World Bank Group and Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining, University of Queensland. Report number 100345. 52p + technical annex. Online resource: https://www.csrm.uq.edu.au/media/docs/1244/mining-research-summary-eng.pdf Retrieved: 11 July, 2025.
  30. ^ Rogers, Paul, Aska, Bora, Junior, Patrick, Smith, Robert, Lee, Gary, Mohammed, Raymond, and Franks, Daniel M. (2025). Responsible sourcing of aggregates in the Pacific. Pacific Regional Infrastructure Facility, Asian Development Bank, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland and Smith Geoscience Consultancy. Sydney, Australia. 298p. Online resource:https://www.theprif.org/document/regional/construction-materials/responsible-sourcing-aggregates-pacific Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  31. ^ Franks, DM and Erskine, P. (2012). Mine site rehabilitation in Sierra Leone: A rapid appraisal of selected sites. Prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency - Sierra Leone. International Mining for Development Centre & United Nations Environment Programme. Online resource: https://www.csrm.uq.edu.au/media/docs/245/mine_site_rehabilitation_sierra_leone.pdf Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  32. ^ Franks, Daniel M. and Weldegiorgis, Fitsum, (2023). Mineral Pathways to Peace and Prosperity: Country Needs Assessment, Solomon Islands, United Nations Development Programme and The University of Queensland.
  33. ^ United Nations (2025) Building a Greener Future: Low-carbon and circular uses of minerals and materials. Non-technical summary. February. Online resource: https://developmentminerals.org/document/low-carbon-and-circular-uses-of-minerals-and-materials-non-technical-summary/ Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  34. ^ Hinton, J, Lyster, O, Katusiime, J, Nanteza, M, Naulo, G, Rolfe, A, Kombo, F, Grundel, H, MacLeod, K, Kyarisiima, H, Pakoun, L, Ngonze, C and Franks, DM. (2018). Baseline Assessment of Development Minerals in Uganda: Volume 1. United Nations Development Programme. 225p. Online resource: https://developmentminerals.org/document/baseline-assessment-and-value-chain-analysis-of-development-minerals-in-uganda/ Retreived: 11 July, 2025.
  35. ^ Junior, Patrick, Rogers, Paul, and Franks, Daniel M., (2023). Climate change implications for the construction of reinforced concrete roads in Vanuatu. Brisbane, Australia: Australia Pacific Climate Partnership; Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and The University of Queensland. Online resource: https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:07063a6 Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  36. ^ Mukofu C, Mwakacheya B, Chikambwe E, Maseko E, Mushota P, Chishimba C, Chivumo M, Sikazwe O, Manza L, Hailu D, Franks DM, Pakoun L, Ngonze C, RCS Global. (2019). Baseline Assessment of Development Minerals Zambia. ACP-EU Development Minerals Programme. United Nations Development Program. 196p. Online resource: https://developmentminerals.org/document/baseline-assessment-of-development-minerals-2/ Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  37. ^ Why we need minerals to save our world. TEDx UQ. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ETsTjIuKGA
  38. ^ Delve Exchange. Online resource: https://www.delvedatabase.org/delve-exchange-en Retrieved: 11 July, 2025.
  39. ^ Global Good Awards Educational Excellence. 2023. Online resource: https://globalgoodawards.co.uk/education-2023-winners/ Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  40. ^ International Council for Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (IC-ASM). Online resource: https://ic-asm.org Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  41. ^ McFarland and Hopkins (2000). The Stuart Oil Shale Project. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Brisbane, Australia, October 2000. Paper Number: SPE-64455-MS. Online resource: https://doi.org/10.2118/64455-MS Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  42. ^ Franks, DM. (1999). The potential for groundwater and marine water pollution by inorganic trace elements and organic compounds. Public Submission to the Stuart Oil Shale Project Stage Two Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Brisbane. 33p.
  43. ^ Walton, G, Franks DM and Ruchel, M, (2002). Comments on the Stuart Oil Shale Stage Two Environmental Impact Statement Supplementary Report. Australian Conservation Foundation, Greenpeace Australia Pacific, the Wilderness Society, the Mineral Policy Institute, WWF, February. 45pp.
  44. ^ ‘Greenpeace vs. the Future of Australian Oilshale.’ Sydney Mining Club. Online resource: https://smedg.org.au/miningc/indexmay02.htm Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  45. ^ Barclay, M, Franks, DM and Pattenden, C, 2009. Risk Communication: A Framework for Technology Development and Implementation in the Mining and Minerals Processing Industries. Prepared for the Parker Cooperative Research Centre for Integrated Hydrometallurgy Solutions. Online resource: https://www.csrm.uq.edu.au/publications/risk-communication-a-framework-for-technology-development-and-implementation-in-the-mining-and-minerals-processing-industries Retrieved: 11 July, 2025.
  46. ^ Franks, Daniel M.; Boger, David V.; Côte, Claire M.; Mulligan, David R. (June 2011). "Sustainable development principles for the disposal of mining and mineral processing wastes". Resources Policy. 36 (2): 114–122. Bibcode:2011RePol..36..114F. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2010.12.001.[non-primary source needed]
  47. ^ Victims of Brazil’s worst environmental disaster to pursue claim in UK despite $31bn settlement. Online resource: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/oct/25/victims-of-brazils-worst-environmental-disaster-to-pursue-claim-in-uk-despite-settlement Retrieved: 11 July 2025
  48. ^ "Home". Global Tailings Review. Retrieved 2025-07-12.
  49. ^ Franks, D.M., Stringer, Martin, Baker, Elaine, Valenta, Rick, Torres-Cruz, Luis A., Thygesen, Kristina, Matthews, Adam, Howchin, John, and Barrie, Stephen. (2020). Lessons from tailings facility data disclosures. Towards Zero Harm: A Compendium of Papers Prepared for the Global Tailings Review. Edited by Bruno Oberle, David Brereton, and Antonia Mihaylova. London, United Kingdom: Global Tailings Review. p. 84-108. Online resource: https://globaltailingsreview.org/compendium/ Retrieved: 11 July, 2025.
  50. ^ ICMM, UNEP, PRI (2020). Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management. August. Online resource: https://globaltailingsreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/global-industry-standard_EN.pdf Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  51. ^ Mining Magazine (2023). Is ore-sand the solution to the mining industry’s waste problem. May 30. Online resource: https://miningmagazine.com.au/is-ore-sand-the-solution-circular-economy-to-the-mining-industrys-waste-problem/ Retrieved: 11 July.
  52. ^ Vale innovates by producing sustainable sand for the market, reducing the volume of tailings disposed in dams, 29 November, 2021. Online resource: https://vale.com/w/vale-innovates-by-producing-sustainable-sand-for-the-market-reducing-the-volume-of-tailings-disposed-in-dams Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  53. ^ Australia’s Economic Accelerator (2024). Building blocks: how Ore-sand might be used as an alternative construction material, 1 October. Online resource: https://www.aea.gov.au/news/building-blocks-how-ore-sand-might-be-used-alternative-construction-material Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  54. ^ UQ sand mining startup named among top global innovators by World Economic Forum. Online resource: https://rtcm-trailblazer.au/uq-sand-mining-startup-named-among-top-global-innovators-by-world-economic-forum/ Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  55. ^ Interview of Daniel Franks. Global Centre for Mineral Security. Online resource: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_su837Prmdw Retrieved: 11 July 2025.
  56. ^ "Global Centre for Mineral Security". smi.uq.edu.au. 2021-08-26. Retrieved 2025-07-12.
  57. ^ Fiji National University, Certificate in Geology, Mining and Quarrying. Online resource: https://www.fnu.ac.fj/study/program/?program=138 Retrieved: 11 July, 2025.
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