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This article is about the species from Doctor Who. For other uses, see Time Lord (disambiguation).

Time Lords
Doctor Who race
Time Lord costumes displayed at the Doctor Who Experience in 2013. From left to right: Regalia from The Deadly Assassin (1977), the Master’s outfit from the 1996 TV movie, and Rassilon’s garment from The End of Time (2010).
First appearanceThe War Games (1969)
In-universe information
Home worldGallifrey
TypeTime Lords

The Time Lords are a fictional ancient race of extraterrestrial people in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. They are a species who hails from the planet Gallifrey, having developed the power of time travel and maintaining an oath to not interfere with the universe outside of their planet. One of their number, the Doctor, fled Gallifrey, stealing one of their time machines known as a TARDIS. The Time Lords would serve as recurring characters in the series, with many individual Time Lords, such as antagonists the Master, the Rani, and Omega and the Doctor's companions Susan Foreman and Romana recurring throughout the series. Following the show's cancellation in 1989 and its later revival in 2005, the Time Lords had been wiped out in-universe, killed by the Doctor during the events of a war against a species known as the Daleks. Though the Doctor is later able to go back and save the Time Lords in the 2013 episode "The Day of the Doctor", they are killed again by the Master during the events of the 2020 episode "Spyfall".

The Time Lords initially did not exist in the series' narrative, with the Doctor initially being referred to as having unknown origins. When creating 1969 serial The War Games, the production team needed a way to resolve the narrative in a satisfying manner, with the team wanting to go back to the start of the series and have him meet his own people. The Time Lords are believed to have been conceived by producer Derrick Sherwin, who initially had assumed they were a pre-existing element in the series. Sherwin planned out the Time Lords with co-writer Terrance Dicks, laying the groundwork for the Time Lords' future appearances in the series. Though the Time Lords were initially portrayed as god-like figures, they were recontextualised significantly by the 1976 serial The Deadly Assassin, which depicted them having internal political struggles, with Time Lords being hypocritical and corrupt in their nature. The serial also established a distinct visual identity for the Time Lords, having them wear ceremonial robes and large collars. This depiction of the Time Lords would be maintained throughout the rest of the show's original run. The show's 2005 revival would end up killing the Time Lords due to showrunner Russell T Davies finding the Time Lords boring, while also wanting to establish them as mythological figures in the series. The following showrunner, Steven Moffat, would bring them back to establish a new character arc for the Doctor, allowing the character to move on from their guilt caused by their actions in destroying them.

The Time Lords have been treated with a mixed response, particularly for their depiction in episodes following The Deadly Assassin. The decision to kill the Time Lords was met with praise by critics, who noted how it helped to expand the Doctor's character as well as the Time Lords' role in the series' wider narrative. The Time Lords have been the subject of much scholarly analysis for a variety of subjects.

History

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Doctor Who is a long-running British science-fiction television series that began in 1963. It stars its protagonist, The Doctor, an alien who travels through time and space in a ship known as the TARDIS, as well as their travelling companions.[1] When the Doctor dies, they are able to undergo a process known as "regeneration", completely changing the Doctor's appearance and personality.[2] Throughout their travels, the Doctor often comes into conflict with various alien species and antagonists.[3][4]

The Fourth Doctor regenerates into the Fifth Doctor (from Logopolis, 1981).

The term "Time Lord" tends to refer to a male Time Lord, while "Time Lady" is used to refer to a female Time Lord; despite this, the term Time Lord has also often been used as an overarching term to refer to both sexes of Time Lord.[5] Time Lords and human beings look alike, but differ in that they have several physiological differences, including having two hearts.[6] Time Lords, upon death, have the ability to regenerate, during which they are healed from their mortal injuries, but have their physical appearances and minds changed in the process. Time Lords are capable of regenerating twelve times, making for a total of thirteen lives in one Time Lord's life.[6] Another process that exists is known as bi-generation, in which the Time Lord splits into two copies of the same person when regenerating.[7] Time Lords also have some level of psychic powers,[6] as well as the power of hypnosis and a "respiratory bypass system" which allows them to avoid being strangled.[8] Time Lords are also capable of altering their species using a device called a Chameleon Arch.[9] The Time Lords live on a planet known as Gallifrey, a yellow-orange planet. A large city called the Capitol resides on the planet, where a large number of Time Lords live.[10] Time Lord society is largely present within the Capitol, also called the Citadel, with the land outside of the cities being a wasteland. The Citadel contains a location known as the Academy, where young Gallifreyans are raised as Time Lords.[11] Gallifrey is protected by an impenetrable barrier, which prevents most forms of attack.[12] All Time Lords are part of the species known as Gallifreyans, but not every Gallifreyan is a Time Lord,[10] though many involved with the show have interchangeably referenced the Time Lords being either a race or a species.[13][14][15] Those who dropped out of Time Lord society live there, and are dubbed "outsiders",[11] while those who become Time Lords tend to be from "ruling houses", which are implied to be at the top Gallifreyan society.[5]

The Citadel of the Time Lords on Gallifrey (from "The Sound of Drums")[16]

According to 2020 episode "The Timeless Children", the Time Lords were originally members of the Shobogan race who were genetically altered with the genetic code of a being known as the Timeless Child, a being that later came to be known as the Doctor. Rassilon worked with another Time Lord named Omega to create the first time travel spaceship, harnessing the power of a star going supernova to fuel the device. Though it succeeded, Omega disappeared during the incident.[17] Rassilon harnessed the nucleus of the resulting black hole to provide the energy that powers time travel,[18] resulting in much of Omega's praise being given to Rassilon,[17] and Rassilon became a defining figure in Time Lord society. Rassilon took control of the Time Lords' home planet Gallifrey as its "Lord High President".[18] The Time Lords became an influential race in the universe, becoming important figures during a period known as "The Dark Times" and waging war with a species known as the Great Vampires. They also established a faction known as the Division to interfere with history when needed, though the Division split off to become separate from the Time Lords entirely. As the universe stabilised, the Time Lords decided to take a vow of non-interference, deciding not to interact with the universe and merely observe it.

Classic series

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Eventually, the First Doctor steals a TARDIS, one of the time-travel ships the Time Lords use, and flees Gallifrey with his granddaughter Susan Foreman. The Doctor, during his travels, encounters and thwarts many conflicts throughout history. Another Time Lord who fled Gallifrey, the Meddling Monk, is also encountered multiple times by the Doctor. Eventually, in the 1969 serial The War Games, during an incident in which a group known as the War Lords capture humans from throughout time and space, the Second Doctor is forced to contact the Time Lords to resolve the situation. The Time Lords put the Doctor on trial for his interference throughout time and space, but after showing them how he has thwarted evils during his travels, the Time Lords decide to force him to regenerate and exile him to Earth, where the Doctor has spent a significant amount of time during his travels.

The Third Doctor is used as an agent by the Time Lords during his exile in the 1971 serial Colony in Space and the 1972 serials The Mutants and The Curse of Peladon, in which he is sent off-world to resolve conflicts on the Time Lords' behalf. The Doctor also comes into conflict with another renegade Time Lord, the Master, who repeatedly has his schemes thwarted by the Doctor. The Time Lords eventually contact the first three incarnations of the Doctor during 1973 serial The Three Doctors in order to defeat Omega, who has returned to the universe and is attempting to get revenge on the Time Lords. After Omega is seemingly destroyed, the Time Lords revoke the Third Doctor's exile, allowing him to travel freely again. The Doctor encounters another Time Lord, K'anpo Rimpoche, during the events of 1974 serial Planet of the Spiders. He is later sent on a mission by the Time Lords during the events of the 1975 serial Genesis of the Daleks, where they request the Doctor to destroy the Daleks. A Time Lord war criminal named Morbius appears in the 1976 serial The Brain of Morbius, being reconstructed out of spare body parts by a mad scientist named Solon.

The Fourth Doctor eventually returned to Gallifrey during the events of the 1976 serial The Deadly Assassin, during which he thwarts a plan by the Master to destroy Gallifrey to gain more regenerations. The Doctor again returns to Gallifrey during the 1978 serial The Invasion of Time, where the Doctor stops a dual Vardan and Sontaran invasion of Gallifrey, and later travels with a Time Lady named Romana, who was sent by the Time Lords to help him in his quest to assemble the Key to Time. Another Time Lord named Drax appears in the 1979 serial The Armageddon Factor. The Time Lords as a group again appear in the 1983 serial Arc of Infinity, during which the Fifth Doctor helps stop another attempt by Omega to return to reality. The 1983 anniversary special "The Five Doctors" sees the Lord President of Gallifrey, Borusa, capture several incarnations of the Doctor, as well as many of their companions and old enemies, from throughout time and space, using them to break into Rassilon's tomb. The Time Lords send the Master to help the Doctor in thwarting the scheme, but the Master betrays them, only to be knocked unconscious. Borusa is turned to stone by a disembodied apparition of Rassilon, who also returns everyone captured by Borusa back to their home times.

The Sixth Doctor encounters a Time Lady who has left the planet, named the Rani, who acts as a recurring enemy, and later encounters a Time Lord named Azmael during the events of the 1984 serial The Twin Dilemma. The Time Lords eventually again capture the Doctor and put him on trial in The Trial of a Time Lord. The Sixth Doctor debates against the prosecutor known as the Valeyard, who is revealed to be a dark incarnation of the Doctor from his future. The Valeyard has manipulated the trial to try and get the Doctor's remaining regenerations, and escapes into Time Lord information repository the Matrix in an attempt to escape. The Doctor stops both him and the Master, and is released by the Time Lords as thanks for his help in stopping them.

Revived series

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Sometime between the show's cancellation and its later 2005 revival, the Time Lords were revealed to have fought the Daleks in the "Last Great Time War", a massive interstellar war fought across time and space. The War Doctor eventually ended the conflict using a device called the Moment, which seemingly killed both sides in a mass-genocide, ending the war and leaving the Doctor as the seeming sole survivor. Though the Master was revealed to have escaped the war, the Time Lords themselves did not physically re-appear in "The End of Time" (2009-2010), in which Rassilon attempts to stage a plot to escape the war during its final days, destroying time and space to make the Time Lords become the final living race in the universe; the Tenth Doctor stops Rassilon.

Eventually, during the 2013 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor", the War Doctor meets his future incarnations, the Tenth and Eleventh Doctors, and the three are able to work together to save the Time Lords from the last day of the war. The Time Lords attempt to return the universe during the events of the 2013 episode "The Time of the Doctor", needing the Doctor to speak his name into a crack in time to know if it's safe to return. The entire universe unites to attempt to stop him from doing so, ending with the Time Lords giving the Doctor more regeneration energy to save his life and allow him to defeat the Daleks. The Time Lords subsequently return to the universe, with the Twelfth Doctor seeking their location. He eventually makes it back to Gallifrey in "Hell Bent" (2015), during which the Doctor exiles Rassilon and uses Time Lord technology to pluck his companion Clara Oswald from moments before her death to save her life.

Gallifrey is eventually destroyed again by the Master in the 2020 episode "Spyfall", with the Master exterminating all Time Lords in the universe off-screen with a genetic explosion. The Master later converts the Time Lords into mechanical cyborgs known as Cybermen in the 2020 episode "The Timeless Children". These Cybermen are dubbed "CyberMasters", and have the ability to regenerate. The Thirteenth Doctor is able to rig a death particle to destroy all organic life on the planet, destroying most of the CyberMasters, though some escape with the Master. The remaining CyberMasters are seemingly killed during the events of the 2022 special "The Power of the Doctor".

The Doctor later encounters the Division during the events of "Fugitive of the Judoon" (2020) in which she and her Fugitive incarnation, who was a former Division operative, defeat a Time Lord operative named Gat. The Thirteenth Doctor later encounters Tecteun, who adopted the Timeless Child and pioneered regeneration in Time Lords, during the events of Doctor Who: Flux. Tecteun attempts to orchestrate a wave of anti-matter known as the Flux to destroy the entire universe, but is killed by Swarm and Azure, enemies of the Division, with the Doctor later defeating them and stopping the Flux wave.

The Rani is later revealed to have survived the genetic explosion, and during the events of 2025 episodes "Wish World" and "The Reality War" attempts to summon Omega so she can revive the Time Lords using DNA from his body. The Rani, who has bi-generated, is eaten by a monstrous Omega, with her other self escaping and Omega being blasted back into his home dimension by the Fifteenth Doctor.

In spin-off media

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Time Lords have appeared in various pieces of spin-off media for the series, including novels, comic strips, and audio dramas.

Creation and development

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Classic series

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Early on in the series, the Doctor was identified as a human being;[19] however, his home planet, which from the start of the series is explicitly established as not being Earth,[20] was not named. Regeneration, out of universe, was introduced to replace First Doctor actor William Hartnell, who was falling into poor health.[21] The Doctor's process of regeneration was also not initially specified, with the process being described as "renewal" and its origins unclear,[22] not being clearly elaborated until the 1970s.[21] Details of the Doctor's home were never specified, even when encountering another character implied to be of the same species, the Meddling Monk.[23]

The Time Lords were created for the 1969 serial The War Games, with the initial idea being brought up by producer Derrick Sherwin, who suggested the Doctor meet his own people. The idea of the Doctor belonging to another species was only vaguely brought up in the series' early days, with Sherwin stating that the inclusion of the Time Lords in this episode would either serve as a good end point if the series was cancelled, or allow the series to progress into a new format if it kept going.[24] Elaborating on this genesis in a 2014 interview in Doctor Who Magazine, Sherwin said of The War Games, "It was a case of what shall we do, how can we end this? Let's go back to the beginning and say [the Doctor] was a Time Lord, a renegade Time Lord, a pain in the arse for the other Time Lords who stole his TARDIS and buggered off around the universe. So if he's going to be called to book let's bring in the Time Lords."[25] In The War Games DVD commentary, Sherwin mentioned that he recalled hearing about the Time Lords at the beginning of the series, but as no one else remembered this, it "might have come out of [his] dreams".[26] In a 2016 interview with The Essential Doctor Who magazine, Dicks mentioned how when Sherwin and he were discussing The War Games one day, Sherwin said, "He belongs to this mysterious race called the Time Lords, doesn't he?" with "everything" ultimately coming from that discussion.[27] In an audio commentary recorded for the 2009 DVD release of The War Games, the serial's co-writer Terrance Dicks stated he believed Sherwin had created the Time Lords, though Sherwin did not remember himself.[28] A recurring Time Lord enemy, the Master, would be introduced to the series in 1971's Terror of the Autons, serving as a foil and recurring enemy to the Doctor, characterised as the Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes.[29] Dicks, as well as producer Barry Letts, disliked the Doctor's exile to Earth at the hands of the Time Lords, and so used them as a plot device to get the Doctor in adventures off the planet.[8]

A Time Lord costume, as seen on display at the Doctor Who Experience.

Previously, for Terror of the Autons, a Time Lord appeared disguised as a regular city inhabitant to warn the Doctor of the Master's arrival. Toby Hadoke, a person affiliated with the series, has stated that this was an early example of writer Robert Holmes deciding he was disinterested in the god-like concept of the Time Lords.[8] Holmes would later write the 1976 serial The Deadly Assassin, which greatly recontextualised the Time Lords. Whereas before they were characterised as "austere, god-like beings", the Time Lords now had internal political struggles, with the Time Lords only becoming powerful due to scientific achievement and not a "mystical" power or ability. Holmes wanted to make the Time Lords more "human" in how they acted, being unsatisfied with god-like characters. Holmes wished to "correct the picture", retconning much of the Time Lords' history to be hypocritical and corrupt, with the Time Lords' previous use of the Doctor being as a pawn to interfere with galactic affairs despite their oath of non-intervention.[30] Holmes similarly introduced many concepts relating to the Time Lords in this serial. He introduced Rassilon, who usurped the character Omega as being a mystic, founding figure in Time Lord society, as well as the introduction of the Matrix as an information repository. Holmes laid out that regeneration could only be performed twelve times, and also named the Time Lords' home planet, Gallifrey, which had been name-dropped previously in Holmes' 1973-1974 serial The Time Warrior.[30] Gallifrey was originally known as "Galfrey", with an extra syllable added during production.[11]

The Time Lords' costumes, which had large collars around the neck as well as ceremonial robes,[8] were similarly designed for this serial, with designer James Acheson designing the collars on the Time Lord costumes.[30] In The War Games, the Time Lords had instead worn simple black and white robes.[8] These new costumes from The Deadly Assassin would be retained and re-used in the Time Lords' subsequent appearances in the series, with many aspects of the design, notably the collar, being adapted into other Time Lord imagery throughout the series.[31] A symbol that had featured in the 1975 serial Revenge of the Cybermen was re-used and became a symbol associated visually with the Time Lords as the "Seal of Rassilon."[30]

The return to Gallifrey in 1978 serial The Invasion of Time was done due to producer Graham Williams wanting to see more of the environment established in The Deadly Assassin. This was also done due to the team being able to cheaply re-use costumes and set pieces from the serial. The Invasion of Time saw the return of Borusa, who was previously in a smaller role in The Deadly Assassin but was now promoted. The serial also sought to explore the idea that not all Gallifreyans were Time Lords, and wanted to take a deeper look at those who did not become Time Lords.[32] The Time Lords' heavy usage in the show during the 70s resulted in the creation of the Guardians to fulfill a role as god-like beings in sixteenth season of the show. The only Time Lords to feature over the next season were the Doctor's new companion Romana, a Time Lady designed as a "perfect foil" to the Doctor's character due to her acting more like traditional Time Lords, and another Time Lord named Drax who appeared in the 1979 serial The Armageddon Factor as a supporting character.[32]

The subsequent return to Gallifrey in 1983's Arc of Infinity was done to celebrate the show's twentieth anniversary, with the serial bringing back many past Time Lord characters such as Borusa and Omega.[33] Subsequently, the show's twentieth anniversary special, "The Five Doctors", saw a further re-appearance by the Time Lords, with Dicks incorporating Borusa into the role of main antagonist to subvert audience expectations that the Master was behind the plan, while also incorporating Rassilon into the narrative. Several Time Lord characters were also re-used from Arc of Infinity.[34]

The Time Lords subsequent role in 1986's The Trial of a Time Lord was done symbolically; Doctor Who was not doing well at the time, and the show was struggling to continue. The trial was representative of how the show was "on trial for its life", while also harkening back to The War Games in how the Doctor is tried for interfering with the affairs of the universe. Several new Time Lord characters were introduced, such as the Valeyard, a villainous incarnation of the Doctor, and the Inquisitor, who presides over the trial.[35]

Revived series

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A scene from "The Day of the Doctor" depicting Time Lords in a war room, on display at the Doctor Who Experience.

When the show was revived following its cancellation in 1989, showrunner Russell T Davies decided to kill the Time Lords in a large conflict known as the Time War, which removed both them and the Daleks as established forces in the universe. Davies found the Time Lords boring, and even with rewrites to make them more human, he felt that their execution would have de-valued the narrative impact of the Time War. Davies also wished to make the Time Lords more mythological figures, wanting to distance them from being "figures of continuity".[11] Davies envisioned the War as being a conflict so horrible that the dead were brought back to life constantly, allowing him to bring back figures like Rassilon who were previously thought dead.[36] The Doctor would experience survivor guilt as a result of surviving the war, and the war would greatly affect the series' universe going forward.[37] For the Time Lords' eventual return in "The End of Time" (2009-2010), Davies decided to characterise them as being corrupt figures who had evolved into monsters during the course of the war, justifying why the Doctor would have to stop their return and why he had to end the war by destroying both sides.[36]

The return of the Time Lords in "The Day of the Doctor" (2013) was done by then-showrunner Steven Moffat, who wanted to write a special episode for the show's fiftieth anniversary that was narratively important to the Doctor's character. Wanting it to focus on a pivotal day in the Doctor's life, Moffat chose to write about the Time War, Gallifrey, and the Time Lords, and their impact on the Doctor's character, with the Doctor's saving of the Time Lords allowing the character to move on from their guilt from the war. This would eventually result in a plot thread in which the Doctor began to seek out Gallifrey following the events of this episode.[38] Moffat eventually had the Doctor return to Gallifrey in "Hell Bent" (2015), a story which showed the Doctor at their lowest point. The story would depict not only the return of Rassilon and a character called the General, who had previously appeared in "The Day of the Doctor", but also saw an expansion on elements of the Time Lord lore, such was with the introduction of a location known as the Cloisters, a place below the Capitol that was considered dangerous by other Time Lords.[39]

Reception and analysis

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Reception

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The initial decision to not make the Time Lords god-like beings in The Deadly Assassin was controversial among fans of the series at the time, as they did not like the changes made to the Time Lords' god-like nature. The serial would retroactively be considered one of the show's best, however.[8] The book Who Is The Doctor 2: The Unofficial Guide to Doctor Who — The Modern Series stated that despite the Time Lords' mythic status within the show, the consistent returns to the planet featured mundane presentation, which the book stated provided Time Lord stories with "diminishing returns".[11]

Writing for Radio Times, Olivia Garrett highlighted the decision to kill the Time Lords for the series' revival, as it allowed for the Doctor to be expanded as a character.[40] Adi Tantimedh, writing for Bleeding Cool, similarly stated that the Time Lords' demise allowed for the Doctor to develop into a "mythic" figure on their own, while also allowing for new viewers to jump onto the show without needing to be familiar the Time Lords' lore.[41] Who Is The Doctor 2: The Unofficial Guide to Doctor Who — The Modern Series stated that the decision allowed the Time Lords to never disappoint when they returned due to their lack of heavy involvement, while their disappearance allowed for the Doctor to gain additional emotional sympathy from the audience.[11] Steven Cooper, writing for Slant Magazine, praised the decision to retcon the Doctor's decision to destroy the Time Lords be to also save the universe from them, as it provided greater narrative weight to the Doctor's actions.[42] Lewis Knight, writing for Radio Times, believed the Time Lords should be brought back permanently, as the Time Lords' continued presence in the universe allowed for a greater exploration of the dynamic between them and the Doctor, as well as of Time Lord culture as a whole.[43]

Analysis

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The book Once Upon a Time Lord: The Myths and Stories of Doctor Who discussed how the depiction of the Time Lords in Doctor Who media emphasised how Romantic ideas of traditional society could be warped and distorted, as despite the Time Lords maintaining a vow of non-intervention, they are shown to be a cruel and despotic race not dissimilar from the Daleks in their actions.[44] The book states that the Time Lords have a close association between the academy and their teachings of non-interference; these allusions are shown to illustrate how the Time Lords view themselves as being intellectually superior to other races, and how they look down on those below them.[45] The paper Doctor Who and Race: Reflections on the Change of Britain’s Status in the International System stated that the destruction of the Time Lords allowed for the Doctor to be symbolic of how class warfare evolved over time, as the Doctor no longer represented an "upper-class Englishman" during the show's revival, while the rest of the Time Lords they opposed were shown to be destructive and power hungry individuals. Similarly, the Fifth Doctor's clashes with Gallifreyan society in the Classic series were considered symbolic of class struggles at the time of those episodes' airings.[46]

The book Design for Doctor Who: Vision and Revision in Science Fiction Television analysed the usage of the Time Lords' ceremonial robes and collars in their iconography; it stated that while the costumes had proven to be cumbersome and not be taken as seriously by modern day audiences, they still continued to be retained due to their importance in the visual identity of the Time Lords, which the book stated helped unify the classic and revived series through this shared element.[31] The paper "Gallifrey Falls No More: Doctor Who's Ontology of Time" analysed the Time Lords' role in maintaining time in the Doctor Who universe, as well as their relation to eternalism. Comparing their role as "gods" of time in the series to how eternalism treats all of time equally, the paper stated that the ability for the universe to be changed without the Time Lords' presence showed how all points in time were already set in stone, and thus the show's depiction of time fell within an eternalist perspective.[47] A paper by the Scientific American analysed how the Time Lords' two hearts could work in real life.[48]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nicol, Danny (1 May 2020). "Doctor Who, Family and National Identity". Entertainment & Sports Law Journal. 18 (4): 1–11 – via EBSCO.
  2. ^ Grady, Constance (13 December 2023). "Doctor Who's big twist betrayed the show's oldest rule". Vox. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
  3. ^ Cardin, Matt (17 November 2014). Mummies around the World: An Encyclopedia of Mummies in History, Religion, and Popular Culture. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 979-8-216-12019-3.
  4. ^ Wells, Bobby (24 January 2022). "Doctor Who Villains, Ranked". Space. Archived from the original on 17 June 2025. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
  5. ^ a b Lachenal, Jessica (27 July 2017). "What's in a Name? — Time Lord vs. Time Lady". The Mary Sue. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  6. ^ a b c Donaghy 2014, p. 12.
  7. ^ Blair, Andrew (11 December 2023). "Doctor Who: Has Bigeneration Dealt Ncuti Gatwa a Bad Hand?". Den of Geek. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Fordy, Tom (2 March 2020). "Who are the Time Lords? Everything you need to know about the Doctor's fellow Gallifreyans". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  9. ^ Blumberg, Arnold T. (28 January 2020). "Doctor Who: Jo Martin's Character and That Surprise Cameo Explained". IGN. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
  10. ^ a b Cremona, Patrick (1 March 2020). "Doctor Who: A brief history of Gallifrey on screen". Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Burk, Graeme; Smith?, Robert (17 March 2020). Who Is The Doctor 2: The Unofficial Guide to Doctor Who — The Modern Series. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-77305-470-4.
  12. ^ Richards, Justin (October 2014). "Gallifrey". The Essential Doctor Who (3: Alien Worlds). Panini UK Ltd: 31.
  13. ^ Hulke, Malcolm; Dicks, Terrance (1972). The Making of Doctor Who. Piccolo Books. p. 19. ISBN 0-330-23203-7.
  14. ^ Dicks, Terrance; Wright, Mark (March 2016). "Creation Theories". The Essential Doctor Who. No. 7: The Time Lords. Tunbridge Wells: Panini UK Ltd. p. 24. ISBN 9781846532207.
  15. ^ Davies, Russell T (25 May 2005). "The Evasion of Time". Doctor Who Magazine. No. 356. Tunbridge Wells: Panini Publishing Ltd. p. 66.
  16. ^ Davies, Russell T (writer); Teague, Colin (director) (23 June 2007). "The Sound of Drums". Doctor Who. Series 3. Episode 12. BBC. BBC One.
  17. ^ a b "Time Lord Origins". Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide. BBC. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  18. ^ a b Parkin, Lance & Pearson, Lars (2012). A History: An Unauthorised History of the Doctor Who Universe (3rd Edition), p. 697. Mad Norwegian Press, Des Moines. ISBN 978-193523411-1.
  19. ^ Watcher, The (April 2015). "Loving the Alien". Doctor Who Magazine. No. 484. Tunbridge Wells: Panini UK Ltd. p. 22. [B]ut we can't ignore the fact that, for the remainder of the 1960s, there are plenty of hints that the Doctor is a human being. On more than one occasion, the First Doctor says as much himself. Here he is in the second episode of The Sensorites: 'It's a fallacy, of course, that cats can see in the dark. They can't. But they can see better than we humans...' In Episode 2 of The Savages, he tells Edal that the savages are 'human beings, like you and me'.
  20. ^ Watcher, The (April 2015). "Loving the Alien". Doctor Who Magazine. No. 484. Tunbridge Wells: Panini UK Ltd. p. 22. First of all, let's put from our minds the obvious fact that the Doctor comes from another world – that particular cat exits the bag before the end of Doctor Who's first episode. ... To start at the beginning, let's consider that all-important line in An Unearthly Child: 'Susan and I are cut off from our own planet.'
  21. ^ a b "DOCTOR WHO's Regenerations Have Never Been Normal". Nerdist. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
  22. ^ "BBC – Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – The Power of the Daleks – Details". Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  23. ^ Belam, Martin (28 October 2016). "The day Doctor Who changed face – and transformed TV for ever". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
  24. ^ Ainsworth, John (7 February 2018). Doctor Who: The Complete History: The Seeds of Death – The Space Pirates – The War Games. Hachette Partworks, Panini Publishing. ISSN 2057-6048.
  25. ^ Sherwin, Derrick; Adams, Matt (December 2014). "Down to Earth". Doctor Who Magazine. No. 479. Tunbridge Wells: Panini UK Ltd. p. 58.
  26. ^ Sherwin, Derrick; Dicks, Terrance; Madoc, Philip; Weston, Graham (2009). The War Games Episode Nine commentary (DVD). BBC Worldwide. BBCDVD1800.
  27. ^ Dicks, Terrance; Wright, Mark (March 2016). "Creation Theories". The Essential Doctor Who. No. 7: The Time Lords. Tunbridge Wells: Panini UK Ltd. p. 24.
  28. ^ Sherwin, Derrick; Padbury, Wendy; Hines, Frazer; Sherwin, Jane (2009). The War Games Episode Three commentary (DVD). BBC Worldwide. BBCDVD1800.
  29. ^ Ainsworth, John (31 October 2018). Doctor Who: The Complete History: Inferno - Terror of the Autons - The Mind of Evil - The Claws of Axos. Hachette Partworks, Panini Publishing.
  30. ^ a b c d Ainsworth, John (9 March 2016). Doctor Who: The Complete History: The Deadly Assassin - The Face of Evil - The Robots of Death - The Talons of Weng-Chiang. Hachette Partworks, Panini Publishing. ISSN 2057-6048.
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Bibliography

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