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One Big Beautiful Bill Act

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One Big Beautiful Bill Act
Great Seal of the United States
Long titleTo provide for reconciliation pursuant to title II of H. Con. Res. 14.
Acronyms (colloquial)OBBBA, BBB, OBBB
Announced inthe 119th United States Congress
Legislative history

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA; OBBB), or the Big Beautiful Bill, is a proposed budget reconciliation bill in the 119th United States Congress. OBBBA passed the House of Representatives on May 22, 2025, in a largely party-line vote of 215–214–1.[1][2] An amended version passed the Senate on July 1, 2025, in another largely party-line 51–50 vote, with Vice President JD Vance casting the tie-breaking vote.

OBBBA would extend the major provisions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which are set to expire at the end of 2025. It would reduce non-military government spending and would add stricter eligibility requirements for Medicaid and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) resulting in a reduction in the overall amount spent on said programs. It would also allocate an additional $150 billion for defense spending; scale back many of the Inflation Reduction Act's clean-energy tax credits; extend the state and local tax (SALT) deduction cap, which is also scheduled to expire in 2025; and increase the SALT deduction cap from $10,000 to $40,000.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has estimated that the OBBBA would add $2.4 trillion to the national debt of the United States by 2034 and would cause 10.9 million Americans to lose health insurance coverage.[9][10][11][12][13][14] This number has been disputed by multiple Republican Party members, including House Speaker Mike Johnson and President Donald Trump. The CBO later raised the estimated increase in the budget deficit to $2.8 trillion.[15] Some experts have argued that the bill would create the largest upward transfer of wealth from the poor to the rich in American history.[16][17] According to a Pew Research poll, 49% of Americans oppose the bill, 29% are in favor of the bill, and 21% are unsure.[18]

Background

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Following the 2024 United States elections, in which the Republican Party retained the House of Representatives and won the Senate, Republicans began negotiations on passing then-president-elect Donald Trump's domestic policies. In a meeting with Senate Republicans in December 2024, Senate majority leader John Thune outlined an approach involving initial legislation on border security, energy production, and the military while reserving tax policy.[19] Trump, in contrast, advocated for a singular bill to resolve an impending lapse in tax cuts implemented in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in 2017, though the strategy faced risks from defecting members.[20]

In January 2025, Republicans met in Fort Lesley J. McNair; at the meeting, speaker of the House Mike Johnson stated that Trump sought "one big, beautiful bill" to enact his policies.[21] To more easily pass the bill, Republicans chose to use the reconciliation process, which allows them to avoid the 60-vote Senate filibuster (since they hold 53 seats out of 100 in the Senate). It requires the House and the Senate to pass identical instructions before passing the actual reconciliation bill.[22]

Provisions

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The Senate-passed bill includes hundreds of provisions, adding an estimated $3 trillion to the national debt.[23]

The Senate-passed bill is projected to cut approximately $4.46 trillion in tax revenue over a 10-year period.[24][25]

  • Permanently extends the individual tax rates Trump signed into law in 2017, which are set to expire at the end of the year, at a cost of $4 trillion.
  • Increases the cap on the state and local tax deduction to $40,000 for taxpayers making less than $500,000, with the cap reverting back to $10,000 after 5 years, at an estimated cost of $142 billion. Republican Representatives Elise Stefanik, Mike Lawler, Nick LaLota, and Andrew Garbarino of New York, Representative Young Kim of California, and Representative Tom Kean Jr. of New Jersey cut this deal with House Speaker Mike Johnson in exchange for their votes.
  • Creates a new tax deduction for tips and overtime pay for workers making less than $150,000. The Senate bill caps this deduction to $25,000, while the House bill is uncapped. This provision would expire in 2028.[26]
  • Allows car buyers to deduct up to $10,000 per year in auto loan interest for cars assembled in the United States and purchased between 2025 and 2028. The deduction would phase out for individuals making over $100,000 or couples making over $200,000.[27]
  • Offers a tax deduction of up to $6,000, up from $4,000 in the House bill, for seniors with individual incomes up to $75,000 or married earnings of up to $150,000, which expires in 2028. According to the Council of Economic Advisors, this would result in 88% of seniors being able to claim enough deductions to clear their Social Security tax burden, up from 64% under current law.[28]
  • Increases the child tax credit. The Senate bill would increase the credit to $2,200 permanently, while the House bill would increase it to $2,500 until 2028 and $2,000 after.[29]
  • Establishes a 1% tax on remittances. The House bill called for a 3.5% tax, but would reimburse U.S. citizens. The Senate provision was estimated to raise up to $10 billion over 10 years.[30]
  • Establishes a new 2.5% tax credit for metallurgical coal.[31][a]
  • In order to gain the support for Alaskan Senators, the bill includes an increased tax deduction for whaling boat captains and a waiver process for an exemption for planned SNAP cuts for Alaska along with Hawaii.[33][34]
  • Increases taxes on investment income from college endowments, estimated to raise $761 million over 10 years. Colleges with more than 3,000 students and an endowment per student ratio of $500,000 would be taxed starting at 1.4%, with the tax rate increasing to 8% for the wealthiest colleges. The original House bill proposed a tax of up to 21% with no exemptions based on size. An exemption for religious colleges was removed for violating the Byrd rule.[35]
  • Includes the creation of Trump Accounts, which allow for parents to contribute $1,000 on the birth of a child and $5,000 per year, with the money growing tax-deferred similar to a 529 plan, but with uses for higher education, job training, and a down payment on a home.[36][b]
  • Phases out clean energy tax credits passed in Inflation Reduction Act. Wind and solar tax credits would be phased out for projects starting construction after June 2026 or placed in service after 2027.[c]. Electric vehicle tax credits would be phased out by September 2025, and EV charging tax credits would be phased out by June 2026.[39][40] Fees on methane emissions would be postponed for 10 years, while tax credits for biofuels would be extended an additional four years to 2031.[41]

The defense portion of the bill would allocate an additional $150 billion in defense spending. This includes $29 billion for shipbuilding, $25 billion for a proposed "Golden Dome" missile defense system, $25 billion for munitions, $16 billion for military innovation and artificial intelligence, including money for kamikaze drones, uncrewed aircraft systems, drone boats, and underwater drones,[42] $15 billion for nuclear deterrence, $12 billion for improving military operations in the Indo-Pacific region, and $25 billion in various infrastructure and housing improvements.[43]

The bill includes $170 billion for spending on border security, creating the capacity to deport up to one million people each year.[44]

  • $46.5 billion to build a wall on the United States-Mexico border.[45]
  • $45 billion over four years in order to add 100,000 new migrant detention beds. This would be a 365% increase in ICE's budget for detentions.[46][47]
  • $29.9 billion to Immigration and Customs Enforcement for hiring new agents and covering transportation and deportation costs, with the aim of hiring 10,000 new officers.[48]
  • $17.3 billion to support state and local law enforcement with border enforcement.[48]
  • $10 billion to reimburse the Department of Homeland Security for costs related to border security.[49]
  • $7.8 billion for hiring Border Patrol agents and vehicles, with the aim of hiring 3,000 new agents.[48]
  • $6.2 billion for border technology.[48]
  • $3.3 billion for hiring immigration judges and staff.[50]

The bill would establish a $100 annual fee to apply for asylum, down from $1,000 in the House bill, a $550 fee to apply for employment authorization for asylum seekers and migrants on humanitarian parole or temporary protected status, and a $500 fee to apply for temporary protected status.[50] It would also increase fees for nonimmigrant visas to $250.[41]

The bill would cut over $1.2 trillion in federal spending, primarily from Medicaid.[41]

  • Adds work requirements for Medicaid recipients for the first time, with individuals ages 19 to 64 required to work at least 80 hours per month. Some exemptions would be offered for adults with dependent children ages 14 and under and those with medical conditions.[51]
  • Cuts to the Medicaid provider tax, which helps states fund their Medicaid costs, from 6% to 3.5% by 2031.[41]
  • Require states to check eligibility of people on Medicaid expansion every six months instead of annually.[41]
  • Prevent expansion states from using state-directed payments to pay Medicaid providers higher prices than Medicare would pay.[41]
  • Requires minimum staffing ratios for nursing homes.[41]
  • Requires a five-year waiting period for green card holders before applying to Medicaid, and reduce retroactive Medicaid payments from three months to one month.[41]
  • Limits premium tax credits for immigrants.[41]
  • Reduces Medicaid payments to states with errors and other improper payments.[41]
  • Prohibits Medicaid from being used for funding Planned Parenthood and hypothetical similar organizations for one year.[41][52]
  • Requires SNAP beneficiaries ages 18-64 to work at least 80 hours per month, compared to 18-54 under current law.[53]
  • Requires states with an error rate above 6% to contribute to up to 15% of benefit costs. Alaska and Hawaii would receive special exemptions after lobbying from Senators Lisa Murkowski and Dan Sullivan.[53]
  • Repeals the National Education and Obesity Prevention Grant Program.[41]
  • Increases the share of state costs to administer the SNAP program from 50% to 75%.[54]
  • Restricts future updates to the Thrifty Food Plan used to calculate SNAP benefit levels.[54]
  • Pauses a rule issued under the Biden administration to cancel student loans if schools engaged in deceptive recruiting.[41]
  • Caps unsubsidized student loans for graduate students at $20,500 per year and $100,000 lifetime.[55]
  • Caps student loans for students seeking professional degrees, such as medical school or law school, at $50,000 per year and $200,000 lifetime, and eliminate grad PLUS loans.[55]
  • Adds a lifetime student loan borrowing limit of $257,000.[55]
  • Restructures income based repayment programs.[56]
  • Requires the Bureau of Land Management to hold quarterly onshore oil and gas lease sales.[41]
  • Rescinds various funding appropriated in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.[41]
  • Halves funding for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.[57]

The bill contains the following additional provisions:[41]

Provisions removed

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The following provisions were at one point included in the bill, but were removed.

Additionally, many provisions in the House bill were removed to comply with the Byrd rule in the Senate. These included:

Legislative history

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Budget framework negotiations

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Initially, on February 21, 2025, the Senate approved S. Con. Res. 7 by 52–48. This was intended to be the first of two reconciliation instruction bills. The resolution allows for a future reconciliation bill containing $175 billion for immigration and border enforcement and increases the military budget by $150 billion. The resolution would not extend the 2017 Trump tax cuts. Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky was the only Republican to oppose the resolution.[78] Initially, the Senate intended to allow the House to pass reconciliation instructions first. However, at the time of the bill's passage, the House faced opposition to its one-bill approach from fiscally conservative members.[79]

On February 25, 2025, the House of Representatives approved H. Con. Res 14 by a 217–215 vote. The resolution would allow Republicans to pass a budget containing tax cuts while reducing federal spending. The resolution would also allow Congress to raise the debt limit by $4 trillion. The resolution was briefly pulled due to opposition from fiscally conservative Republicans Thomas Massie of Kentucky, Tim Burchett of Tennessee, Warren Davidson of Ohio, and Victoria Spartz of Indiana. However, leadership convinced all but Massie to support the resolution, and the vote happened as scheduled.[80] Initially, some moderate Republicans also expressed opposition over the possibility that the resolution would necessitate cuts to Medicare and Medicaid. Massie was the only House Republican to vote against the resolution.[81]

In the early hours of April 5, 2025, the Senate approved an amended version of H. Con. Res 14 by a 51–48 vote. Unlike the House budget resolution, the Senate budget resolution calls for $4 billion in spending cuts; this amount is significantly lower than the $1.5 trillion in cuts called for by the House. The Senate resolution also calls for a $5 trillion raise in the debt limit ($1 trillion more than the House resolution). The House and the Senate resolutions would each extend Trump's 2017 tax cuts.[82] Republican Senators Susan Collins of Maine and Rand Paul of Kentucky joined all Democratic senators in opposing the resolution. After the vote, Reuters reported that non-partisan analysts believe that the resolution, if enacted as currently written, would add $5.7 trillion to the national debt of the United States over the next 10 years. Republicans argue that the extension of the 2017 tax cuts, which expire at the year's end, should not be counted as new debt, which means that only $1.5 trillion would be added to the national debt over the next 10 years.[83]

The House had to pass the Senate's amended resolution to continue the reconciliation process. House Republican leadership intended to vote on the resolution on April 9. However, the resolution was pulled due to opposition from 12 fiscally conservative Republicans.[84] The resolution passed the following morning in a 215–214 vote after the Senate pledged also to seek at least $1.5 trillion in cuts. Fiscally conservative Republicans Thomas Massie and Victoria Spartz were the only members of their party to vote against the resolution.[85]

First House passage

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Following markups by various House committees on their relevant portions of the bill, the House Budget Committee met on May 16, 2025, to combine the various markups into a single reconciliation bill. But some fiscally conservative Republicans opposed the bill over a desire for greater spending cuts, and the bill was rejected in a 21-16 vote, with Representatives Chip Roy of Texas, Ralph Norman of South Carolina, Andrew Clyde of Georgia, and Josh Brecheen of Oklahoma joining all Democratic committee members to vote against it. Republican Lloyd Smucker of Pennsylvania changed his vote from yes to no so that he would be allowed to bring a motion to reconsider the bill at a later time.[86] But on May 18, the Budget Committee voted to advance the bill in a 17–16 vote. Roy, Norman, Clyde, and Brecheen changed their votes to present after House Republican leadership agreed to make Medicaid work requirements—previously scheduled to begin in 2029—kick in sooner and decrease future subsidies for clean energy. Despite this, the four Republicans said they would not support the bill's final passage unless more changes were made.[87] Republicans did not secure these votes until May 21, when the bill was amended.[88][71]

On the morning of May 22, the United States House of Representatives passed OBBBA by a vote of 215–214–1, mostly along party lines.[89][90] Fiscally conservative Republicans Thomas Massie and Warren Davidson broke from their party to vote against the bill, while Freedom Caucus Chair Andy Harris of Maryland voted present. Republicans David Schweikert of Arizona and Andrew Garbarino of New York did not vote on the measure. House Democrats unanimously opposed OBBBA.[91]

On June 10, Republicans announced that they would amend OBBBA through a procedural rule.[76] By using a procedural rule to amend the bill, Republicans voting against amendments would also be voting against consideration of other, unrelated bills. The rule passed, 213–207, with Massie the only present Republican to vote against the rule.[92]

Democratic reaction

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The narrow passage of OBBBA led to internal backlash and division in the Democratic Party. Three elderly Democratic representatives (Raúl Grijalva of Arizona, age 77; Sylvester Turner of Texas, age 70; and Gerry Connolly of Virginia, age 75) died in the first five months of 2025. If any of the three had been alive when the vote was taken, the result of the vote could have been different. Thus, the vote "quickly reignited an intraparty debate about gerontocracy and aging politicians clinging to power".[1][2]

Senate passage

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Following the House passage of OBBBA, the bill moved to the Senate for consideration.[93]

The Republican-led Senate amended the bill.[94] Fiscally conservative Republican Senators (nicknamed "deficit hawks") such as Ron Johnson of Wisconsin, Rick Scott of Florida, Mike Lee of Utah and Rand Paul of Kentucky, have pushed for deeper spending cuts.[94][95] Moderate Republicans such as Susan Collins of Maine, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska and Jerry Moran of Kansas, along with populist Josh Hawley of Missouri, have expressed concerns about Medicaid cuts.[94][96] Other moderates such as John Curtis of Utah and Thom Tillis of North Carolina, along with Murkowski and Moran, have also expressed concerns over the end of green energy tax credits.[94] Defense hawks such as Mike Rounds of South Dakota are opposed to spectrum auction provisions in the bill.[94]

Democrats in the Senate sought to use the Byrd Rule, which prevents reconciliation from being used to pass "extraneous" measures in bills which increase federal spending in the Senate, in order to strip certain provisions from the bill. Democrats argued that the extension of Trump's 2017 tax cuts, a proposed 10-year ban on state level AI regulations, language that limits the power of federal court to enforce contempt of court citations, a provision to end a tax on the manufacturing of gun silencers, a provision to defund Planned Parenthood, a provision banning Medicaid from funding gender-affirming care for people of all ages and a provision to streamline permits for fossil fuel projects, violated the Byrd Rule.[97][98][99]

Senate Majority Leader John Thune has set a goal of passing the Senate's version of OBBBA by July 4, 2025.[100]

On June 20, 2025, the Senate Parliamentarian, Elizabeth MacDonough, ruled that several provisions from the Senate committees on Banking, Environment and Public Works, and Armed Services violated the Byrd Rule and could not be included in a 50-vote reconciliation bill. The bill will no longer be able to include a funding cap on the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, $1.4 billion in pay cuts to Federal Reserve staff, a $293 million cut in funding for the Office of Financial Research, the elimination of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a repeal of portions of the Inflation Reduction Act, a repeal of the Environmental Protection Agency's "multipollutant emissions standards" for certain vehicles built after the 2026 model year, and a provision to cut funding for the Department of Defense if spending requests are not made on time.[101] By June 24, the Parliamentarian also ruled against a provision that would make it harder for a plaintiff to sue in order to impose injunctions or restraining orders against the federal government, a provision allowing states to conduct enforcement at the United States border, a provision forcing the United States Postal Service to sell electric vehicles, the REINS Act, a provision to allow developers to bypass environmental review by paying a fee, and a provision forcing states to pay at least 5% of SNAP costs.[102][103] By June 27, the Parliamentarian had ruled against a provision to remove taxes on gun silencers and against a provision to expand Pell grants for short term training programs for workforces.[104][105]

On June 28, the Senate voted on a procedural motion to begin debate on the bill. Initially, fiscal conservatives Ron Johnson and Rand Paul, along with moderate Thom Tillis, voted against the motion, while fiscal conservatives Rick Scott, Mike Lee and Cynthia Lummis, as well as moderate Lisa Murkowski, withheld their votes. After hours of negotiations, which resulted in Alaska specific provisions for Murkowski and Republican leadership support for an amendment vote that would result in increased Medicaid cuts targeted at the fiscal conservatives, Johnson, Scott, Lee, Lummis and Murkowski voted for the motion.[106] The passage of the motion to proceed began the "vote-a-rama" process, in which senators can propose an unlimited number of amendments to the bill. However, before it could begin, Democrats required the clerks of the Senate to read the entire 940 page bill in order to highlight Medicaid cuts.[107] The vote-a-rama began two days later, on June 30, in the early morning.[108] One of the few successful amendment votes, passing 99–1, removed the proposed AI law moratorium.[109] The vote-a-rama set a record for the most amendment votes in Senate history.[110]

After an over 24-hour vote-a-rama, the bill passed the Senate on July 1, 2025, in a mostly party-line 51–50 vote. Republicans Rand Paul, Thom Tillis, and Susan Collins of Maine broke from their party to vote against the bill. This required Republican Vice President and President of the United States Senate, JD Vance, to provide the tie-breaking vote.[111]

Second House vote

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The House of Representatives needs to pass the Senate version of the OBBBA for the bill to become law. President Trump, Speaker Johnson, and Senate Majority Leader Thune have urged the House to not amend the bill a second time.[112] However, House Republican moderates such as David Valadao of California, Jeff Van Drew of New Jersey, and Young Kim, who are against Medicaid cuts, Nick LaLota of New York, who is against SALT changes, and fiscal conservatives such as Chip Roy and Keith Self of Texas, who oppose federal deficit increases, have already expressed opposition to the bill in its current form.[113] The House Rules Committee voted 7–6 to advance the bill to the floor, however fiscal conservative Republicans Chip Roy and Ralph Norman voted against advancing the bill. Usually, the members of the majority party on the Rules Committee always vote to advance the bill to the floor.[114]

Impact

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According to the CBO, the OBBBA would add $2.619 trillion to the federal government's $36.2 trillion debt over the next 10 years.[10]

Reception

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Support

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According to the White House, 266 organizations, companies, and individuals have expressed public support for the bill, including AT&T, Comcast, 3M, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, the National Retail Federation, the National Taxpayers Union, and Secretary of Homeland Security Kristi Noem.[115][116]

Opposition

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According to a survey by KFF Health Tracking, nearly two-thirds (64%) of the public has unfavorable views of the OBBBA version passed by the U.S. House of Representatives.[117]

The Atlantic,[118] CNBC,[16] The New York Times,[119] and Vox[17] argued that the bill would create the largest upward transfer of wealth from the poor to the rich in American history, with Fortune[120] and CNN[121] nicknaming it the "Reverse Robin Hood Bill". Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) mockingly called the bill the "We're All Going to Die Act",[122] alluding to comments made by Republican Senator Joni Ernst (R-IA) at a town hall.[123]

Public health and policy researchers at Yale University and the University of Pennsylvania sent a letter to Senate leaders warning that cuts to health programs in the bill would lead to over 51,000 preventable deaths annually.[124][125]

The nonpartisan think tank Energy Innovation found that the bill’s efforts to dismantle clean energy incentives would cost more than 830,000 jobs across the country.[126] Cutting clean energy incentives would also raise energy costs for households,[127][128] with wholesale power prices rising by roughly 50 percent by 2035 due to the loss of new generation capacity.  

Moody's, which rates bonds, was the final of the three credit rating agencies to downgrade U.S. debt from AAA, citing efforts to pass the bill.[129]

Polling indicates that an overwhelming majority of Americans opposed its provisions to ban state regulation of artificial intelligence.[130][131] The provision was seen as irresponsible by researchers who believe that artificial superintelligence is imminent.[132][133][134] Others feared that it would have prevented regulation of AI-generated child pornography and deepfakes, made certain privacy laws obsolete, and further centralized power in the federal government.[135][136] Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA) stated that she would have voted against the bill if it had returned to the House with the restrictions on AI legislation.[137]

Elon Musk, then-de facto head of the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), denounced the bill as a massive spending bill;[138][139][140] he later called it a "disgusting abomination."[141][142] Senators Rand Paul (R-KY) and Mike Lee (R-UT) backed Musk's criticism over the bill, with Lee writing that "the Senate must make this bill better".[143] Republican opposition to the bill has been associated with the libertarian faction of the party.[144] As Rand Paul backed Musk's criticism of the bill, others have criticized Paul's Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee proposals for requiring new federal employees to be required to pay a higher FERS contribution rate if they opt for Title 5 benefits while "at will" employees would pay a lower FERS contribution rate. The concern is that the increase in the number of at-will federal employees could allow the president to eliminate a large number of employees for any reason.[145] The bill is credited with starting a public feud between Musk and Trump.[146]

John Hatton, staff vice president for policy and programs at National Active and Retired Federal Employees Association (NARFE), warned about the following:[147]

It would tax retirement benefits, creating a 5% pay cut for somebody under the system, while also undermining the merit-based civil service by having an additional 5% cut if you decide to retain those merit-based civil service protections. Those protections don’t exist for the purpose of the employee — they exist to protect against politically based firings of federal employees.

American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE) National President Everett Kelley stated that:[148]

This so-called reconciliation bill is in fact a big retaliation bill—retaliation against AFGE and other unions for successfully standing up for our members and fighting this administration’s illegal attempts to obliterate our federal agencies and the patriotic civil servants who run our federal programs. These provisions represent a direct assault on federal employees and their labor unions and will make it that much harder for federal agencies to recruit and retain the qualified employees they desperately need to serve the American public.

The 2001 recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Joseph Stiglitz, was asked about the OBBBA in an interview with Swiss Radio and Television (SRF) as to how he would describe the legislation, to which he had replied:[149]

Outrageous. It exacerbates inequality and social division – one of the main problems of the USA. It deprives vulnerable groups of access to health care. Life expectancy is already declining, and the health differences between rich and poor are enormous. This law exacerbates this.

On June 28, the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget (CRFB) said of the Senate version of the bill:[150]

Although we have not produced a full estimate of the bill, it appears to add roughly $4 trillion to the debt through 2034, including interest – which is roughly $1 trillion higher than the House-passed version of the bill. That cost could rise above $5 trillion if temporary provisions were made permanent.

Also, on June 28, the CRFB also published an analysis concluding that the latest Senate reconciliation bill may violate House reconciliation instruction by more than $500 billion.[151]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Metallurgical coal is mostly used for applications such a steel production. About 77% of U.S. production of this type of coal is exported for the production of steel overseas.[32]
  2. ^ The bill considers the Trump Accounts to be individual retirement accounts with the exception of guidance by the Treasury Secretary or the Trump Account section of the bill itself.[37]
  3. ^ The Senate version of the bill added a slower timeline than the House version of the bill. [38]

References

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  5. ^ "Trump's 'beautiful' bill spans more than 1,000 pages. Here's what's inside it". AP News. May 21, 2025. Archived from the original on May 26, 2025. Retrieved May 26, 2025.
  6. ^ Digital, Kaia Hubbard Politics Reporter Kaia Hubbard is a politics reporter for CBS News; Washington, based in; Hubbard, D. C. Read Full Bio Kaia; CBSNews.com, Caitlin Yilek Politics Reporter Caitlin Yilek is a politics reporter at; Washington, based in; Examiner, D. C. She previously worked for the Washington; Hill, The; Yilek, was a member of the 2022 Paul Miller Washington Reporting Fellowship with the National Press Foundation Read Full Bio Caitlin (May 23, 2025). "Here's what's in Trump's "big, beautiful bill" that narrowly passed in the House - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2025. Retrieved May 26, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Stein, Chris (May 22, 2025). "Trump's 'big, beautiful' spending bill, from tax cuts to mass deportations". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 26, 2025.
  8. ^ EA, Kate Dore, CFP® (May 22, 2025). "House Republican tax bill passes 'SALT' deduction cap of $40,000. Here's who benefits". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 26, 2025. Retrieved May 26, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Estimated Budgetary Effects of H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act | Congressional Budget Office". www.cbo.gov. June 4, 2025. Retrieved June 16, 2025.
  10. ^ a b "Trump tax bill will add $2.4 trillion to the deficit and leave 10.9 million more uninsured, CBO says". AP News. June 4, 2025. Retrieved June 16, 2025.
  11. ^ "Fact Check: Yes, 13.7M in US may lose health insurance as Democrats claim — but GOP bill isn't only culprit". Yahoo News. May 27, 2025.
  12. ^ "The Big, 'Beautiful' Bill's Health Care Cuts Would Drive Up Uncompensated Care and Threaten Vulnerable Hospitals". American Progress. May 23, 2025.
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  15. ^ Press, Fatima Hussein,Lisa Mascaro,The Associated. "CBO digs further into 'Big, Beautiful Bill' and now says it will raise deficit by $2.8 trillion". Fortune. Retrieved June 24, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  18. ^ Daniller, Andy Cerda and Andrew (June 17, 2025). "How Americans view the GOP's budget and tax bill". Pew Research Center. Retrieved July 1, 2025.
  19. ^ Rubin, Richard (December 3, 2024). "Senate Republicans Aim to Tackle Border First, Taxes Later". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 25, 2025.
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  21. ^ Diaz, Danielle; Hill, Meredith; Carney, Jordain (January 4, 2025). "Johnson tells House Republicans that Trump wants one 'big beautiful' reconciliation package". Politico. Retrieved February 25, 2025.
  22. ^ Davis, Jeff (October 15, 2017). "The Rule That Broke the Senate". Politico. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
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