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Butyrka prison

Coordinates: 55°47′04″N 37°35′38″E / 55.78444°N 37.59389°E / 55.78444; 37.59389
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"Butyrka" redirects here. For other uses, see Butyrsky.

Butyrka prison
The prison in 2010
Map
LocationSokolniki District, Moscow, Russia
Coordinates55°47′04″N 37°35′38″E / 55.78444°N 37.59389°E / 55.78444; 37.59389
Opened1771
Managed byFederal Penitentiary Service
Butyrskaya prison (historical model)
Butyrskaya prison, 1890s

Butyrskaya prison (Russian: Бутырская тюрьма, romanized: Butýrskaya tyurmá), colloquially known simply as Butyrka (Russian: Бутырка, IPA: [bʊˈtɨrkə]), is a prison in the Tverskoy District of central Moscow, Russia. In Imperial Russia it served as the central transit prison. Now it is a pretrial detention facility (remand prison).

During the Soviet Union era (1917–1991) it held many political prisoners. As of 2022 Butyrka remains the largest of Moscow's remand prisons. Overcrowding is an ongoing problem.

History

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The current building was erected in 1879 near the Butyrsk gate (Бутырская застава, or Butyrskaya zastava) on the site of a fortress-like prison which had been built by the architect Matvei Kazakov during the reign of Catherine the Great.[1] The towers of the old prison howsed, in particular, hundreds of participants of the 1863 January Uprising in Poland. Members of Narodnaya Volya were also prisoners of the Butyrka in 1883, as were the participants in the Morozov Strike of 1885. The Butyrka prison was known for its brutal regime. The prison administration resorted to violence anytime the inmates tried to protest.

Its famous inmates include the influential revolutionary poet Vladimir Mayakovsky, the Russian revolutionary Nikolay Bauman, and the founder of the KGB Felix Dzerzhinsky. During the February Revolution, the workers of Moscow freed all the political prisoners from the Butyrka.

Following the October Revolution, Butyrka remained a place of internment for political prisoners. During the Great Purge, about twenty thousand inmates at a time were imprisoned in Butyrka. Thousands of political prisoners were shot after investigations. Prominient political prisoners in Butyrka during the rule of Stalin included the writers Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Yevgenia Ginzburg.

Living conditions

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Varlam Shalamov notes in one of his tales, that the Butyrka is extremely hot in summer; Eduard Limonov, in his drama Death in the Police Van, emphatically agrees. He says that, with the collapse of the Soviet regime, overcrowding has become a real issue; there are more than one hundred inmates in cells meant to contain ten people. In a 2019 interview the warden of the prison said "The limit of our detention facility is 1,847 inmates. In fact, now when we are talking there are 2,292 people here."[2] Most of these people are politically unreliable subjects from the Caucasus. Since epidemics are a problem, the wardens try to fill cells entirely with people with AIDS, or with tuberculosis; however, this does little to curb the problem, since many inmates are drug users, and there is at most one needle per cell. Moreover, inmates are brought to the tribunal in overcrowded police vans, so that healthy inmates are exposed to tuberculosis.

Notable inmates

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References

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  1. ^ Amalʹrik, Andreĭ (1970). Нежеланное путешествие в Сибирь (in Russian). Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-15-145503-4. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  2. ^ "Russian Limbo - Butyrka Prison". CEPA. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
  3. ^ "КАПЛАНОВ РАШИД ХАН" [Kaplanov Rashid Khan]. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  4. ^ Tatarsky, Carl Schreck Nikita (27 December 2018). "Tortured Past: On Russian Memorial, Victims And Perpetrators of Stalin's Purges Stand Side By Side". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  5. ^ "Nijolė Žemaitienė. Generolo Jono Žemaičio vaidmuo partizaniniame kare". genocid.lt.
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