Al-Bahah Province

Al-Baha ٱلْبَاحَة
Province
Sarawat Mountains in Al-Baha
Map of Saudi Arabia with Al-Baha highlighted
Coordinates: 20°00′45″N 41°27′55″E
Country	Saudi Arabia
Region	Southwestern Hejaz
Capital	Al-Baha
Governorates	10
Government
• Body	Al-Baha Municipality
• Governor	Hussam bin Saud
Area
• Total	9,921 km2 (3,831 sq mi)
Population  (2022 census)
• Total	339,174
• Density	34/km2 (89/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+03:00 (SAST)
ISO 3166-2	SA-11
Area code	017
Website	www.albaha.gov.sa

Al-Baha Province, also known as Al-Baha Region (Arabic: ٱلْبَاحَة al-Bāḥa pronounced [alˈbaːħa]), also spelled as Al-Bahah, is a province in Saudi Arabia. It is the smallest province in the country by both area and population.

History

History of the Province Before Islam

Rock carvings dating back to the Stone Age, consisting of several rocks atop a mountain, featuring depictions of ibexes, human figures, and scribbles in the village of Al-Mafarjah, south of Al-Baha city

The province was the setting for the final days of the famous vagabond poet Al-Shanfara. It also produced rulers who governed parts of Oman and Iraq. The area contains inscriptions in Hebrew and others in the Musnad script, in addition to the idol Dhu al-Khalasa of the Daws tribe, and various other ancient Arabian carvings, inscriptions, and writings scattered on rocks in the province's mountains and valleys.

Ancient Inhabitants of the Province

The Sarawat Mountains, which include the highlands of Al-Baha, were once inhabited by the Amalek a group from the pre-Islamic extinct Arabs. They remained there until they were overpowered and displaced from the entire Sarawat region by the Ghatareef, descendants of Al-Harith bin Abdullah bin Yashkur bin Mubashir bin Sa‘b bin Dahman bin Nasr bin Zahran of the Azd tribe. The Ghatareef then settled the Azd in the Sarawat.

Early Islamic History of the Province

An archaeological inscription in northern Al-Qura Governorate, near the historical site of Manhal, known for numerous early Islamic inscriptions in the Kufic script.

The province takes pride in having produced many prominent companions of the Prophet Muhammad, including Abu Dhubyan al-A‘raj, Malik ibn Awf al-Nasri, and Abu Hurairah (ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Ṣakhr al-Dawsī), who is regarded as one of the most prolific narrators of Hadith in the Sunni tradition. Other notable companions from the area include al-Tufayl ibn Amr al-Dawsi.

In the second half of 2023, a total of 150 archaeological artifacts were discovered at the site of Al-Ma‘mlah in Al-Baha Province, including a pottery jar bearing early Islamic inscriptions.

The Province Before the Modern Era

The historical village of Naʿāsh

The tribal system was the dominant form of governance in the province and served as the main authority. The Zahran tribe had a single paramount sheikh representing all its clans, as did the Ghamid tribe. It is noteworthy that both tribes were involved in battles against the Ottomans, as documented by numerous historical sources and even Ottoman manuscripts. Additionally, the province had many supporters of the religious reform movement led by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and it backed the First Saudi State from its early days.

Administrative Formation Stages

Al-Baha Province was established as an independent administrative Province during the reign of King Faisal. Prior to that, it was known as the Emirate of Al-Dhafeer and was subordinate to that region from the time of King Abdulaziz. Upon the request of the people of Al-Dhafeer to relocate the administrative center, it was moved to Baljurashi.

Later, King Faisal appointed Saud bin Abdul Rahman as governor of Baljurashi, granting him the authority to select a suitable location for a new regional emirate. He chose the village of Al-Baha, located in the area of Bani Abdullah, which lies approximately midway between the Ghamid and Zahran tribes. Thus, the Emirate of Al-Baha Province was formally established in alignment with the administrative structure of other Saudi provinces.

Overview

The province is located in the southwestern part of the Hejaz region. Its capital is Al-Baha. It includes several cities and towns, such as Al-Mikhwah, Baljorashi, Rahwat Albar, and Sabt Alalaya.

Baljorashi is known for its historic traditional market, Sūq as-Sabt (سُوْق ٱلسَّبْت), which translates to "Saturday Market" in English. The market is old, and its exact age is unknown.

Al-Baha Province has a rich historical and cultural heritage, influenced by its strategic location along ancient trade routes. The region is home to several significant archaeological sites, including the ancient village of Thee Ain, which dates back to the 8th century. This village is renowned for its polished stone houses and a mosque adjacent to a river, reflecting the area's historical significance.

The province is the homeland of two prominent Azd tribes: the Ghamd and the Zahran. These tribes have contributed to the region's folklore, music, and dance, preserving their heritage through generations. The presence of ancient mining sites, such as Khayal Al-Masna' and Al-Aqeeq, further underscores the area's historical importance.

In recognition of its unique cultural and natural assets, Al-Baha has been designated as a health resort area by the World Health Organization, highlighting its commitment to preserving its heritage while promoting sustainable tourism.

Geography

Al-Baha Province is located in the southwestern Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia, bordered by Mecca Province to the north, west, and southwest, and the Asir Province to the southeast. It is the country’s smallest province by area, covering approximately 9,921 km².

The province features diverse topography, with the Sarawat mountain range dominating the eastern part, where elevations reach between 1,500 and 2,450 meters above sea level. This mountainous terrain consists of steep cliffs and deep valleys, providing a temperate climate and rich vegetation. To the west lies the Tihamah coastal plain, known for hot, humid conditions with minimal rainfall. The central and eastern parts contain hills and plateaus, which experience cooler temperatures and sparse vegetation.

Al-Baha is noted for its natural beauty, including 53 forests and wildlife areas such as Raghdan, Ghomsan, Fayk, and Aljabal. The region also features traditional villages, terraced fields, and natural springs, enhancing its appeal as a tourist destination.

Etymology

The word al-Baḥa (or Baḥa without al which is equivalent to "the" in English) has a number of meanings; it means water and the maximum of it, the courtyard of a house, the high and abundant palm tree. In tales it refers to an extremely deep bottomless well in al-Zafir fortress. It means "open space", "water" and "abundant palm tree" and the "midline of a road".

Geography

Jabal Atherb (جَبَل أَثرْب)

Al-Baḥa is the name of the province as well its capital city, situated in the northwestern part of Ghamed territory. The region is formed of mountains, hills, plains, valleys and desert stretches. This region is situated in the Hejaz, between longitudes 41/42 E and latitudes 19/20 N. The region covers an area about 36,000 km².

Governorates

#	Governorate	Capital	Population (2022)
1	Al-Baha Governorate	Al-Baha	90,515
2	Baljurashi Governorate	Baljurashi	51,787
3	Al-Mandaq Governorate	Al-Mandaq	20,010
4	Al-Mikhwah Governorate	Al-Mikhwah	48,333
5	Al-Aqiq Governorate	Al-Aqiq	37,608
6	Qilwah Governorate	Qilwah	31,197
7	Al-Qura Governorate	Al-Qura	19,586
8	Bani Hasan Governorate	Bani Hasan	35,082
9	Ghamid al-Zinad Governorate	Ghamid al-Zinad	12,506
10	Al-Hujrah Governorate	Al-Hujrah	12,136

Topography

Clouds next to the Sarat Mountains

The region is divided by huge rocky steeps into two main sectors. To the west is a coastal plain, the Tihamah. To the east is the mountain range of al-As-Sarawat or the Sarat, with an elevation of 1,500 to 2,450 m (4,920 to 8,040 ft) above sea level.

Population

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1992	332,157	—
2004	377,900	+1.08%
2010	412,520	+1.47%
2022	339,174	−1.62%
Sources:

Climate

The variation in topography influences the climate of the region. Al-Sarat area is exposed to the formation of clouds and fog, and this often happens in winter because of air masses coming from the Red Sea, accompanied by thunderstorms. In spring and summer the climate is mild and pleasant. The climate in the area of the Tihamah is different from that in Al-Sarat, although they are separated by no more than 25 km (16 miles). The Tihama is an undulating coastal plain, hot in summer, warm in spring and mild in winter. The climate in general falls in the arid zone. Relative humidity varies between 52% and 67%, with maximum temperatures of 23 °C (73 °F), and minimum temperatures of 12 °C (54 °F).

Gallery

• 
  Al-Baha City
• 
  Thee Ain historic village
• 
  Sarawat Mountains in Al-Baha
• 
  Mount Shada
• 
  Raghadan Forest
• 
  Raghadan Forest
• 
  Awirah Village Fort
• 
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List of governors

Name	Term of Office	Monarch(s)
Saud bin Abdulrahman	1962 – 1977	Saud, Faisal, Khalid
Ibrahim bin Abdulaziz	1977 – 1987	Khalid, Fahd
Muhammed bin Saud	1987 – 2010	Fahd, Abdullah
Mishari bin Saud	28 August 2010 – 22 April 2017	Abdullah, Salman
Hussam bin Saud	22 April 2017 – present	Salman

Social structure

The social life of the inhabitants of the region is based on Sunni Islam, in addition to the well established Arab customs and tradition. Each tribe division or subdivision has its own Shaykh (head).

See also

• Provinces of Saudi Arabia
• List of governorates of Saudi Arabia
• List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia
• Sarat Mountains