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Israel – Iran war

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Israel–Iran war
Part of the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) and 2024 Iran–Israel conflict

Explosions in Tehran following Israeli airstrikes
Date13 June 2025 – present (3 days)
Location
Iran and Israel
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
 Israel
 Jordan[a]
 United States[b]

  Iran
 Houthis[3]
Commanders and leaders
Units involved
Strength
200+ aircraft[5] Unknown
Casualties and losses
 Per Iran:[12]
224 killed
1,277 injured
Per HRANA:
1,005+ killed and injured[13]
1 Syrian civilian killed[14]
5 Jordanian civilians injured[15]

The Israel–Iran war[16][17] is an ongoing armed conflict fought between the State of Israel and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The war started on 13 June 2025 in a strike by Israel the day after the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) declared that Iran had violated its nuclear nonprofilitation obligations. Following the Israeli surprise attack, Iran declared a state of war and announced immediate action against Israel.[18][19] The Israeli attack took place the day after the end of the American 60-day deadline of nuclear negotiations. Israel declared the war was not against the Iranian people but the Iranian regime, as well as the dismantling of the nuclear program of Iran, which is purported by Israel to include nuclear weapons development.

The Israelis, in a surprise attack, targeted military and nuclear infrastructure and personnel, killing the military leadership of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards as well as leading nuclear scientists. Israel destroyed several airbases and damaged nuclear facilities. Iran targeted and hit Israeli towns and cities in response. Iran also warned that it would target U.S., British and French military bases and ships in the region if those countries assisted Israel in deterring Iranian strikes.[18][19]

The war began during a time of crisis in the Middle East that ensued following 7 October 2023 when the Gaza-based militant group Hamas launched a surprise attack on southern Israel, the day after Hezbollah, a Shiite proxy of Iran in Lebanon, attacked northern Israel. The Houthis, an Iranian proxy based in Yemen, launched attacks on international shipping in the Red Sea. In the ensuing conflict, Israel decimated the military leadership of Hezbollah and Hamas. Iran and Israel traded strikes in April 2024[20] and in October 2024,[21] during which Israel severely weakened Iran's air defenses.

Background

Further information: Iran–Israel relations, Nuclear program of Iran, and Destruction of Israel in Iranian policy
See also: 2024 Iran–Israel conflict

Israel and Iran used to enjoy warm relations prior to the 1979 Iranian revolution.[22] Since then, relations turned increasingly hostile, with Iranian leadership using antisemitic rhetoric and hostile propaganda against Jews, denying the Holocaust, and publicly stating its intent to destroy Israel or "wipe it off the map".[23][24][25][22][26]

For decades, Iran has developed and supported the so-called "Axis of Resistance", a regional alliance of proxy groups including Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas in Gaza, the Houthis in Yemen, the former Assad regime of Syria, and various militias in Iraq.[27][28] These groups have frequently engaged in hostilities with Israel, often acting with Iranian financial, logistical, or military backing. Israel considers Iran to be its foremost strategic threat, citing Tehran's persistent anti-Israel rhetoric, its arming and funding of hostile non-state actors, and its continued advancement of nuclear technology. Israeli leadership has consistently maintained that the emergence of a nuclear-armed Iran would constitute an existential danger, asserting that Israel reserves the right to take preemptive military action if Iran's nuclear program nears weapons-grade capability.[22][28]

On 12 June 2025, Iran announced the construction and planned activation of its third nuclear enrichment site after the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) declared it was failing to meet nonproliferation obligations.[29][30] The IAEA resolution, backed by 19 nations including the U.S. and European powers, criticized Iran's lack of cooperation and suggested further international action could follow. Iran responded by pledging to upgrade enrichment capacity at existing sites and begin operations at the new underground facility, described as secure and fortified.[30] Iran argued to the IAEA that its nuclear program was for civilian use only.[31] Iran also said it does not wish to build a nuclear weapon.[32]

Operation Rising Lion

In announcing the launch of Operation Rising Lion, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared that Israel had no choice but to act against what he described as an imminent nuclear threat from Iran. "For decades, the leaders of Tehran have openly called for Israel's destruction. They have backed up their genocidal rhetoric with a nuclear weapons program," Netanyahu said.[33][failed verification] He warned that Iran could develop a nuclear weapon within months, possibly even sooner, describing Iran's nuclear efforts as "a clear and present danger to Israel's very survival." He announced the commencement of a broad military campaign targeting Iran's Natanz enrichment facility, key nuclear scientists, and segments of the country's ballistic missile program. Netanyahu emphasized the operation would continue "for as many days as it takes" and asserted that "in acting, we also defend our Arab neighbors."[34][35][failed verification]

In a follow-up address after the strikes began, Netanyahu clarified that Israel's conflict was with the Islamic Republic's leadership not with the Iranian people. "Our war is with the regime in Tehran, not its citizens," he affirmed.[36][failed verification] As the strikes unfolded, Netanyahu convened an emergency session of Israel's security cabinet to manage the ongoing military and diplomatic response.[37][failed verification]

Name of operation

The Israeli air campaign launched on 13 June 2025 was codenamed Operation Rising Lion. [38][39] Many in the Iranian opposition and diaspora associated the "lion" as a reference to the historic Persian lion a national symbol before the 1979 revolution. [40]

Prior proxy conflict

Further information: Axis of Resistance and Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Iran first developed the strategy of surrounding Israel in several fronts in the 1980s. This was done in order to over stretch Israeli military and intelligence capability.[41] Several wars and conflicts were fought between Israel and Iranian proxies including the 1982 Lebanon war, 2006 Lebanon war, and various wars with Hamas in the Gaza Strip.[41][failed verification]

Israel and Iran have engaged in proxy conflict for decades primarily through an Iranian strategy of encircling Israel and establishing deterrence against Israel.[27] On 7 October 2023, Hamas, an Iranian proxy based in the Gaza Strip launched a surprise attack on Israel's south, killing 1200 Israelis and kidnapping more than 250,[42][43] leading to the Israel-Hamas war in which Israel mostly destroyed Hamas' capabilities and killed the majority of its leadership as well as destroyed large swatches of the Gaza Strip. 50,000 deaths were reported by the Gaza Health ministry during the Gaza war.[28][44] On 8 October 2023, Hezbollah, an Iranian proxy based in Lebanon began to attack Israel's north. Eventually Israel decapitated Hezbollah's leadership and several weakend its military capabilities, culminating among other things in the Beeper operation.[45] The Houthis, an Iranian proxy based in Yemen attacked international shipping in the Red Sea, leading to American, British and Israeli strikes against it.

Israeli attack

Main article: June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran

13 June – Israeli pre-emptive strike

In the early hours of 13 June 2025, the Israeli Air Force launched a massive aerial assault on Iran, targeting nuclear facilities and military infrastructure in what became known as Operation Rising Lion.[46] By 6:30 am (IDT), five waves of strikes had been carried out.[47] These targeted dozens of sites, including Iran's nuclear infrastructure and senior military leadership locations.[46] Concurrently, the Mossad reportedly undertook sabotage missions to disable Iranian air defense and missile systems.[48] Israeli officials claimed these strikes surprised Iranian defenses.[46]

The IDF reported that over 200 aircraft deployed more than 330 munitions on approximately 100 targets.[49] Mossad is believed to have established a covert drone base inside Iran, used to attack missile launchers targeting Israel.[50] The mission included smuggling precision weapons and deploying Mossad commandos to neutralize defenses, reportedly enabling Israeli aircraft to secure air superiority.[50]

Iranian officials expressed shock at the depth of Israeli penetration. Hamid Hosseini, a Tehran-linked figure, said the attacks "completely caught the leadership by surprise," exposing Iran's vulnerabilities.[51] Leaked messages cited by The New York Times captured internal outrage, with officials asking, "Where is our air defense?"[51] Around 3:00 am, Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz declared a national emergency, warning of imminent Iranian retaliation.[52] The strike was characterized as preemptive, prompted by intelligence that Iran had enriched enough uranium for up to 15 nuclear weapons.[53][46]

Massive explosions were reported across Tehran, including in areas housing IRGC commanders. Some buildings reportedly collapsed, and the IRGC's headquarters in the capital caught fire.[54][55][56] At the Natanz facility in Isfahan province, loud explosions were confirmed by Iranian state TV. The site contains both the Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP) and the Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP), critical to Iran's uranium program.[57] Reports also confirmed strikes on nuclear-related sites in Khondab and Khorramabad.[58][59]

In the afternoon, Israel extended its assault to Tabriz, Shiraz, and key military installations such as Hamadan Airbase, Parchin, and the Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant.[60][55] The IDF later confirmed that the Tabriz airbase had been "dismantled" and that dozens of Iranian drones and missile launchers were destroyed.[61] At 18:46 GMT, the Isfahan Nuclear Technology Center was also struck, with Israel targeting its uranium reconversion facilities.[62] Iranian media later claimed two Israeli jets were downed and a female pilot captured claims denied by the IDF.[63][64]

IRGC leaders killed include: Hossein Salami, Mohammad Baqeri, Gholam Ali Rashid, Amir Ali Hajizadeh.[65]

14 June

An American offical told the Wall Street Journal that the US helped defend Israel using its air defence systems.[66] Elon Musk suggested the Starlink internet constellation was now active in Iran, in order to provide internet to Iranians after the internet was blocked[why?] by the Iranian government.[67] The UK reinforced its defences in the Middle East and sent Royal Air force aircrafts to its bases in the region.[68]

Iranian response

Main article: June 2025 Iranian strikes on Israel

Iranian leaders said Iran was at a state of war and would take an act of "vengeance" against Israel for its actions.[69] Iran warned that any country assisting in the defence of Israel would be hit. The Telegraph reported Iran threatened to attack American and British bases in the region.[19]

13 June

Following Israel's large-scale strikes on Iran, Tehran vowed a "harsh response" and threatened to attack Israeli and U.S. military positions across the Middle East.[70] The United States responded by evacuating personnel from Iraq and ordering the evacuation of military families across the region. Iran launched over 100 Shahed drones toward Israel early on 13 June as an initial retaliation.[71] Air raid sirens were triggered as far as Amman, and drones were intercepted by the Royal Jordanian Air Force and Israeli Air Force over Saudi and Syrian airspace.[72] Later that evening, Iran launched its first ballistic missile barrage codenamed "Operation True Promise 3" claiming to strike dozens of Israeli airbases and military targets.[73] The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) reported fewer than 100 missiles were launched, with most intercepted, although some hit buildings in Tel Aviv and northern Israel. Over 60 injuries were reported, and one civilian woman later died of her wounds.[74]

14 June

Iran launched further missile barrages early on 14 June, beginning with a salvo around 1:00 a.m., most of which were intercepted, though seven people were reported injured.[75][76] Two medics were lightly injured after shrapnel struck their ambulance.[77] In later barrages, a missile directly hit a building in central Israel, wounding 19 people, two of whom later died. The IDF confirmed that Iran had launched approximately 200 ballistic missiles in total since the previous night. It stated that about 25% landed in open areas, but a "small number" bypassed Israel's defenses and struck urban centers including Ramat Gan and Rishon LeZion, causing further casualties.[78]

Tehran Times said Iran stopped a British warship from entering the Persian Gulf.[79]

15 June

Iran launched further missile barrages on 15 June, including a barrage which targeted the port city of Haifa. Subsequently, the Haifa Bazan Oil Refinery was struck and suffered damage to its pipelines and transmission lines, causing some parts of the facility to be shut down.[80] It is the first time the oil refinery was struck.

Global impact

In the immediate aftermath of the Israeli strikes on Iran, multiple countries suspended air traffic and closed airspace due to heightened security concerns. Iran halted flights at Imam Khomeini International Airport, disrupting return travel for Hajj pilgrims in Saudi Arabia.[81][82][83] Iraq and Jordan both closed their airspace,[84][85] and Israel declared a state of special emergency, shut down schools and banned public gatherings.[86] The IDF confirmed all aircraft returned safely.[87]

The strikes caused global market volatility. Oil prices jumped by 7%, later rising to 11%—their highest in a month.[88][89] The U.S. dollar gained value while Bitcoin fell to $103,000. Gold prices rose over 1%,[90][91] and global equities declined. Dow futures fell by 600 points,[92][93] and European airline stocks, including Lufthansa, Air France, and EasyJet, fell between 3–5%.[94] In Iran, people queued for fuel and stocked up on essentials.[95]

Iran responded with a series of missile and drone attacks under the codename Operation True Promise 3.[96] Over 100 drones were launched, some intercepted over Jordan and Saudi Arabia.[97] Tel Aviv was hit by Iranian missiles, and a Houthi missile fired from Yemen struck Hebron, injuring five.[98][99] The IDF estimated 150 missiles were launched in two waves,[100] causing at least 63 injuries and two deaths.[101][74] Another barrage on 14 June left seven more injured, and at least two civilians killed in a direct strike.[76][102]

Fearing global retaliation or anti-Semitic incidents, Israel's National Security Council issued a security advisory for Jews abroad.[103] Jewish communities in the UK and France were advised to increase vigilance, and New York police boosted security at Jewish sites.[104] At the UN Security Council, Iran accused Israel of violating international law and launching an unprovoked act of war, while Israel defended the strikes as self-defense in response to failed diplomacy.[105] Nuclear talks between the U.S. and Iran scheduled in Oman were subsequently suspended.[106][107]

Analysis

Analysts offered a wide range of perspectives on Israel's June 2025 strikes against Iran, emphasizing both military effectiveness and the potential geopolitical consequences. The Jerusalem Post outlined various avenues Iran might pursue in retaliation, including proxy warfare, drone and missile attacks, or diplomatic efforts.[108] Foreign Policy criticized the U.S. and its allies for underestimating the Iranian regime and argued that Israel, viewing the threat as existential, acted decisively by targeting critical Iranian infrastructure.[109]

The Atlantic Council's Daniel B. Shapiro argued that Israel's ability to penetrate Iranian airspace and neutralize key targets exposed Iran's vulnerability in the post–7 October environment.[110] Hamish de Bretton-Gordon, writing in The Telegraph, praised the operation's precision and scope, calling it a historic show of force aimed at Iran's senior leadership.[111] Similarly, Richard Kemp portrayed the attack as a necessary measure against a regime he deemed “desperate” and ideologically committed to nuclear weapons and terrorism.[112]

Thomas Countryman criticized the U.S. administration's strategy of using Israeli attacks as leverage, warning of escalation, while Jim Walsh cautioned the strike might actually push Iran closer to weaponization.[113][114]

While domestic support in Israel for the operation appeared strong, international reactions remained mixed. Charles Moore likened Netanyahu's decision-making to that of Churchill, defending the action as a response to a credible existential threat that the West had failed to recognize.[115] Meanwhile, Muhanad Seloom of the Qatari Doha Institute assessed Iran's muted response as a signal that Tehran wanted to avoid direct confrontation with the U.S. and EU, and might still be open to nuclear negotiations, especially as the strikes had not eliminated Iran's core nuclear capabilities.[116]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Jordan participated in shooting down Iranian missiles.[1]
  2. ^ The United States participated in shooting down Iranian missiles.[2]
  3. ^ 3 killed on 13/14 June[6]
    13 killed on 14/15 June[7][8]
    8 killed on 15/16 June[9]

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