Barlas
| Barlas برلاس Barulas | |
|---|---|
 Constituent tribes of the Khamag Mongol, Barlas shown in center | |
| Country | |
| Current region | Central Asia |
| Place of origin | Khamag Mongol |
| Founded | Early to Mid 12th-Centuries |
| Founder | In Mongolia: Qachuli Barlas In Transoxiana: Qarachar Barlas |
| Titles | Khan Sheikh Mirza Beg Shah Sardar Emir Ghazi Sultan |
| Traditions | Sunni Islam |
| Estate(s) | Kesh; Samarkand |
| Cadet branches | |
The Barlas (Chagatay/Persian: برلاس romanized: Barlās; also Berlās) were a Mongol tribe,[1][2][3][4] and later Turco-Mongol[5][6] nomadic confederation in Central Asia,[7][8] first emerged in Khamag Mongol, around early to mid 12th-centuries,[9] with military roots in one of the regiments of the Mongol Empires Kheshig army.[10][11] The Barlas spawned two major imperial dynasties in Asia: the Timurid Empire in Central Asia and Persia; and its later branch, the Mughal Empire, continued in the Indian subcontinent.[12][13]
Origins
[edit]_Babur_detail.jpg)
According to the Secret History of the Mongols, written during the reign of Ögedei Khan [r. 1229–1241] of Mongol Empire, and Historian Rashid al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318) of Ilkhanate wrote in his documents Jami' al-tawarikh,[15][16][17][18] that the Barlas, were presumably descending from Khaidu Khan.[19][20] The first founder of Barlas traced its original roots to Qachuli as founder of tribe in Khamag Mongol at Northern Mongolia, Qachuli was the son[failed verification] of Tumanay Setsen or, Tumbinai Khan who was the ruler of Borjigin, as well as twin brother of Qabul Khan the founder and first ruler of Khamag Mongol,[21][22][23] Qachuli’s great-grandson was Qarachar Barlas who was one of Genghis Khan’s Minister and Commander (Toyan and Tumen) as Mongol Invasions of Central Asia, he migrated and founded new settlements for his clan in Central Asia and Transoxiana regions.[24][25][26] The Qarachars fell under the authority of Chagatai Khan, some of whom later became ministers and administrators (Darughachi) of Transoxiana.[27][28][29][30]
The Barlas controlled the region of Kish (modern day Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan) and all of its lineages seem to have been associated with this region.[31] In contrast to most neighboring tribes who remained nomadic, the Barlas were sedentary due to militaristic and aristrocratic nature the of tribe.[32][33] Due to extensive contacts with the native population of Central Asia, the tribe had abandoned its nomadic lifestyle and accepted Islam as their religion.[34][35] Their native language was Chagatai, a Turkic language of the Qarluq branch, which was heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian.[36][37] Although the Barlas were not always exogamous, many marriages recorded were outside the tribe.[38][39]
Timurids and Mughals
[edit]Its most famous representatives were the Timurids, a dynasty founded by the conqueror Timur in the 14th century, who ruled over modern-day Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and almost the entire rest of the Caucasus, Ukraine, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as the entirety of Pakistan, Iraq, and Anatolia.[40] One of his descendants, Babur, later founded the Mughal Empire situated in the Indian subcontinent.[41]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Grupper, S. M. 'A Barulas Family Narrative in the Yuan Shih: Some Neglected Prosopographical and Institutional Sources on Timurid Origins'. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 8 (1992–94): 11–97
- ^ Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus. 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498.
- ^ Anooshahr, Ali (2018-04-19). "Mongols in the Tarikh-i Rashidi". Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190693565.003.0006.
- ^ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East, BRILL, pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, retrieved 2025-06-07
- ^ B.F. Manz, The rise and rule of Tamerlan, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989, p. 28: "... We know definitely that the leading clan of the Barlas tribe traced its origin to Qarachar Barlas, head of one of Chaghadai's regiments ... These then were the most prominent members of the Ulus Chaghadai: the old Mongolian tribes — Barlas, Arlat, Soldus and Jalayir ..."
- ^ M.S. Asimov & C. E. Bosworth, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, UNESCO Regional Office, 1998, ISBN 92-3-103467-7, p. 320: "... One of his followers was [...] Timur of the Barlas tribe. This Mongol tribe had settled [...] in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkish population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania ..."
- ^ G.R. Garthwaite, "The Persians", Malden, ISBN 978-1-55786-860-2, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2007. (p.148)
- ^ "Family tree of major Timurid princes", Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran, Cambridge University Press, pp. xviii–xviii, 2007-03-01, ISBN 978-0-521-86547-0, retrieved 2025-05-07
- ^ "Part Two: The Secret History of the Mongols Index", Index to the Secret History of the Mongols, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 175–344, 1972-12-31, retrieved 2025-05-07
- ^ Saunders, J. J. (2023-07-07), "The Turkish rehearsal for the Mongol conquests", The History of the Mongol Conquests, London: Routledge, pp. 16–29, ISBN 978-1-003-40809-3, retrieved 2025-05-07
- ^ Grupper, S. M. 'A Barulas Family Narrative in the Yuan Shih: Some Neglected Prosopographical and Institutional Sources on Timurid Origins'. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 8 (1992–94): 11–97
- ^ Gérard Chaliand, A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century, University of California Press, California 2014, p. 151
- ^ Lee, Joo-Yup (2019-12-23), "Turkic Identity in Mongol and Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Qipchaq Steppe", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7, retrieved 2025-05-07
- ^ "Babur and Humayun with Courtiers, from the Late Shah Jahan Album". Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art.
The first Mughal emperor, Babur, who reigned from 1526 to 1530, is shown seated on the right with his son and successor, Humayun.
- ^ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3.
- ^ "Part Two: The Secret History of the Mongols Index", Index to the Secret History of the Mongols, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 175–344, 1972-12-31, retrieved 2025-06-03
- ^ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East, BRILL, pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, retrieved 2025-06-08
- ^ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3.
- ^ Joshi, Harit (2020), "Akbarnama", Encyclopédie des historiographies : Afriques, Amériques, Asies, Presses de l’Inalco, pp. 41–43, ISBN 978-2-85831-344-0, retrieved 2025-06-10
- ^ Melville, Charles (2021-10-11), "On Some Manuscripts of Hatifi's Timurnama", Exploring Written Artefacts, De Gruyter, pp. 1123–1146, ISBN 978-3-11-075330-1, retrieved 2025-06-10
- ^ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3.
- ^ Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus. 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498.
- ^ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East, BRILL, pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, retrieved 2025-06-08
- ^ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3.
- ^ Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus. 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498.
- ^ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East, BRILL, pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, retrieved 2025-06-08
- ^ "Part One: The Secret History of the Mongols Text", Index to the Secret History of the Mongols, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 11–174, 1972-12-31, retrieved 2025-06-08
- ^ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East, BRILL, pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, retrieved 2025-06-08
- ^ Chann, Naindeep Singh (2008). "Intellectual Movements during Timuri and Safavid Periods (1500-1700 A.D.)". Iran and the Caucasus. 12 (2): 413–415. doi:10.1163/157338408x406182. ISSN 1609-8498.
- ^ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3.
- ^ B.F. Manz, The rise and rule of Tamerlan, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989, p. 156–7
- ^ Gérard Chaliand, A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century, University of California Press, California 2014, p. 151
- ^ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3.
- ^ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East, BRILL, pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, retrieved 2025-06-08
- ^ Kamola, Stefan (2019-09-01). Making Mongol History. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-2142-3.
- ^ G. Doerfer, "Chaghatay[usurped]", in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2007.
- ^ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East, BRILL, pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, retrieved 2025-06-08
- ^ B.F. Manz, The rise and rule of Tamerlan, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989, p. 157
- ^ Rührdanz, Karin (2016-01-01), "8 From the Mongols to the Timurids: Refinement and Attrition in Persian Painting", The Mongols' Middle East, BRILL, pp. 172–192, ISBN 978-90-04-31199-2, retrieved 2025-06-08
- ^ René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, Rutgers University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8135-0627-1 (p.409)
- ^ "Ẓahīr-al-Dīn Moḥammad Bābor" at Encyclopædia Iranica
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